SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Tishk International University
Course Name: physiology
TOPIC: Respiratory System
Instructor: Dr. Ayad Sameen
Anatomy of Respiratory Tree
The Thorax and its contents
•Ventilation:
•Action of breathing with muscles and lungs
•Gas exchange:
•Between air and capillaries in the lungs.
•Between systemic capillaries and tissues of the
body
Respiration
Functions of the Respiratory System
• Gas Exchange
• O2, CO2
• Acid-base balance
• CO2 +H2O←→ H2CO3 ←→ H+ + HCO3-
• Phonation
• Pulmonary defense
• Pulmonary metabolism and handling of
bioactive materials
Mechanics of breathing
Inspiration:
lung volume increases ->
◦decrease in intrapulmonary pressure, to just
below atmospheric pressure ->
◦air goes in!
Expiration: vice versa
Mechanics of breathing
• Compliance:
• This the ability of the lungs to stretch during inspiration
• lungs can stretch when under tension.
• Elasticity:
• It is the ability of the lungs to recoil to their original collapsed shape during
expiration
• Elastin in the lungs helps recoil
Inspiration
• Inspiration – Active process
• Diaphragm contracts -> increased thoracic volume vertically.
• Intercostals contract, expanding rib cage -> increased thoracic
volume laterally.
• More volume -> lowered pressure -> air in.
• Negative pressure breathing
Expiration
• Expiration – Passive
•Due to recoil of elastic lungs.
•Less volume -> pressure within alveoli is just above
atmospheric pressure -> air leaves lungs.
•Note: Residual volume of air is always left behind,
so alveoli do not collapse.
X-Ray of Chest
Conducting Zone
• Conducting zone:
• Includes all the structures
that air passes through
before reaching the
respiratory zone.
• Mouth, nose, pharynx,
glottis, larynx, trachea,
bronchi.
Conducting Zone
• Conducting zone
• Warms and humidifies until inspired air becomes:
•37 degrees
•Saturated with water vapor
• Filters and cleans:
•Mucus secreted to trap particles
•Mucus/particles moved by cilia to be
expectorated.
Respiratory Zone
• Respiratory zone
• Region of gas exchange between air and blood
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts, Alveolar Sacs and
- Alveoli
Respiratory Zone
Respiratory Zone
Air duct
Air Sac
Respiratory Zone
•Alveoli
•Air sacs
•Honeycomb-like clusters
•~ 300 million.
•Large surface area (60–80 m2).
•Each alveolus: only 1 thin cell layer.
•Total air barrier is 2 cells across (2 mm) (alveolar
cell and capillary endothelial cell).
Respiratory Zone
•Alveolar cells
•Alveolar type I: structural cells.
•Alveolar type II: secrete surfactant.
Respiratory Zone
Ventilation
• Mechanical process that
moves air in and out of the
lungs.
• Diffusion of…
• O2: air to blood.
• C02: blood to air.
• Rapid:
• large surface area
• small diffusion distance.
19
Insert 16.1
Alveolar capillary interface
Alveolar capillary interface
Cellular Respiration
•Oxygen: large “reservoir” attached to hemoglobin.
•So chemoreceptors are more sensitive to changes in
PC02
(as sensed through changes in pH).
•Ventilation is adjusted to maintain arterial PC02 of
40 mm Hg.
•Chemoreceptors are located throughout the body (in
brain and arteries).
Chemoreceptors (CTZ)
Hemoglobin
Affinity between hemoglobin and 02:
•pH falls -> less affinity -> more unloading
(and vice versa if pH increases)
•Temp. rises -> less affinity -> more unloading
•exercise, fever
C02 Transport
•C02 transported in the blood:
•- most as bicarbonate ion (HC03
-)
•- dissolved C02
•- C02 attached to hemoglobin
(Carbaminohemoglobin)
C02 Transport
•
Carbonic anhydrase in RBC promotes
useful changes in blood PC02
H20 + C02 -> H2C03 -> HC03
-
high PC02
CA
H20 + C02 <- H2C03 <- HC03
-
low PC02
CA
Acid-Base Balance
•Normal blood pH: 7.40 (7.35- 7.45)
•Alkalosis: pH up
•Acidosis: pH down
Acid-Base Balance
• H20 + C02
• Hypoventilation:
• PC02 rises, pH falls (acidosis).
• Hyperventilation:
• PC02 falls, pH rises (alkalosis).
H2C03 H+ + HC03
-
Acid-Base Balance
•Ventilation is normally adjusted to keep pace
with metabolic rate, so homeostasis of blood
pH is maintained.
Thanks

