SlideShare a Scribd company logo
A PRESENTATION ON
TYPES OF RESEARCH
BY
MEGHNA SHARMA
(PH.D SCHOLAR)
L.N.I.P.E
TO
LT. DR. BRIJ KISHORE PRASAD
(ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR)
L.N.I.P.E
OBJECTIVE ATTRIBUTES PROCESS AND METHOD APPROACH FINDINGS
Basic/ Fundamental/
Pure Research
Qualitative Research Experimental Research
Longitudinal
Research
Explanatory Research
Applied Research Quantitative Research
Quasi Experimental
Research
Cross Sectional
Research
Descriptive Research
Action Research Ex-post Facto Research
Historical Research
Ethnography Research
BASIC RESEARCH
• Basic research is a type of research used in the scientific field to understand
our knowledge about a specific phenomenon.
• It is also accepted as pure research or fundamental research.
• Purely theoretical in nature.
• The research is much concerned with the generalization of theory i.e it has
Universal Validity.
• It is carried out by experts of particular field ( like scientists ).
• It can also be called as the foundational research as many things get built
on this foundation.
EXAMPLE: -Functioning of neurons by neuroscientists…
-Mental activity after death- studies showed that people
experience consciousness for up to three minutes after being
declared dead.
O
B
J
E
C
T
I
V
E
APPLIED RESEARCH
• It is often called a “scientific process” because it uses the available scientific
tools and puts them to use to find answers.
• Applied research is a type of research design that seeks to solve a specific
problem or provide innovative solutions to issues affecting an individual,
group or society.
• Researcher role is to examine analytically and a course of action
recommended.
• EXAMPLE:
1. Studying the factors that would enhance participation for college students
in the co-curricular activities.
2. Applying modern techniques of tooth treatment.
O
B
J
E
C
T
I
V
E
ACTION RESEARCH
• Action research is a strategy that tries to find out realistic solution to
difficulties and issues.
• It is basically learning by doing.
• First a problem is identified, then some actions are taken to address it,
then how well the efforts work are measured.
• It can be put under three different groups.
• There are generally four stages of action research:-
O
B
J
E
C
T
I
V
E
Stage 1: Plan Stage 2: Act Stage 3: Observe Stage 4: Reflect
For an action to go
well, proper planning
needs to be there.
The implementation of
the plan is the next step
Graphs, charts etc.
should be used to
represent the data. It
assists in making
judgment to the next
stage of observation.
This step involves
applying a prospective
solution and observing
the results.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• It is a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or
computational technique.
• The result of this can be depicted in form of numerical. After
careful understanding of these numbers to predict the future and
make changes accordingly.
A
T
T
R
I
B
U
T
E
S
CHARACTERSTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH-
Structured tools
Sample size
Close-ended questions
Prior studies
Quantitative data
Generalization of result
A
T
T
R
I
B
U
T
E
S
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Qualitative research is collecting , analyzing , and interpretating data
by observing what people do and say.
• It is subjective and uses very different methods.
• The nature of this type of study is exploratory and open-ended.
A
T
T
R
I
B
U
T
E
S
CHARACTERSTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH-
Open-ended questions
Conduct inquiry in subjective, biased manner.
Description and analyses of words for themes.
Collecting data consisting largely of words (text) or image
(pictures).
A
T
T
R
I
B
U
T
E
S
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
&
M
E
T
H
O
D
EXPERIMENTAL REEARCH
• Research is conducted with a scientific approach using two sets of variables i.e.
one act as constant, which you use to measure the differences of the second set.
• Experimental research gathers the data necessary to help you make better
decisions.
• The research should establish a notable cause and effect.
You can conduct experimental research in the following situation-
i. Time is a vital factor in establishing a relationship between cause and effect.
ii. Invariable behavior between cause and effect
iii. You wish to understand the importance of the cause and effect.
Quasi ExperimentalResearch
