This document discusses various types of resins and their properties. It defines resins as amorphous mixtures produced by plants that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Resins are classified based on their combination with other substances, such as glycoresins which contain glycosides, oleoresins which contain volatile oils, oleo-gum resins containing gums and oils, and gum resins containing gums. Examples of specific resins discussed include rosin, cannabis, podophyllum, jalap, turpentine, capsicum, ginger, and myrrh. For each resin, the source plant, active chemical constituents, and common uses are provided.

1. RESINS AND RESIN COMBINATION
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2. Resins
 The term ‘resin’ is applied to more or less solid, amorphous
products of complex chemical nature.
 These are amorphous mixtures of essential oils, oxygenated
products of terpenes and carboxylic acids.
 Resins and related resinous products are produced in plants
during normal growth or secreted as a result of injury to the
plants.
 They are end product of metabolism.
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3. General Properties
Physical nature
 Brittle, amorphous solids
 Hard, transparent or translucent.
 Insoluble in water.
 Dissolve in alcohol, chloroform and ether.
 When heated, they become soft yielding clear, adhesive
fluids (melt)
 On evaporation, these solutions deposit resin as a varnish-
like film.
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4. Chemical Nature
 Chemically, resins are complex mixtures of
 resin acids,
 resin alcohols,
 resinotannols,
 resin esters, and
 resenes.
 Resins do not contain nitrogen elements
(Non nitrogenous compounds).
 Many resins ,when boiled with alkalis yield soaps.
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5. Resine acid
 are mixtures of large proportion of diterpenoid oxyacids,
carboxylic acids and phenolic acids
 Occur both in free state and as esters.
 Soluble in aqueous solution of alkalis, forming soap like
solutions or colloidal suspensions.
 Used in manufacture of soaps and varnishes.
Examples:
 Abietic acids present in rose or colophony
 Copaivic acid present in copaiba
 Commiphoric acid present in myrrh
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6. Resin Ester:
• This group contains esters as the chief constituents
of the resins
• Examples:
 Benzoin and Storax ,
 Benzoin contains benzyl benzoate,
 Storax contains cinnamyl cinnamate
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7. Resin Alcohols:
• These are complex alcohols of high molecular weights
• Present in free state or as ester of simple aromatic acids
like benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, and salicylic acid
• Resin alcohols are further subdivided into:
I. Resinotannols (resin phenols)
– have tannin like properties and form blue color with
ferric chloride
Example: Aloeresinotannol from aloe
II. Resinols
– are high molecular weight non phenolic alcohols which
do not give tannin reaction with iron salts
Example: Benzoresinol from benzoin
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8. Are complex neutral substances that do not respond to any
chemical reactions
Are insoluble in alkalis and acids,
Do not form salts or esters and resist hydrolysis by alkalis
Example: alban and fluvial from gutta percha
Resenes
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9. Classification of resines
On the basis of their occurrence in combination with other
compounds, resins are classified as:
1. Glycoresins (glucoresin)
2. Oleoresin
3. Oleo-gum resin
4. Gum resin
5. Balsams
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10. Glycoresins
Resins in combination with glycosides are known as
glucoresins or glycoresins.
These are complex mixtures.
On hydrolysis, they yield sugars and complex resin
acids.
examples:
– Jalap
– Podophyllum
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11. Oleoresin
Resin often occur in more or less homogenous
mixtures with volatile oils
Volatile oil is removed by steam distillation
Examples:
a. Turpentine
b. Ginger
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12. Oleo-gum resin
• Resins associated with both gums and volatile
• The volatile oil is removed by steam distillation
• Dissolving in water separates the gum, because gums
are water-soluble carbohydrate derivatives
Examples:
• pomoea
• Myrrh
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13. Gum resin
• Resins that occur in combination with gums
• Dissolving the associated gums in water can purify
these resins
– Asafoetida
– Gamboge
– Myrrh
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14. Balsams
• Resinous substances containing high proportions
of balsamic acid (benzoic acid, cinnamic acid
etc) either in free or in combination or their esters
• Tolu balsam
• Benzoin
• Peru balsam
• Storax
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15. Preparation of resins
• Two general classes of resinous substances are
recognized based on the method used in preparing
them:
1. Natural resins
• Occur as exudates from plants, produced normally or
as result of pathogenic conditions.
Example
 by artificial punctures e.g. mastic; or
 deep cuts in the wood of the plant e.g. turpentine,
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16. 2. Prepared resins
• are obtained by different methods.
• The drug containing resins is powdered and extracted
with alcohol till exhaustion.
• The Concentrated alcoholic extract is either
evaporated, or poured into water and the precipitated
resin is collected, washed and carefully dried.
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17. • In the preparation of oleoresins; ether or acetone
having lower boiling point are used.
• The volatile oil portion is removed through
distillation.
• When the resin occurs associated with gum (gum-
resins), the resin is extracted with alcohol leaving the
gum insoluble.
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18. Crude drugs containing resins and resin
combinations
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19. Resins
1. Rosin
Synonyms:
Rosin
Colophony
Chir
From Pinus
palustris (Pinaceae)
Part used:
Solid Resin
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Constituents:
• Sylvic acid
• Sapinic acid
• Pimaric acid
• Resene etc