More Related Content

Similar to Physiology-of-Respiratory.pdf

Respiratory anatomy ppt2020 vo
Respiratory anatomy ppt2020 voRespiratory anatomy ppt2020 vo
Respiratory anatomy ppt2020 vo
csullivan0220
 
Respiration 091101010608-phpapp01
Respiration 091101010608-phpapp01Respiration 091101010608-phpapp01
Respiration 091101010608-phpapp01Sutanya Allen
 
respiratory-system_ztem_2020-1.pdf
respiratory-system_ztem_2020-1.pdfrespiratory-system_ztem_2020-1.pdf
respiratory-system_ztem_2020-1.pdf
hilaly
 
Unit 5 respiratory system nrs 237 new
Unit 5 respiratory system nrs 237 newUnit 5 respiratory system nrs 237 new
Unit 5 respiratory system nrs 237 new
menwar
 
Respiratory physiology.pptx by DR Girish Jain
Respiratory physiology.pptx by DR Girish JainRespiratory physiology.pptx by DR Girish Jain
Respiratory physiology.pptx by DR Girish Jain
Girish jain
 
The respiratory system by Sami
The respiratory system by SamiThe respiratory system by Sami
The respiratory system by Sami
Sheikh Sami Ullah Al-Madani
 
Respiration
RespirationRespiration
Respiration
kunta_tz_2016
 
Respiration in animals.
Respiration in animals.Respiration in animals.
Respiration in animals.
KubraShah3
 
Human breathing 2.1
Human breathing 2.1Human breathing 2.1
Human breathing 2.1Mai Mi
 
Week 3 - The Respiratory System final.pptx
Week 3 - The Respiratory System final.pptxWeek 3 - The Respiratory System final.pptx
Week 3 - The Respiratory System final.pptx
ChristineIrvine6
 
6.4 gas exchange
6.4 gas exchange6.4 gas exchange
6.4 gas exchangecartlidge
 
respiratory system new seminar(anatomy).pptx
respiratory system new seminar(anatomy).pptxrespiratory system new seminar(anatomy).pptx
respiratory system new seminar(anatomy).pptx
saadSaad48389
 
Respiratory System Notes
Respiratory System NotesRespiratory System Notes
Respiratory System Notes
Shakopee Public Schools
 
Respiratory system and gaseous exchange
Respiratory system and gaseous exchangeRespiratory system and gaseous exchange
Respiratory system and gaseous exchange
https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesonthemove/
 
Introduction Respiratory.ppt
Introduction Respiratory.pptIntroduction Respiratory.ppt
Introduction Respiratory.ppt
eyobkaseye
 
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System.pptx
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System.pptxFunctional Anatomy of the Respiratory System.pptx
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System.pptx
SarojPoudel24
 
Respiratory system
Respiratory systemRespiratory system
Respiratory system
KhaulaBajwah1
 
Respiratory System.pptx
Respiratory System.pptxRespiratory System.pptx
Respiratory System.pptx
islamalattar
 
Respiration by dr. mudassar
Respiration by dr. mudassarRespiration by dr. mudassar
Respiration by dr. mudassar
MuhammadBinAhmad2
 

Similar to Physiology-of-Respiratory.pdf (20)

