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This document discusses research methodology, specifically focusing on research questions and hypotheses. It defines what a research question is and discusses the different types of research questions. It also defines what a hypothesis is, discusses the importance and nature of hypotheses, and types of hypotheses. It provides guidance on formulating research questions and hypotheses, including characteristics of good research questions and how hypotheses vary based on whether a study is qualitative or quantitative. Finally, it outlines the key differences between research questions and hypotheses.
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Generating the research hypothesis
Research involves systematically studying a topic to establish facts and reach new conclusions. A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work that can be tested through research. It relates an independent variable to a dependent variable. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis suggests a potential outcome. Alternative hypotheses can be directional, specifying the expected relationship, or non-directional, without a specified direction. Hypotheses guide research by providing a framework for data collection and interpretation.
Research methodology
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, scientific process for discovering new knowledge. The objectives of research are described as gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, accurately portraying characteristics of a situation, determining frequency of occurrences, and testing hypotheses. The main types of social research discussed are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, and qualitative. Research methods are grouped into those for data collection, establishing relationships between data and variables, and evaluating results. Key aspects of research methodology include explaining the logic and reasons for the methods used to study a problem.
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This document provides an overview of hypotheses for a presentation. It begins with learning outcomes which are to explain the meaning and significance of hypotheses, identify types of hypotheses, and illustrate why hypotheses are needed.
The presentation will cover the scientific method, meaning and types of variables, characteristics of good hypotheses, categories of hypotheses including null and alternative, and how to form and test hypotheses. Hypotheses are defined as educated guesses that relate variables and guide research. They must be testable, falsifiable, and contribute to theory. Hypotheses can be categorized by their formulation as null or alternative, by direction as directional or non-directional, and by their derivation as inductive or deductive.
Review of literature
This document provides information on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic that provides an overview of current knowledge and identifies relevant theories, methods, and gaps. The document outlines the importance of literature reviews in identifying research problems and prior findings. It also discusses the primary sources of information like original research reports and secondary sources like textbooks. Finally, it lists the main steps in conducting a literature review, including creating an annotated bibliography, organizing sources thematically, writing individual sections, and integrating the sections.
Types of literature review
This document outlines different types of literature reviews, including narrative reviews, critical reviews, scoping reviews, conceptual reviews, state-of-the-art reviews, argumentative reviews, integrative reviews, historical reviews, methodological reviews, theoretical reviews, quantitative and qualitative meta-analysis reviews, and systematic reviews. It provides brief descriptions of each type of literature review and what they aim to accomplish, such as summarizing previous research, identifying gaps, or comparing and evaluating perspectives.
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This document defines and discusses hypotheses. It begins by defining a hypothesis as an assumption or educated guess that is intended to be tested. It then provides definitions of hypotheses from several scholars and discusses their key characteristics. Hypotheses are categorized as null or alternative, directional or non-directional, and deductive or inductive. The document outlines guidelines for forming a hypothesis and testing it, including relating it to the research problem, making it clear and testable, and falsifiable. In summary, this document provides an overview of what a hypothesis is and best practices for developing and testing one.
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Generating the research hypothesis
Research involves systematically studying a topic to establish facts and reach new conclusions. A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work that can be tested through research. It relates an independent variable to a dependent variable. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis suggests a potential outcome. Alternative hypotheses can be directional, specifying the expected relationship, or non-directional, without a specified direction. Hypotheses guide research by providing a framework for data collection and interpretation.
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This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, scientific process for discovering new knowledge. The objectives of research are described as gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, accurately portraying characteristics of a situation, determining frequency of occurrences, and testing hypotheses. The main types of social research discussed are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, and qualitative. Research methods are grouped into those for data collection, establishing relationships between data and variables, and evaluating results. Key aspects of research methodology include explaining the logic and reasons for the methods used to study a problem.
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This document provides an overview of hypotheses for a presentation. It begins with learning outcomes which are to explain the meaning and significance of hypotheses, identify types of hypotheses, and illustrate why hypotheses are needed.