• Quasi-experimental research is used to observe & analyse systematically the
effects of a particular treatment on a particular population (through the use of a
representative sample).
• The basic aim of conducting a quasi-experimental, is to determine whether or
not a given treatment caused a given effect.
• 4 main points to understand:
Used to test causal hypothesis.
It lacks a random assignment.
It identifies a comparison group that it as similar as possible to the treatment
group in terms of baseline characteristics.
It uses different techniques for creating a valid comparison group such as
regression discontinuity design.
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
&
M
E
T
H
O
D
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
• It is a process of inquiry into past events.
• This process involves investigating, recording, analyzing and interpretating
the event of the past for the purpose to gain clear perspective of the present.
• A qualitative research.
• Steps of Historical Research are-
1. Selection of the problem
2. Formulation of hypothesis
3. Collection of data.
4. Data criticism
5. Interpretation of data
6. Writing of research report.
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
&
M
E
T
H
O
D
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESARCH
• The method is also known as “methodology if people”.
• The type of study basically intends to study culture through close
observation and active participation.
• The ethnographer/researcher collects information regarding the socio
cultural phenomenon from a lot of people belonging to the community
under study.
• The data is collected using a CHAIN SAMPLING in all areas of
investigation.
• The researcher stays within the community for months in order to gain
more information through claiming process and collect data in form of
observational transcripts and interview recordings.
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
&
M
E
T
H
O
D
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH
• Also known as panel study, longitudinal survey.
• Involves repeated observation of the same variables over long
period of time, often many decades.
• The researcher may study one specific aspects of development
(for eg. Intelligence) or many.
• The study are usually studied in the form of cohort. It means
they roughly belong to the same age and have grown up in
similar circumstances.
• Types of longitudinal research:
A. RETROSPECTIVE (back in time, thus using existing data)
B. PROSPECTIVE (requiring the collection of new data.)
A
P
P
R
O
A
C
H
Cross sectional study
• This study looks at a data at a single point of time.
• They are Observational in nature and are known as Descriptive research.
• Research record the information that is present in a population, but they
do not manipulate variables.
• This method is often used to make inferences about possible relationship
or to gather preliminary data to support further research and
experimentation
• Example: Psychologist can use cross-sectional studies to analyse mental
heath within a community by sending out a survey that asks the
participants whether they have a history of mental illness and whether
they’ve sought counselling services to help with their mental health.
A
P
P
R
O
A
C
H
EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
• Explanatory research is conducted in order to help us find the
problem that was not studied before in-depth.
• This research is not used to give us some conclusive evidence but
helps us in understanding the problem more efficiently.
• It does not aim to provide final and conclusion answers to the
research questions but allows the researcher to explore the research
with a varying level of depths.
• “it has been noticed that the explanatory research is the examination
which shapes the base for different inquiries about, it is the building
obstruct for alternative looks.”
F
I
N
D
I
N
G
S
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
• Descriptive research refers to the method that describes the
characteristics of the variables under study.
• This methodology focuses on answering questions relating to the “what”
than the “why” of the research subjects.
• The primary focus of this research is to simply describe the nature of the
demographics understudy instead of focusing on the “why”.
• It is called observational research method as none of the variable in the
study are influenced during the research process.
F
I
N
D
I
N
G
S

