The document provides information about the respiratory system and gas exchange. It discusses that respiration has multiple meanings, and defines cellular respiration, respiratory systems, and breathing. Respiratory systems allow oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. Gas exchange occurs through diffusion, gills, lungs, and countercurrent exchange. The human respiratory system includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. The alveoli are the site of gas exchange between the lungs and blood. Oxygen is transported by hemoglobin in red blood cells, while carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions and dissolved in plasma. Smoking damages the lungs and can lead to diseases like emphysema and lung cancer. Cystic fibrosis
Respiratory System by Dr Shivam Mishra Sir | Respiratory System for Yoga Stud...Dr Shivam Mishra
The respiratory system is a complex network of organs, tissues, and structures responsible for the process of respiration, which involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Its primary function is to bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular metabolism.
Key organs and structures of the respiratory system include:
1. Nose and nasal cavity: The air enters the respiratory system through the nose. The nasal cavity helps filter, warm, and moisten the incoming air.
2. Pharynx: The pharynx, or throat, is a muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx. It serves as a passage for both air and food.
3. Larynx: Commonly known as the voice box, the larynx houses the vocal cords and plays a crucial role in speech production.
4. Trachea: Also called the windpipe, the trachea is a tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi. It is reinforced by C-shaped cartilage rings to keep it open.
5. Bronchi: The trachea branches into two bronchi, which then further divide into smaller bronchioles. The bronchi and bronchioles carry air deep into the lungs.
6. Lungs: The lungs are a pair of spongy, elastic organs situated in the chest cavity. They are responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three.
7. Alveoli: The bronchioles terminate in tiny air sacs called alveoli. These are the primary sites of gas exchange, where oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released.
8. Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs. It plays a crucial role in breathing by contracting and relaxing to create changes in lung volume.
The process of respiration involves two main processes:
1. Inhalation (inspiration): The diaphragm contracts, and the rib muscles expand the chest cavity. This creates a pressure difference, causing air to enter the lungs.
2. Exhalation (expiration): The diaphragm relaxes, and the rib muscles return to their resting position, decreasing the chest cavity volume. This increases the pressure in the lungs, causing air to be expelled.
Throughout respiration, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction to be expelled from the body.
The respiratory system works in coordination with other body systems, such as the circulatory system, to ensure the delivery of oxygen to cells and the removal of waste gases like carbon dioxide.
Respiratory System by Dr Shivam Mishra Sir | Respiratory System for Yoga Stud...Dr Shivam Mishra
The respiratory system is a complex network of organs, tissues, and structures responsible for the process of respiration, which involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Its primary function is to bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular metabolism.
Key organs and structures of the respiratory system include:
1. Nose and nasal cavity: The air enters the respiratory system through the nose. The nasal cavity helps filter, warm, and moisten the incoming air.
2. Pharynx: The pharynx, or throat, is a muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx. It serves as a passage for both air and food.
3. Larynx: Commonly known as the voice box, the larynx houses the vocal cords and plays a crucial role in speech production.
4. Trachea: Also called the windpipe, the trachea is a tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi. It is reinforced by C-shaped cartilage rings to keep it open.
5. Bronchi: The trachea branches into two bronchi, which then further divide into smaller bronchioles. The bronchi and bronchioles carry air deep into the lungs.
6. Lungs: The lungs are a pair of spongy, elastic organs situated in the chest cavity. They are responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three.
7. Alveoli: The bronchioles terminate in tiny air sacs called alveoli. These are the primary sites of gas exchange, where oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released.
8. Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs. It plays a crucial role in breathing by contracting and relaxing to create changes in lung volume.
The process of respiration involves two main processes:
1. Inhalation (inspiration): The diaphragm contracts, and the rib muscles expand the chest cavity. This creates a pressure difference, causing air to enter the lungs.
2. Exhalation (expiration): The diaphragm relaxes, and the rib muscles return to their resting position, decreasing the chest cavity volume. This increases the pressure in the lungs, causing air to be expelled.
Throughout respiration, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction to be expelled from the body.
The respiratory system works in coordination with other body systems, such as the circulatory system, to ensure the delivery of oxygen to cells and the removal of waste gases like carbon dioxide.