The presentation will cover the scientific method, meaning and types of variables, characteristics of good hypotheses, categories of hypotheses including null and alternative, and how to form and test hypotheses. Hypotheses are defined as educated guesses that relate variables and guide research. They must be testable, falsifiable, and contribute to theory. Hypotheses can be categorized by their formulation as null or alternative, by direction as directional or non-directional, and by their derivation as inductive or deductive.
Review of literature
This document provides information on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic that provides an overview of current knowledge and identifies relevant theories, methods, and gaps. The document outlines the importance of literature reviews in identifying research problems and prior findings. It also discusses the primary sources of information like original research reports and secondary sources like textbooks. Finally, it lists the main steps in conducting a literature review, including creating an annotated bibliography, organizing sources thematically, writing individual sections, and integrating the sections.
Types of literature review
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Hypothesis presentation
This document defines and discusses hypotheses. It begins by defining a hypothesis as an assumption or educated guess that is intended to be tested. It then provides definitions of hypotheses from several scholars and discusses their key characteristics. Hypotheses are categorized as null or alternative, directional or non-directional, and deductive or inductive. The document outlines guidelines for forming a hypothesis and testing it, including relating it to the research problem, making it clear and testable, and falsifiable. In summary, this document provides an overview of what a hypothesis is and best practices for developing and testing one.
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Research proposal presentation
Research proposal
704 _Quantitative Research Methods in LIS
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
M.Phil. (scholar)
Roll no 14
Contents
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research
Component of research proposal
1-title
2-introduction
3-statement of the problem
4-review of related literature
5-Hypothesis
6-purpose /objective of study
7- work plane
8-Method, research design, sample.
9-Refrences
common error in research proposal
Evaluation of research proposal
What is research?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
What is proposal?
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration by others.
A research proposal “is a document that outlines how you propose to undertake your research studies” (Mouton 2001:p.44).
Definition of research proposal
A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program,
It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.
Importance of research proposal
Helps examine what the researcher intends to do.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Research proposals can be effective starting places to discuss projects with your professors, too.
The research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research, as well as your proposed methodology and chosen research method.
Advantages of research proposal
Fund to support your research
Allow you to review and critically evaluate your current research program
Convince yourself and others that your research is worth supporting
Keep you focused on your research program
Develop novel ideas during writing proposal.
Relationship of research proposal with research
Research proposal is a plan, and research is action.
Research proposal is compulsory for approving proposed research.
Research proposal is a schedule and research is activity.
Research proposal is a mirror of research
Research proposal is a blue print of research.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Types of research proposal
There are two major types of research proposal;
Academic:
• An academic proposal is the first step in producing a thesis or major project. Its intent is to convince a supervisor or academic committee that your topic and approach are sound,
Non-academ
Research Methodology
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to generate valid and trustworthy knowledge. The document outlines the objectives, characteristics, types and structure of research. It discusses different types of research including applied, fundamental, descriptive, correlational and explanatory research. It also covers quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The significance and importance of research methodology are emphasized.
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This document provides an overview of the typical components and structure of a research paper. It discusses what should be included in the introduction chapter such as the research problem, locale, framework, statement of the problem, assumptions, scope and limitations, significance, and definition of terms. The second chapter typically involves a review of related literature and studies. This chapter establishes the background and justification for the research. The third chapter outlines the research methodology, including the research design, respondents, instruments, validation of instruments, data gathering procedures, and treatment of data.
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This document discusses research, including defining what research is, the key components of a research study, how to identify a research problem and gap, and how to eliminate a research gap. It notes that research involves searching again for new facts or modifying older ones. A well-defined research problem and hypothesis are essential, as are scientific techniques and logical interpretation of results. Identifying reasons for a research gap and characterizing it using a PICOS framework can help eliminate gaps. The document also discusses the importance of research ethics in promoting integrity and protecting human subjects.
research hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses in research. A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Good hypotheses are specific, empirically testable, and manageable. Researchers develop hypotheses to give direction to their research and focus their study. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, working, null, and alternative hypotheses. Once a hypothesis is developed, researchers select a research design to collect data, such as descriptive or experimental methods, to test their hypothesis.