More Related Content

Similar to Types of research.pptx

Net coaching & remedial . paper 1 research
Net coaching & remedial . paper 1 researchNet coaching & remedial . paper 1 research
Net coaching & remedial . paper 1 research
Bhumi Dangi
 
Explanatory, Descriptive and Exploratory Research.pptx
Explanatory, Descriptive and Exploratory Research.pptxExplanatory, Descriptive and Exploratory Research.pptx
Explanatory, Descriptive and Exploratory Research.pptx
DulaSanbato1
 
ppt presentation research presentation on classification
ppt presentation research presentation on classificationppt presentation research presentation on classification
ppt presentation research presentation on classification
keebeek sanbato
 
3.2 introduction to research
3.2 introduction to research3.2 introduction to research
3.2 introduction to research
Shital Patil
 
Distinguish technical terms used in research EN10V-Iva-30.pptx
Distinguish technical terms used in research EN10V-Iva-30.pptxDistinguish technical terms used in research EN10V-Iva-30.pptx
Distinguish technical terms used in research EN10V-Iva-30.pptx
JONALYNNGAPPOL
 
Advanced research method
Advanced research methodAdvanced research method
Advanced research method
Hailemariam Kebede
 
Introduction to research
Introduction to researchIntroduction to research
Introduction to researchReshma Reddy
 
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH PRESENTATION.pptx
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH  PRESENTATION.pptxFUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH  PRESENTATION.pptx
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH PRESENTATION.pptx
Tamnnakumari
 
Research Design.pptx
Research Design.pptxResearch Design.pptx
Research Design.pptx
SaliMTowardz
 
Types of research
Types of researchTypes of research
Types of research
kuldeep amin
 
Quantitative research
Quantitative researchQuantitative research
Quantitative research
NadeemShoukat3
 
Research seminar
Research seminarResearch seminar
Research seminar
tadele habtamu
 
GROUP 20.pptx
GROUP 20.pptxGROUP 20.pptx
GROUP 20.pptx
PatrickJames94
 
4. lecture 4 research design
4. lecture 4   research design4. lecture 4   research design
4. lecture 4 research design
Công Nguyễn
 
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches.pdf
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches.pdfQuantitative and Qualitative Approaches.pdf
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches.pdf
ssuser504dda
 
business research methods 1 introduction
business research methods 1 introductionbusiness research methods 1 introduction
business research methods 1 introduction
daniyarehan2
 
Research and types L1.pptx
Research and types L1.pptxResearch and types L1.pptx
Research and types L1.pptx
KshitizBhargava
 
DOC-20230113-WA0000..pptx
DOC-20230113-WA0000..pptxDOC-20230113-WA0000..pptx
DOC-20230113-WA0000..pptx
Bharti839906
 
Types of research
Types of researchTypes of research
Types of research
heencomm
 

Similar to Types of research.pptx (20)

Net coaching & remedial . paper 1 research
Net coaching & remedial . paper 1 researchNet coaching & remedial . paper 1 research
Net coaching & remedial . paper 1 research
 
RM.pptx
RM.pptxRM.pptx
RM.pptx
 
Explanatory, Descriptive and Exploratory Research.pptx
Explanatory, Descriptive and Exploratory Research.pptxExplanatory, Descriptive and Exploratory Research.pptx
Explanatory, Descriptive and Exploratory Research.pptx
 
ppt presentation research presentation on classification
ppt presentation research presentation on classificationppt presentation research presentation on classification
ppt presentation research presentation on classification
 
3.2 introduction to research
3.2 introduction to research3.2 introduction to research
3.2 introduction to research
 
Distinguish technical terms used in research EN10V-Iva-30.pptx
Distinguish technical terms used in research EN10V-Iva-30.pptxDistinguish technical terms used in research EN10V-Iva-30.pptx
Distinguish technical terms used in research EN10V-Iva-30.pptx
 
Advanced research method
Advanced research methodAdvanced research method
Advanced research method
 
Introduction to research
Introduction to researchIntroduction to research
Introduction to research
 
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH PRESENTATION.pptx
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH  PRESENTATION.pptxFUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH  PRESENTATION.pptx
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH PRESENTATION.pptx
 
Research Design.pptx
Research Design.pptxResearch Design.pptx
Research Design.pptx
 
Types of research
Types of researchTypes of research
Types of research
 
Quantitative research
Quantitative researchQuantitative research
Quantitative research
 
Research seminar
Research seminarResearch seminar
Research seminar
 
GROUP 20.pptx
GROUP 20.pptxGROUP 20.pptx
GROUP 20.pptx
 
4. lecture 4 research design
4. lecture 4   research design4. lecture 4   research design
4. lecture 4 research design
 