These slides will help to build an understanding of the respiratory system for the ordinary levels and the A levels students.
The can also be useful for science enthusiasts at any level.
so feel free to view and download these slides. enjoy.
Respiration is defined as the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
The physiological definition of respiration should not be confused with the biochemical definition of respiration, which refers to cellular respiration: the metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy). Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the organism, while physiologic respiration concerns the bulk flow and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.
Students will able to clear their concepts easily. pictures are added from different places to enhance the learning procedure. based on ncert mainly. will help teachers too to use it as an teaching aid in classrooms. it will surely make learning easy and helpful.
Respiration.
Types of respiration.
Various modes of respiration in animals.
Human respiratory system.
Upper respiratory tract.
Nose.
Pharynx.
Larynx.
Lower respiratory tract.
Trachea.
Bronchi and bronchioles.
Lungs.
Mechanism of respiration.
Exchange of gases.
Functions of respiratory system.
Biology For Engineers Module 3 / HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS AND BIO-DESIGNS - 2 Dr. Pavan Kundur
An organ system is a group of organs that work together in the body to perform a complex function, such as pumping blood or processing and utilizing nutrients.
These slides will help to build an understanding of the respiratory system for the ordinary levels and the A levels students.
The can also be useful for science enthusiasts at any level.
so feel free to view and download these slides. enjoy.
Respiration is defined as the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
The physiological definition of respiration should not be confused with the biochemical definition of respiration, which refers to cellular respiration: the metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy). Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the organism, while physiologic respiration concerns the bulk flow and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.
Students will able to clear their concepts easily. pictures are added from different places to enhance the learning procedure. based on ncert mainly. will help teachers too to use it as an teaching aid in classrooms. it will surely make learning easy and helpful.
Respiration.
Types of respiration.
Various modes of respiration in animals.
Human respiratory system.
Upper respiratory tract.
Nose.
Pharynx.
Larynx.
Lower respiratory tract.
Trachea.
Bronchi and bronchioles.
Lungs.
Mechanism of respiration.
Exchange of gases.
Functions of respiratory system.
Biology For Engineers Module 3 / HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS AND BIO-DESIGNS - 2 Dr. Pavan Kundur
An organ system is a group of organs that work together in the body to perform a complex function, such as pumping blood or processing and utilizing nutrients.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. • Why do we breathe? Think of all the
reasons why we need a respiratory
system.
W
O
R
K
T
O
G
E
T
H
E
R
3. Warning: terminology!
• “Respiration” is used several different ways:
• Cellular respiration is the aerobic breakdown
of glucose in the mitochondria to make ATP.
• Respiratory systems are the organs in
animals that exchange gases with the
environment.
• “Respiration” is an everyday term that is often
used to mean “breathing.”
4. Respiratory system function
• Respiratory systems allow animals to
move oxygen (needed for cellular
respiration) into body tissues and
remove carbon dioxide (waste product of
cellular respiration) from cells.
5. Gas exchange by Diffusion
• Some animals simply
allow gases to diffuse
through their skins.
• These animals have a
low metabolic rate.
Why?
• All of these are aquatic
animals. Why?
7. Countercurrent Exchange
• In a concurrent
system, exchange is
inefficient.
Equilibrium is
reached at one end.
• In a countercurrent
system, equilibrium
is not reached, so
gas exchange
continues, increasing
efficiency.
8. Fish Gills
• Fish increase gas
exchange efficiency
using countercurrent
exchange.
• Running blood through
the system in the
opposite direction to
water keeps a diffusion
gradient throughout the
entire exchange.
9. Gills exchange gases in fish. What is the
site of gas exchange in mammals?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. Alveoli
2. Tracheids
3. Bronchi
4. Esophagus
10. • Why are gills so widely seen in aquatic
animals but not in land animals?
• One group of land animals that have gills
is the Isopods (“pill bugs” and “sow
bugs”). How can these organisms
survive on land with gills?
W
O
R
K
T
O
G
E
T
H
E
R
11. Human respiratory system
• Parts of the
respiratory system
include:
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
12. Moving air in and out
• During inspiration
(inhalation), the
diaphragm and
intercostal muscles
contract.
• During exhalation,
these muscles
relax. The
diaphragm domes
upwards.