Writing A Health Research Proposal
This document provides guidance on writing a health research proposal. It discusses key components such as the problem statement, objectives, methodology, variables, study design, data collection procedures, and ethics. A well-written proposal clearly explains the research question and plan to answer it. The methodology section should provide operational definitions of variables and detail how the study will be conducted and data analyzed. Considering ethics is important when researching human subjects. Overall, a strong proposal demonstrates the value and feasibility of the proposed research.
Literature review in research methodology
This document provides an overview of the literature review process. It defines a literature review, discusses the types and purposes of literature reviews. It outlines the key steps in conducting a literature review including defining the research problem, searching relevant literature, planning the review, taking notes, and summarizing findings. Sources of literature are primary sources like reports and theses, secondary sources like books and journals, and tertiary sources like indexes and abstracts. The document provides examples of formatting literature in bibliographies and taking structured notes on index cards to organize the review.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is an assumption or proposed explanation made on limited information to guide further investigation. It provides the basis for investigation by establishing the direction of inquiry. A good hypothesis is specific, testable, and related to existing theory. There are two main types - crude hypotheses indicate what data to collect, while refined hypotheses state empirical relationships. Hypotheses come in descriptive, explanatory, null, and alternative forms and serve important functions such as explaining facts, directing inquiry, and enabling deductions.
RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Research proposal
This research proposal outlines Pujan Agrawal's planned research project. It includes definitions of key terms like research and research proposals. It describes the importance of research proposals and their relationship to the research process. The proposal lists the typical components of a research proposal, such as the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, and references. It also discusses types of research proposals, common errors to avoid, and thanks the reader for their time.
Types of research
There are several types of research including: basic research which aims to discover fundamental truths and laws through curiosity-driven studies; applied research which tests basic research theories in practical problem situations; deductive research which derives hypotheses from theories to then make observations; and inductive research which makes observations to identify patterns and derive tentative hypotheses and theories. Research can also be quantitative using methods like surveys and experiments, or qualitative using methods like case studies, interviews and narratives to understand perceptions. Evaluative research assesses the effectiveness of programs and activities using quantitative methods such as cost-benefit analysis or qualitative methods like case studies.
Research design
This document discusses research design and provides definitions, types, and key aspects to consider when developing a research design. It defines research design as the plan or framework that guides a research study. The document outlines the need for research design to facilitate efficient research and reliable results. It describes four main types of research design: explanatory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. For each type, it provides a brief explanation of its characteristics and goals. The document concludes by listing some advantages of developing an effective research design such as consuming less time and ensuring a systematic research process.
Writing of Research protocol
The document outlines the key components of writing a research protocol, including defining research, the purpose of a protocol, and the typical parts of a protocol. It discusses that a protocol should clarify the research question, compile existing knowledge, form a hypothesis and objectives. The typical parts are an introduction with the problem and background, methodology covering the research design and data collection/analysis, and ethical considerations. It provides guidance on writing each section, such as making the introduction concise and specific, clearly linking objectives to the research problem, and describing the study design and statistical analysis plan in the methodology.
Types of Hypothesis-Advance Research Methodology
This Presentation states the details of Hypothesis for students to get help in advance research methodology. Rearchers may also get help from this work.
Formulating hypotheses
The document discusses key concepts related to formulating and testing hypotheses, including:
- Null and alternative hypotheses, which are mutually exclusive statements tested through sample analysis.
- Type I and Type II errors that can occur when making decisions to accept or reject the null hypothesis.
- The level of significance, critical region, and test statistics used to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis.
- The differences between one-tailed and two-tailed tests, parametric vs. non-parametric tests, and one-sample vs. two-sample tests.
Qualitative research
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It discusses the history and characteristics of qualitative research, including that it seeks to understand perspectives from local populations. The document outlines various qualitative methods like case studies, ethnography, and grounded theory. It also discusses issues in qualitative research such as gaining entry, selecting participants, and enhancing validity. Strategies to reduce bias like triangulation and examining outliers are presented.
