Respiratory system
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This document provides an overview of the respiratory system, including: - The functions of the respiratory system such as oxygen transfer, carbon dioxide expulsion, and acting as a primary barrier. - The branching structure of the airways and alveoli in the lungs. - The role of surfactant in reducing surface tension and preventing alveolar collapse. - The mechanisms that control breathing and disorders that can affect the respiratory system.
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Respiratory system
- 3. Respiration • Mechanic of respiration • Physical principles of gas exchange • Carriage of blood gases • Control of respiration • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kacMYexDgHg
- 5. Respiratory system functions • Oxygen transfer • Co2 expel • Primary barrier • Metabolic organ • Produces sounds • Olfaction • Temperature and water control • Enhances strength of power
- 7. Nasal Mucus, trap particles larger than 10micron
- 9. Branching of airways Each bronchus branches 16-22 times
- 11. Alveolus
- 13. Surfactant • Reduce surface tension • To increase pulmonary Compliance • To prevent atelectasis (collapse of the lung) at the end of expiration • To facilitate recruitment of collapsed airways • Helps keep alveoli dry • Helps prevent edema • Expansion of lungs at birth
- 17. Surfactant
- 19. Innervations
- 21. Pump handle
- 22. Mechanic of Breathing/ Muscles
- 30. Spirometry
- 34. Respiratory disorders • Emphysema • Cancer • Asthma • Laryngitis/ bronchitis • Cystic fibrosis ( genetic disorder) • TB • Scoliosis • SIDS • Pneumonia • Carbon monoxide poisoning • Pneumothorax
- 35. Pneumothorax
- 36. Pneumothorax
- 38. Some terms • Compliance • Pneumothorax • Anatomical shunt 1mmHg=1.36 CmH2O
- 46. Shunt
- 61. Hyperventilation • Hypoxia • High altitude • Metabolic acidosis • Panic attack, anxiety • Seizure • Stroke • High fever, pain • Voluntary • Respiratory alkalosis • Nausea • Numbness • Prolonged muscle spasms • Muscle twitching • Hand tremor • Dizziness • Confusion • Coma
- 65. Methemoglobinemia • Symptoms are proportional to the fraction of methemoglobin. A normal methemoglobin fraction is about 1% (range, 0-3%). • At methemoglobin levels of 3-15%, a slight discoloration (eg, pale, gray, blue) of the skin may be present • Patients with methemoglobin levels of 15-20% may be relatively asymptomatic, apart from mild cyanosis • Signs and symptoms at levels of 25-50% include: • Headache • Dyspnea • Lightheadedness, even syncope • Weakness • Confusion • Palpitations, chest pain
- 66. Methemoglobinemia • Methemoglobin levels of 50-70% can cause: • Cardiovascular - Abnormal cardiac rhythms • CNS - Altered mental status; delirium, seizures, coma • Metabolic - Profound acidosis • At methemoglobin fractions exceeding 70%, death usually results
- 67. Exercise
- 69. s