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches.pdf
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches.pdfQuantitative and Qualitative Approaches.pdf
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches.pdf
 
business research methods 1 introduction
business research methods 1 introductionbusiness research methods 1 introduction
business research methods 1 introduction
 
Research and types L1.pptx
Research and types L1.pptxResearch and types L1.pptx
Research and types L1.pptx
 
DOC-20230113-WA0000..pptx
DOC-20230113-WA0000..pptxDOC-20230113-WA0000..pptx
DOC-20230113-WA0000..pptx
 
Types of research
Types of researchTypes of research
Types of research
 

Recently uploaded

DMARDs Pharmacolgy Pharm D 5th Semester.pdf
DMARDs Pharmacolgy Pharm D 5th Semester.pdfDMARDs Pharmacolgy Pharm D 5th Semester.pdf
DMARDs Pharmacolgy Pharm D 5th Semester.pdf
fafyfskhan251kmf
 
role of pramana in research.pptx in science
role of pramana in research.pptx in sciencerole of pramana in research.pptx in science
role of pramana in research.pptx in science
sonaliswain16
 
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATIONPRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
ChetanK57
 
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Ana Luísa Pinho
 
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdfUnveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Erdal Coalmaker
 
Hemostasis_importance& clinical significance.pptx
Hemostasis_importance& clinical significance.pptxHemostasis_importance& clinical significance.pptx
Hemostasis_importance& clinical significance.pptx
muralinath2
 
Orion Air Quality Monitoring Systems - CWS
Orion Air Quality Monitoring Systems - CWSOrion Air Quality Monitoring Systems - CWS
Orion Air Quality Monitoring Systems - CWS
Columbia Weather Systems
 
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
University of Maribor
 
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Sérgio Sacani
 
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
yqqaatn0
 
Body fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptx
Body fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptxBody fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptx
Body fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptx
muralinath2
 
nodule formation by alisha dewangan.pptx
nodule formation by alisha dewangan.pptxnodule formation by alisha dewangan.pptx
nodule formation by alisha dewangan.pptx
alishadewangan1
 
S.1 chemistry scheme term 2 for ordinary level
S.1 chemistry scheme term 2 for ordinary levelS.1 chemistry scheme term 2 for ordinary level
S.1 chemistry scheme term 2 for ordinary level
ronaldlakony0
 
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India
 
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 5) Chemistry of Lipids
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 5) Chemistry of LipidsGBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 5) Chemistry of Lipids
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 5) Chemistry of Lipids
Areesha Ahmad
 
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptxIn silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
AlaminAfendy1
 
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...
Studia Poinsotiana
 
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
yqqaatn0
 
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenic
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and ArsenicToxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenic
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenic
sanjana502982
 
in vitro propagation of plants lecture note.pptx
in vitro propagation of plants lecture note.pptxin vitro propagation of plants lecture note.pptx
in vitro propagation of plants lecture note.pptx
yusufzako14
 

Recently uploaded (20)

DMARDs Pharmacolgy Pharm D 5th Semester.pdf
DMARDs Pharmacolgy Pharm D 5th Semester.pdfDMARDs Pharmacolgy Pharm D 5th Semester.pdf
DMARDs Pharmacolgy Pharm D 5th Semester.pdf
 
role of pramana in research.pptx in science
role of pramana in research.pptx in sciencerole of pramana in research.pptx in science
role of pramana in research.pptx in science
 
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATIONPRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
 
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
 
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdfUnveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
 
Hemostasis_importance& clinical significance.pptx
Hemostasis_importance& clinical significance.pptxHemostasis_importance& clinical significance.pptx
Hemostasis_importance& clinical significance.pptx
 
Orion Air Quality Monitoring Systems - CWS
Orion Air Quality Monitoring Systems - CWSOrion Air Quality Monitoring Systems - CWS
Orion Air Quality Monitoring Systems - CWS
 