Conceptual framework
The document defines and discusses conceptual frameworks. It notes that a conceptual framework 1) explains graphically or in narrative form the key factors, concepts or variables in what is being studied and the relationships between them, 2) represents a way of thinking about a problem or study, and 3) sets the stage for presenting a research question based on a problem statement. A conceptual framework identifies relevant variables, defines them, and shows tentative relationships between dependent and independent variables. It can take the form of equations, diagrams, or descriptions. The development of a conceptual framework is an iterative process that is revisited and revised throughout a research study.
Hypothesis
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
Litrature review
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process.
Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related material on the study
Gives an overview of the field of inquiry on what has been already said about the topic.
Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation.
It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous researchers’ while studying same topic
Identification of Research Problem
UNIT II - Identification of Problem & Review of Literature
Problems in research – identification of research problem,
Research objectives and Research Hypothesis,
Research question
Questionnaire and Interview Schedule.
Developing hypothesis and research questions
The document discusses hypotheses, providing definitions and discussing the nature, types, and formulation of hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. The main types discussed are the null hypothesis, which represents a theory to be tested, and the alternative hypothesis, which is the opposite of the null hypothesis. It also discusses how hypotheses are formulated differently for qualitative versus quantitative research, with qualitative research often using research questions rather than hypotheses.
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Qualitative Research Method
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
Research proposal presentation
Research proposal
704 _Quantitative Research Methods in LIS
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
M.Phil. (scholar)
Roll no 14
Contents
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research
Component of research proposal
1-title
2-introduction
3-statement of the problem
4-review of related literature
5-Hypothesis
6-purpose /objective of study
7- work plane
8-Method, research design, sample.
9-Refrences
common error in research proposal
Evaluation of research proposal
What is research?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
What is proposal?
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration by others.
A research proposal “is a document that outlines how you propose to undertake your research studies” (Mouton 2001:p.44).
Definition of research proposal
A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program,
It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.
Importance of research proposal
Helps examine what the researcher intends to do.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Research proposals can be effective starting places to discuss projects with your professors, too.
The research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research, as well as your proposed methodology and chosen research method.
Advantages of research proposal
Fund to support your research
Allow you to review and critically evaluate your current research program
Convince yourself and others that your research is worth supporting
Keep you focused on your research program
Develop novel ideas during writing proposal.
Relationship of research proposal with research
Research proposal is a plan, and research is action.
Research proposal is compulsory for approving proposed research.
Research proposal is a schedule and research is activity.
Research proposal is a mirror of research
Research proposal is a blue print of research.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Types of research proposal
There are two major types of research proposal;
Academic:
• An academic proposal is the first step in producing a thesis or major project. Its intent is to convince a supervisor or academic committee that your topic and approach are sound,
Non-academ
Research Methodology
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to generate valid and trustworthy knowledge. The document outlines the objectives, characteristics, types and structure of research. It discusses different types of research including applied, fundamental, descriptive, correlational and explanatory research. It also covers quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The significance and importance of research methodology are emphasized.
Components of research
This document provides an overview of the typical components and structure of a research paper. It discusses what should be included in the introduction chapter such as the research problem, locale, framework, statement of the problem, assumptions, scope and limitations, significance, and definition of terms. The second chapter typically involves a review of related literature and studies. This chapter establishes the background and justification for the research. The third chapter outlines the research methodology, including the research design, respondents, instruments, validation of instruments, data gathering procedures, and treatment of data.