Respiratory anatomy ppt2020 vo
Respiratory anatomy ppt2020 voRespiratory anatomy ppt2020 vo
Respiratory anatomy ppt2020 vo
 
Respiration 091101010608-phpapp01
Respiration 091101010608-phpapp01Respiration 091101010608-phpapp01
Respiration 091101010608-phpapp01
 
respiratory-system_ztem_2020-1.pdf
respiratory-system_ztem_2020-1.pdfrespiratory-system_ztem_2020-1.pdf
respiratory-system_ztem_2020-1.pdf
 
Unit 5 respiratory system nrs 237 new
Unit 5 respiratory system nrs 237 newUnit 5 respiratory system nrs 237 new
Unit 5 respiratory system nrs 237 new
 
Respiratory physiology.pptx by DR Girish Jain
Respiratory physiology.pptx by DR Girish JainRespiratory physiology.pptx by DR Girish Jain
Respiratory physiology.pptx by DR Girish Jain
 
The respiratory system by Sami
The respiratory system by SamiThe respiratory system by Sami
The respiratory system by Sami
 
Respiration
RespirationRespiration
Respiration
 
Respiration in animals.
Respiration in animals.Respiration in animals.
Respiration in animals.
 
Human breathing
Human breathing Human breathing
Human breathing
 
Human breathing 2.1
Human breathing 2.1Human breathing 2.1
Human breathing 2.1
 
Week 3 - The Respiratory System final.pptx
Week 3 - The Respiratory System final.pptxWeek 3 - The Respiratory System final.pptx
Week 3 - The Respiratory System final.pptx
 
6.4 gas exchange
6.4 gas exchange6.4 gas exchange
6.4 gas exchange
 
respiratory system new seminar(anatomy).pptx
respiratory system new seminar(anatomy).pptxrespiratory system new seminar(anatomy).pptx
respiratory system new seminar(anatomy).pptx
 
Respiratory System Notes
Respiratory System NotesRespiratory System Notes
Respiratory System Notes
 
Respiratory system and gaseous exchange
Respiratory system and gaseous exchangeRespiratory system and gaseous exchange
Respiratory system and gaseous exchange
 
Introduction Respiratory.ppt
Introduction Respiratory.pptIntroduction Respiratory.ppt
Introduction Respiratory.ppt
 
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System.pptx
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System.pptxFunctional Anatomy of the Respiratory System.pptx
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System.pptx
 
Respiratory system
Respiratory systemRespiratory system
Respiratory system
 
Respiratory System.pptx
Respiratory System.pptxRespiratory System.pptx
Respiratory System.pptx
 
Respiration by dr. mudassar
Respiration by dr. mudassarRespiration by dr. mudassar
Respiration by dr. mudassar
 

Recently uploaded

Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness JourneyTom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
greendigital
 
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
VarunMahajani
 
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of TastePhysiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
MedicoseAcademics
 
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
i3 Health
 
Charaka Samhita Sutra sthana Chapter 15 Upakalpaniyaadhyaya
Charaka Samhita Sutra sthana Chapter 15 UpakalpaniyaadhyayaCharaka Samhita Sutra sthana Chapter 15 Upakalpaniyaadhyaya
Charaka Samhita Sutra sthana Chapter 15 Upakalpaniyaadhyaya
Dr KHALID B.M
 
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfmicro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdf
Anurag Sharma
 
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.BPH. BPHpdf
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.BPH. BPHpdfBENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.BPH. BPHpdf
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.BPH. BPHpdf
DR SETH JOTHAM
 
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in StockFactory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
rebeccabio
 
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
kevinkariuki227
 
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Oleg Kshivets
 
Surgical Site Infections, pathophysiology, and prevention.pptx
Surgical Site Infections, pathophysiology, and prevention.pptxSurgical Site Infections, pathophysiology, and prevention.pptx
Surgical Site Infections, pathophysiology, and prevention.pptx
jval Landero
 
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.GawadHemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
NephroTube - Dr.Gawad
 
Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana 9 Chapter khuddakachatuspadadhyaya
Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana 9 Chapter khuddakachatuspadadhyayaCharaka Samhita Sutra Sthana 9 Chapter khuddakachatuspadadhyaya
Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana 9 Chapter khuddakachatuspadadhyaya
Dr KHALID B.M
 
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
Ocular injury  ppt  Upendra pal  optometrist upums saifai etawahOcular injury  ppt  Upendra pal  optometrist upums saifai etawah
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
pal078100
 
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animalsEvaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Shweta
 
Superficial & Deep Fascia of the NECK.pptx
Superficial & Deep Fascia of the NECK.pptxSuperficial & Deep Fascia of the NECK.pptx
Superficial & Deep Fascia of the NECK.pptx
Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore
 
POST OPERATIVE OLIGURIA and its management
POST OPERATIVE OLIGURIA and its managementPOST OPERATIVE OLIGURIA and its management
POST OPERATIVE OLIGURIA and its management
touseefaziz1
 
heat stroke and heat exhaustion in children
heat stroke and heat exhaustion in childrenheat stroke and heat exhaustion in children
heat stroke and heat exhaustion in children
SumeraAhmad5
 
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdfAre There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Little Cross Family Clinic
 
BRACHYTHERAPY OVERVIEW AND APPLICATORS
BRACHYTHERAPY OVERVIEW  AND  APPLICATORSBRACHYTHERAPY OVERVIEW  AND  APPLICATORS
BRACHYTHERAPY OVERVIEW AND APPLICATORS
Krishan Murari
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness JourneyTom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
 
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
 
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of TastePhysiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
 
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
 
Charaka Samhita Sutra sthana Chapter 15 Upakalpaniyaadhyaya
Charaka Samhita Sutra sthana Chapter 15 UpakalpaniyaadhyayaCharaka Samhita Sutra sthana Chapter 15 Upakalpaniyaadhyaya
Charaka Samhita Sutra sthana Chapter 15 Upakalpaniyaadhyaya
 
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfmicro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdf
 
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.BPH. BPHpdf
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.BPH. BPHpdfBENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.BPH. BPHpdf
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.BPH. BPHpdf
 
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in StockFactory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
 
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
 
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
 
Surgical Site Infections, pathophysiology, and prevention.pptx
Surgical Site Infections, pathophysiology, and prevention.pptxSurgical Site Infections, pathophysiology, and prevention.pptx
Surgical Site Infections, pathophysiology, and prevention.pptx
 
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.GawadHemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
 
Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana 9 Chapter khuddakachatuspadadhyaya
Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana 9 Chapter khuddakachatuspadadhyayaCharaka Samhita Sutra Sthana 9 Chapter khuddakachatuspadadhyaya
Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana 9 Chapter khuddakachatuspadadhyaya
 
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
Ocular injury  ppt  Upendra pal  optometrist upums saifai etawahOcular injury  ppt  Upendra pal  optometrist upums saifai etawah
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
 
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animalsEvaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
 
Superficial & Deep Fascia of the NECK.pptx
Superficial & Deep Fascia of the NECK.pptxSuperficial & Deep Fascia of the NECK.pptx
Superficial & Deep Fascia of the NECK.pptx
 
POST OPERATIVE OLIGURIA and its management
POST OPERATIVE OLIGURIA and its managementPOST OPERATIVE OLIGURIA and its management
POST OPERATIVE OLIGURIA and its management
 
heat stroke and heat exhaustion in children
heat stroke and heat exhaustion in childrenheat stroke and heat exhaustion in children
heat stroke and heat exhaustion in children
 
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdfAre There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
 
BRACHYTHERAPY OVERVIEW AND APPLICATORS
BRACHYTHERAPY OVERVIEW  AND  APPLICATORSBRACHYTHERAPY OVERVIEW  AND  APPLICATORS
BRACHYTHERAPY OVERVIEW AND APPLICATORS
 

Physiology-of-Respiratory.pdf