A Hypothesis is a supposition or explanation (theory) that is provisionally accepted in order to interpret certain events or phenomena, and to provide guidance for further investigation. This presentation elucidates hypothesis in research.
A Hypothesis is a supposition or explanation (theory) that is provisionally accepted in order to interpret certain events or phenomena, and to provide guidance for further investigation. This presentation elucidates hypothesis in research.
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
This presentation discusses the following topics:
Meaning of Hypothesis
Sources of Hypothesis
Variables in hypotheses
Need for Hypothesis
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Functions of Hypothesis
Hypothesis vs. Theory
Variables in Hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
Developing a Hypothesis
Parameters of Hypothesis
Checklist for Hypothesis
Examples
Hypothesis is a hunch the researcher or research team has. Basically a hypothesis is nothing more or less than a hunch to solve your research problem.
A good hypothesis by adding predictions on the how or why. So use sentences that include variations. If one cannot assess the predictions by observation or by experience, the hypothesis classes as not yet useful, and must wait for others who might come afterward to make possible the needed observations. For example, a new technology or theory might make the necessary experiments feasible.
Sources of Research Questions and Formulation of Hypothesis Psychology Pedia
Research Method -
Research questions, Good research questions, Steps to developing a research question, Sources of research question, Research hypothesis, Characteristics of hypothesis
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
This presentation discusses the following topics:
Meaning of Hypothesis
Sources of Hypothesis
Variables in hypotheses
Need for Hypothesis
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Functions of Hypothesis
Hypothesis vs. Theory
Variables in Hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
Developing a Hypothesis
Parameters of Hypothesis
Checklist for Hypothesis
Examples
Hypothesis is a hunch the researcher or research team has. Basically a hypothesis is nothing more or less than a hunch to solve your research problem.
A good hypothesis by adding predictions on the how or why. So use sentences that include variations. If one cannot assess the predictions by observation or by experience, the hypothesis classes as not yet useful, and must wait for others who might come afterward to make possible the needed observations. For example, a new technology or theory might make the necessary experiments feasible.
Sources of Research Questions and Formulation of Hypothesis Psychology Pedia
Research Method -
Research questions, Good research questions, Steps to developing a research question, Sources of research question, Research hypothesis, Characteristics of hypothesis
Slides from an informal presentation on a special issue of Perspectives on Psychological Science, focusing on issues of theory construction in psychology.
Types of Research Application Exploratory Research Conclusive Research Correlation Research Explanatory (Causal / experimental) Research Comparison between exploratory, descriptive and causal Experimentation and Market Testing
Type of Information Sought Qualitative and Quantitative research Other types of Research Design Data: Primary and Secondary Data Data Collection and Method of study in research Content analysis Game or role-playing Primary Market Research Method Quantitative Experiments Quasi Experiment and Field Trials Sociogram Variable and their Types Sampling Methods a. Probability Sampling . Simple Random Sampling . Systematic Sampling:. Stratified random sampling . Cluster Sampling b. Non Probability Sampling . Convenience sampling . Purposive /Judgment Sampling . Snowball Sample Types of Errors: Measurement
Data Exploration Univariate vs. Bivariate Data Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Problem Solving Central Tendency and Normal Distribution Normal Distribution Variance Effect Size Frequency distribution: Skewed, Mesokurtic, Leptokurtic, Platykurtic
Hypothesis Testing "True" Mean and Confidence Interval Margin of Error (Confidence Interval) Type I errors and type II errors One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests Parametric and Non-parametric Tests Bi- and Multivariate Inferential Statistical Tests (Parametric) Chi Square Degrees of freedom T-test Z-test and t-test Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Correlation (measures relationships between two variables) Factor analysis Sign test Run Test Other data display methods
Experimental Design Pre-Experimental Designs Quasi experiment Design True Experimental Design Reliability and Validity Validity Research Requirements Steps of Research The Preliminary Section Research Ethics Seminar, Workshop, Conference, Symposium Paper, Article Quality of a research journal Style Rules Appendix : Research Methodology Diagram APA Format
Theory Development and EvaluationThe Science and Art of Theory D.docxsusannr
Theory Development and Evaluation
The Science and Art of Theory Development and Evaluation
Scholars in various disciplines have conducted research and developed various theories to explain different phenomena' existence or relationship. Hypotheses are created to fulfill a need and are always formed from observations, empirical studies, and literature review to produce a theory that explains a phenomenon, relationship of phenomena, or predicts the occurrence of phenomena. It is essential to evaluate a postulation before its application to test its correctness. Some theories, such as those in health sciences, are not applicable before testing and evaluation. It is only possible to determine a theory's effectiveness by testing after the predicted phenomenon occurs. However, evaluation is possible using scientific and artistic approaches.
The various criteria for evaluating theories are scope, logical consistency, parsimony, utility, testability, heurism, and test of time. Scope, utility, and logical consistency are arts of theory development and evaluation. A theory must be within the scope, which means somebody cannot develop a postulation beyond their purview. For instance, an expert in the medical field cannot create a political leadership theory because it is not within their purview. Logical consistency means that a hypothesis should be correct at all times. A postulation must not contain contradicting statements at different times. The utility is the art of testing the theory's usefulness and is evaluated based on its contribution to the field on which it is based (Fawcett, 2005). A postulation must bring a new aspect into the discipline. A hypothesis that repeats existing theories does not pass the test of utility.
Parsimony, testability, heurism, and test of time are scientific approaches to theory development and evaluation. Parsimony means that a theory should have a few concepts to be effective. A hypothesis with many arguments and ideas does not pass the parsimony test (Redmond, 2015). The science behind this is that the higher the number of concepts and arguments, the more difficult it is to produce a practical theory. Heurism refers to the ability of a hypothesis to create new thinking and stimulate new thoughts. A reasonable postulation must contribute to the discipline by bringing a unique aspect or thought to the field. Other researchers and theorists should be able to apply the theory or use the hypothesis as a basis for coming up with other postulations (Avant, 2009).
A good theory must pass testability and test of time. Testability means that its basis should be reliable evidence, and it should be possible for people to verify the evidence behind the theory. A theory can is not a statement without any backing of empirical research, literature review, or any other form of verifiable proof (Avant, 2009). The test of time means that a theory must be predictive and powerful. Predictability relates to the ability of the postu.
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2. OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
HYPOTHESIS TESTING STUDY DESIGN
AND ANALYSIS
3. Introduction
Not all researches have a hypothesis
Some studies start with hypothesis
Meaning of hypothesis
Tentative explanation of phenomenon that awaits
testing
Predictive statement capable of being tested by a
scientific method
4. Types of hypotheses
Null hypothesis (H0)
Hypothesis of no difference
Example:
FP acceptance rate is the same both for educated and
Non-educated women
Alternative hypothesis (H1)
Disagrees with the null hypothesis
Example:
FP acceptance rate is higher in educated than non-educated
women
5. Hypothesis testing study design and
analysis
The design of the study is geared to
collecting evidence that will help to test the
hypothesis
Special statistical tests are used to test the
hypothesis