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
 
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
 
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
 
Body fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptx
Body fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptxBody fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptx
Body fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptx
 
nodule formation by alisha dewangan.pptx
nodule formation by alisha dewangan.pptxnodule formation by alisha dewangan.pptx
nodule formation by alisha dewangan.pptx
 
S.1 chemistry scheme term 2 for ordinary level
S.1 chemistry scheme term 2 for ordinary levelS.1 chemistry scheme term 2 for ordinary level
S.1 chemistry scheme term 2 for ordinary level
 
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
 
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 5) Chemistry of Lipids
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 5) Chemistry of LipidsGBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 5) Chemistry of Lipids
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 5) Chemistry of Lipids
 
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptxIn silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
 
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...
 
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
 
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenic
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and ArsenicToxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenic
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenic
 
in vitro propagation of plants lecture note.pptx
in vitro propagation of plants lecture note.pptxin vitro propagation of plants lecture note.pptx
in vitro propagation of plants lecture note.pptx
 

Types of research.pptx

  • 1. A PRESENTATION ON TYPES OF RESEARCH BY MEGHNA SHARMA (PH.D SCHOLAR) L.N.I.P.E TO LT. DR. BRIJ KISHORE PRASAD (ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR) L.N.I.P.E
  • 2. OBJECTIVE ATTRIBUTES PROCESS AND METHOD APPROACH FINDINGS Basic/ Fundamental/ Pure Research Qualitative Research Experimental Research Longitudinal Research Explanatory Research Applied Research Quantitative Research Quasi Experimental Research Cross Sectional Research Descriptive Research Action Research Ex-post Facto Research Historical Research Ethnography Research
  • 3. BASIC RESEARCH • Basic research is a type of research used in the scientific field to understand our knowledge about a specific phenomenon. • It is also accepted as pure research or fundamental research. • Purely theoretical in nature. • The research is much concerned with the generalization of theory i.e it has Universal Validity. • It is carried out by experts of particular field ( like scientists ). • It can also be called as the foundational research as many things get built on this foundation. EXAMPLE: -Functioning of neurons by neuroscientists… -Mental activity after death- studies showed that people experience consciousness for up to three minutes after being declared dead. O B J E C T I V E
  • 4. APPLIED RESEARCH • It is often called a “scientific process” because it uses the available scientific tools and puts them to use to find answers. • Applied research is a type of research design that seeks to solve a specific problem or provide innovative solutions to issues affecting an individual, group or society. • Researcher role is to examine analytically and a course of action recommended. • EXAMPLE: 1. Studying the factors that would enhance participation for college students in the co-curricular activities. 2. Applying modern techniques of tooth treatment. O B J E C T I V E
  • 5. ACTION RESEARCH • Action research is a strategy that tries to find out realistic solution to difficulties and issues. • It is basically learning by doing. • First a problem is identified, then some actions are taken to address it, then how well the efforts work are measured. • It can be put under three different groups. • There are generally four stages of action research:- O B J E C T I V E Stage 1: Plan Stage 2: Act Stage 3: Observe Stage 4: Reflect For an action to go well, proper planning needs to be there. The implementation of the plan is the next step Graphs, charts etc. should be used to represent the data. It assists in making judgment to the next stage of observation. This step involves applying a prospective solution and observing the results.
  • 6. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH • It is a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational technique. • The result of this can be depicted in form of numerical. After careful understanding of these numbers to predict the future and make changes accordingly. A T T R I B U T E S
  • 7. CHARACTERSTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH- Structured tools Sample size Close-ended questions Prior studies Quantitative data Generalization of result A T T R I B U T E S
  • 8. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH • Qualitative research is collecting , analyzing , and interpretating data by observing what people do and say. • It is subjective and uses very different methods. • The nature of this type of study is exploratory and open-ended. A T T R I B U T E S