RESEARCH GAP & RESEARCH ETHICSP
This document discusses research, including defining what research is, the key components of a research study, how to identify a research problem and gap, and how to eliminate a research gap. It notes that research involves searching again for new facts or modifying older ones. A well-defined research problem and hypothesis are essential, as are scientific techniques and logical interpretation of results. Identifying reasons for a research gap and characterizing it using a PICOS framework can help eliminate gaps. The document also discusses the importance of research ethics in promoting integrity and protecting human subjects.
research hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses in research. A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Good hypotheses are specific, empirically testable, and manageable. Researchers develop hypotheses to give direction to their research and focus their study. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, working, null, and alternative hypotheses. Once a hypothesis is developed, researchers select a research design to collect data, such as descriptive or experimental methods, to test their hypothesis.
Writing A Health Research Proposal
This document provides guidance on writing a health research proposal. It discusses key components such as the problem statement, objectives, methodology, variables, study design, data collection procedures, and ethics. A well-written proposal clearly explains the research question and plan to answer it. The methodology section should provide operational definitions of variables and detail how the study will be conducted and data analyzed. Considering ethics is important when researching human subjects. Overall, a strong proposal demonstrates the value and feasibility of the proposed research.
Literature review in research methodology
This document provides an overview of the literature review process. It defines a literature review, discusses the types and purposes of literature reviews. It outlines the key steps in conducting a literature review including defining the research problem, searching relevant literature, planning the review, taking notes, and summarizing findings. Sources of literature are primary sources like reports and theses, secondary sources like books and journals, and tertiary sources like indexes and abstracts. The document provides examples of formatting literature in bibliographies and taking structured notes on index cards to organize the review.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is an assumption or proposed explanation made on limited information to guide further investigation. It provides the basis for investigation by establishing the direction of inquiry. A good hypothesis is specific, testable, and related to existing theory. There are two main types - crude hypotheses indicate what data to collect, while refined hypotheses state empirical relationships. Hypotheses come in descriptive, explanatory, null, and alternative forms and serve important functions such as explaining facts, directing inquiry, and enabling deductions.
RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Research proposal
This research proposal outlines Pujan Agrawal's planned research project. It includes definitions of key terms like research and research proposals. It describes the importance of research proposals and their relationship to the research process. The proposal lists the typical components of a research proposal, such as the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, and references. It also discusses types of research proposals, common errors to avoid, and thanks the reader for their time.
Types of research
There are several types of research including: basic research which aims to discover fundamental truths and laws through curiosity-driven studies; applied research which tests basic research theories in practical problem situations; deductive research which derives hypotheses from theories to then make observations; and inductive research which makes observations to identify patterns and derive tentative hypotheses and theories. Research can also be quantitative using methods like surveys and experiments, or qualitative using methods like case studies, interviews and narratives to understand perceptions. Evaluative research assesses the effectiveness of programs and activities using quantitative methods such as cost-benefit analysis or qualitative methods like case studies.
Research design
This document discusses research design and provides definitions, types, and key aspects to consider when developing a research design. It defines research design as the plan or framework that guides a research study. The document outlines the need for research design to facilitate efficient research and reliable results. It describes four main types of research design: explanatory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. For each type, it provides a brief explanation of its characteristics and goals. The document concludes by listing some advantages of developing an effective research design such as consuming less time and ensuring a systematic research process.
Writing of Research protocol
The document outlines the key components of writing a research protocol, including defining research, the purpose of a protocol, and the typical parts of a protocol. It discusses that a protocol should clarify the research question, compile existing knowledge, form a hypothesis and objectives. The typical parts are an introduction with the problem and background, methodology covering the research design and data collection/analysis, and ethical considerations. It provides guidance on writing each section, such as making the introduction concise and specific, clearly linking objectives to the research problem, and describing the study design and statistical analysis plan in the methodology.
Types of Hypothesis-Advance Research Methodology
This Presentation states the details of Hypothesis for students to get help in advance research methodology. Rearchers may also get help from this work.
Formulating hypotheses
The document discusses key concepts related to formulating and testing hypotheses, including:
- Null and alternative hypotheses, which are mutually exclusive statements tested through sample analysis.
- Type I and Type II errors that can occur when making decisions to accept or reject the null hypothesis.
- The level of significance, critical region, and test statistics used to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis.
- The differences between one-tailed and two-tailed tests, parametric vs. non-parametric tests, and one-sample vs. two-sample tests.