20. Uses:
• As stiffening agent in plasters, and ointments
• As a diuretic in veterinary medicine.
• Manufacture of varnishes and paint dyers, printing
inks, soaps, sealing wax, floor coverings etc.
• As an adulterant of other resinous products.
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21. 2. Cannabis
• Indian hemp
• Marijuana
• Pot
From Cannabis
sativa (Moraceae)
Part used:
• Dried flowering
parts of the pistillate
plants of Cannabis.
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Constituents:
• 15-20% of resin, which contain
major active principle 1,3,4 Tetra
hydro cannabinol.
• Cannabidiol
• Cannabidiolic acid etc.
Uses (drug of abuse)
• Sedative, Hypnotic, Narcotic
analgesic, Antibacterial agent
• psychotropic properties due to
1,3,4 Tetra hydro cannabinol.

22. Glycoresins
1. Podophyllum
• May Apple
• Mandrake
• From Podophyllum
peltatum and
Podophyllum emodi
(Berberidaceae)
• Part used is dried rhizome
and root
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Chemical constituents:
• 3.5 - 6% resin whose active
principles are lignans. These
include:
Podophyllotoxin
Alpha- peltatin
Beta- peltatin
Uses:
• Possess purgative properties.
• Resin is antimitotic and caustic.
• As a bitter tonic.

23. 2. Jalap
• Jalap
• Jalap root
• From Exogonium purga
(Convolvulaceae)
• Part used is dried, tuberous root.
constituents
Resins including glycosides such
as:
• Ipurganol
• Jalapin
• Volatile oil , Starch, Gum
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Uses:
• Cathartic
• Purgative

24. Oleoresins
1. Turpentine
– Gum turpentine
– Gum thus
• From Pinus palustris (Pinaceae)
• Turpentine is concrete oleoresin obtained
from Pinus species
• The oleoresin is secreted in ducts located
directly beneath the cambium in the sap-
wood.
Constituents:
• Volatile oil
• Resin
Uses: Employed externally as counter-irritant.
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25. 2. Capsicum
• Capsicum
• Chillies
• Cayenne pepper
• From Capsicum frutescens (African chillies)
• Capsicum annum (tabasco pepper) (Solanaceae)
• Part used is dried, ripe fruit
Constituents
• Capsaicin, extremely pungent principle
• Red coloring matter Capsanthin
• Volatile oils
• Fixed oils
• Carotenoids
• Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
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Uses:
• Irritant and carminative
• As a nerve stimulant and condiment.
• As a source of vitamin- C.
• As an appetizer.
• As a stomachic

26. 3. Ginger
• From Zingiber officinale
(Zingiberaceae)
• Part used is dried rhizome
Constituents:
• Aroma is due to volatile oil whose
principle constituents are
sesquiterpenes:
– Zingiberene
– Zingiberol
• Pungency is due to ginger oleo
resins
– Zingerone
• In addition it contains 50% starch.
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27. Oleo-gum resins
Myrrh (Gum myrrh)
• From Commiphora molomol
Commiphora abyssinica (Burseraceae)
• Part used is oleo gum resin obtained from
incisions made in the bark.
Constituents:
• Odor is due to presence of volatile oil.
Resin composed of:
• Resin acids
• Resenes
• Phenolic compounds,
• Gum that forms mucilage and yield
arabinose on hydrolysis.
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uses:
• Is a protective.
• As stimulant and stomachic
• In mouth washes as astringent