13. Alveoli
• The alveoli are
moist, thin-walled
pockets which are
the site of gas
exchange.
• A slightly oily
surfactant prevents
the alveolar walls
from collapsing and
sticking together.
14. Circulation and Gas Exchange
• Recall the
interconnection
between circulation
and the respiratory
system.
• Gas exchange at
the lungs and in the
body cells moves
oxygen into cells
and carbon dioxide
out.
15. What happens when you breathe
in?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. The rib muscles
relax.
2. The diaphragm
contracts.
3. Air leaves the
alveoli.
4. Air moves between
the chest wall and
the lung.
16. • Premature infants sometimes die of lung
collapse and other lung problems. What
might preemies be missing? How could
this be remedied?
W
O
R
K
T
O
G
E
T
H
E
R
17. In the alveolus
• The respiratory
surface is made up
of the alveoli and
capillary walls.
• The walls of the
capillaries and the
alveoli may share
the same
membrane.
18. Gas exchange
• Air entering the lungs
contains more oxygen
and less carbon dioxide
than the blood that
flows in the pulmonary
capillaries.
• How do these
differences in
concentrations assist
gas exchange?
19. Oxygen transport
• Hemoglobin binds
to oxygen that
diffuses into the
blood stream.
• What are some
advantages to using
hemoglobin to
transport oxygen?
20. Carbon dioxide transport
• Carbon dioxide can
dissolve in plasma,
and about 70%
forms bicarbonate
ions.
• Some carbon
dioxide can bind to
hemoglobin for
transport.
21. At the cells
• Cells use up oxygen quickly for cellular
respiration. What does this do to the
diffusion gradient? How does this help
cells take up oxygen?
• Cells create carbon dioxide during
cellular respiration, so CO2 levels in the
cell are higher than in the blood coming
to them. How does this help cells get rid
of oxygen?
22. Diffusion of O2 from lungs to blood
is rapid because:
1 2 3
33% 33%
33%
1. Active transport
moves oxygen.
2. Hemoglobin takes up
oxygen, keeping
plasma
concentration low.
3. Blood plasma is
oxygen-rich.
23. Most of the oxygen in blood is:
1 2 3 4
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. In the white cells.
2. Bound to
hemoglobin.
3. Combined with
carbon to make
carbon dioxide.
4. Dissolved in the
plasma.
24. Effects of smoking
• Inhaled smoke
contains:
• CO2, which affects the
CO2 diffusion gradient.
• carcinogenic chemicals
that can trigger tumors.
• toxic nicotine, which
paralyzes cilia that
normally clean the
lungs.
Gross, isn’t it?
25. Emphysema
• Besides cancer,
smoking can also lead
to emphysema. Alveoli
become dry and brittle,
and eventually rupture.
• Both active and passive
smoking (“second-hand”
smoke) can lead to can
lead to lung problems. All types of smoke, not just tobacco,
can cause cancers and emphysema.
26. Cystic Fibrosis
• Cystic fibrosis is one of
the most common
inherited disorders in the
Caucasian population in
the U.S.
• CF is caused by
mutation of a single
gene, the CFTR gene,
which controls salt
balance in the lungs.
27. Cystic Fibrosis
• A normal CFTR protein
regulates the amount of
chloride ions across the
cell membrane of lung
cells.
• If the interior of the cell
is too salty, water is
drawn from lung mucus
by osmosis, causing the
mucus to become thick
and sticky.
28. Cystic Fibrosis
• At this point there is no
cure for CF, though
there are therapies that
have extended the lives
of CF patients, including
lung transplants.
• Gene therapy may one
day insert “good” CFTR
genes into lung cells to
make them operate
normally.
29. “Two lies and a truth” – which one
is true?
1 2 3
33% 33%
33%
1. Cigarette smoke
cures colds because
it kills bacteria in the
lungs.
2. Nicotine is one of the
most potent
neurotoxins on earth.
3. “Passive” smoking is
less harmful than
“regular” smoking.
30. • When people quit smoking, if the lungs
are not damaged they can often clean
themselves because the cilia are no
longer paralyzed. People with cystic
fibrosis have trouble with lung infections
because their lung mucus is thick and
sticky. What roles do cilia and mucus
play in lung health?
W
O
R
K
T
O
G
E
T
H
E
R