  • 9. CHARACTERSTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH- Open-ended questions Conduct inquiry in subjective, biased manner. Description and analyses of words for themes. Collecting data consisting largely of words (text) or image (pictures). A T T R I B U T E S
  • 10. P R O C E S S & M E T H O D EXPERIMENTAL REEARCH • Research is conducted with a scientific approach using two sets of variables i.e. one act as constant, which you use to measure the differences of the second set. • Experimental research gathers the data necessary to help you make better decisions. • The research should establish a notable cause and effect. You can conduct experimental research in the following situation- i. Time is a vital factor in establishing a relationship between cause and effect. ii. Invariable behavior between cause and effect iii. You wish to understand the importance of the cause and effect.
  • 11. Quasi ExperimentalResearch • Quasi-experimental research is used to observe & analyse systematically the effects of a particular treatment on a particular population (through the use of a representative sample). • The basic aim of conducting a quasi-experimental, is to determine whether or not a given treatment caused a given effect. • 4 main points to understand: Used to test causal hypothesis. It lacks a random assignment. It identifies a comparison group that it as similar as possible to the treatment group in terms of baseline characteristics. It uses different techniques for creating a valid comparison group such as regression discontinuity design. P R O C E S S & M E T H O D
  • 12. HISTORICAL RESEARCH • It is a process of inquiry into past events. • This process involves investigating, recording, analyzing and interpretating the event of the past for the purpose to gain clear perspective of the present. • A qualitative research. • Steps of Historical Research are- 1. Selection of the problem 2. Formulation of hypothesis 3. Collection of data. 4. Data criticism 5. Interpretation of data 6. Writing of research report. P R O C E S S & M E T H O D
  • 13. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESARCH • The method is also known as “methodology if people”. • The type of study basically intends to study culture through close observation and active participation. • The ethnographer/researcher collects information regarding the socio cultural phenomenon from a lot of people belonging to the community under study. • The data is collected using a CHAIN SAMPLING in all areas of investigation. • The researcher stays within the community for months in order to gain more information through claiming process and collect data in form of observational transcripts and interview recordings. P R O C E S S & M E T H O D
  • 14. LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH • Also known as panel study, longitudinal survey. • Involves repeated observation of the same variables over long period of time, often many decades. • The researcher may study one specific aspects of development (for eg. Intelligence) or many. • The study are usually studied in the form of cohort. It means they roughly belong to the same age and have grown up in similar circumstances. • Types of longitudinal research: A. RETROSPECTIVE (back in time, thus using existing data) B. PROSPECTIVE (requiring the collection of new data.) A P P R O A C H
  • 15. Cross sectional study • This study looks at a data at a single point of time. • They are Observational in nature and are known as Descriptive research. • Research record the information that is present in a population, but they do not manipulate variables. • This method is often used to make inferences about possible relationship or to gather preliminary data to support further research and experimentation • Example: Psychologist can use cross-sectional studies to analyse mental heath within a community by sending out a survey that asks the participants whether they have a history of mental illness and whether they’ve sought counselling services to help with their mental health. A P P R O A C H
  • 16. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH • Explanatory research is conducted in order to help us find the problem that was not studied before in-depth. • This research is not used to give us some conclusive evidence but helps us in understanding the problem more efficiently. • It does not aim to provide final and conclusion answers to the research questions but allows the researcher to explore the research with a varying level of depths. • “it has been noticed that the explanatory research is the examination which shapes the base for different inquiries about, it is the building obstruct for alternative looks.” F I N D I N G S
  • 17. DESCRIPTIVE STUDY • Descriptive research refers to the method that describes the characteristics of the variables under study. • This methodology focuses on answering questions relating to the “what” than the “why” of the research subjects. • The primary focus of this research is to simply describe the nature of the demographics understudy instead of focusing on the “why”. • It is called observational research method as none of the variable in the study are influenced during the research process. F I N D I N G S