Qualitative research
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It discusses the history and characteristics of qualitative research, including that it seeks to understand perspectives from local populations. The document outlines various qualitative methods like case studies, ethnography, and grounded theory. It also discusses issues in qualitative research such as gaining entry, selecting participants, and enhancing validity. Strategies to reduce bias like triangulation and examining outliers are presented.
Conceptual framework
The document defines and discusses conceptual frameworks. It notes that a conceptual framework 1) explains graphically or in narrative form the key factors, concepts or variables in what is being studied and the relationships between them, 2) represents a way of thinking about a problem or study, and 3) sets the stage for presenting a research question based on a problem statement. A conceptual framework identifies relevant variables, defines them, and shows tentative relationships between dependent and independent variables. It can take the form of equations, diagrams, or descriptions. The development of a conceptual framework is an iterative process that is revisited and revised throughout a research study.
Hypothesis
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
Litrature review
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process.
Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related material on the study
Gives an overview of the field of inquiry on what has been already said about the topic.
Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation.
It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous researchers’ while studying same topic
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This document provides guidance on developing hypotheses for research. It defines a hypothesis as a formal, testable statement about the relationship between variables. The nature of a hypothesis is that it clearly defines what is being investigated and allows the research objectives and concepts to be identified. Hypotheses come in two types: null hypotheses, which represent existing theories to be tested, and alternative hypotheses, which are the statements the research aims to establish. Special consideration is given to null hypotheses because conclusions are drawn about whether or not to reject them based on the evidence. The formulation of hypotheses varies between qualitative and quantitative research, with qualitative using open-ended research questions and quantitative specifying relationships between independent and dependent variables.
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Hypothesis is a hunch the researcher or research team has. Basically a hypothesis is nothing more or less than a hunch to solve your research problem.
A good hypothesis by adding predictions on the how or why. So use sentences that include variations. If one cannot assess the predictions by observation or by experience, the hypothesis classes as not yet useful, and must wait for others who might come afterward to make possible the needed observations. For example, a new technology or theory might make the necessary experiments feasible.
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Developing hypothesis report
1. A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made to explain a phenomenon or guide an investigation. It can be a conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested.
2. The main functions of a hypothesis are to provide focus for a study by specifying what aspects to investigate and what data to collect. Developing a hypothesis enhances objectivity.
3. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for a study, it should be simple, specific, conceptually clear, capable of being verified, and related to existing knowledge. The outcome of testing a hypothesis may prove it right, partially right, or wrong.
Rmm ppt
This document defines and explains key concepts related to research hypotheses. It begins by defining a hypothesis as a testable statement that attempts to explain facts or phenomena. The document then outlines characteristics, functions, types (including scientific, working, null, and alternative hypotheses), parameters for a good hypothesis, and how hypotheses compare to laws and theories. It concludes by emphasizing that hypotheses are derived from theories and express conjectured relationships between variables in testable statements.
Lecture 1 4 (1)
Business research involves systematically gathering and analyzing data to make good business decisions. It aims to answer questions related to marketing, human resources, finance, and other areas. Learning research methods is important for managers to solve day-to-day problems using a scientific approach that reduces uncertainty. Understanding research allows managers to identify issues, diagnose problems, select actions, and evaluate outcomes. It also helps complete academic requirements like master's theses, stay updated in one's field, and critically evaluate other studies. Quantitative research uses numerical data to test theories while qualitative research aims to understand phenomena through words. Mixed methods combine both approaches.
TYPES OF RESEARCH.pptx
This document discusses the different types of research methodology. It identifies 5 main categories for classifying research: 1) general category, which includes quantitative and qualitative research, 2) nature of study, such as descriptive and analytical research, 3) purpose of study, including applied and fundamental research, 4) data type, which is primary or secondary research, and 5) research design like exploratory and conclusive research. For each category, it provides examples and brief explanations of the different types of research that fall under that classification.
Hypothesis
The document discusses hypothesis, its meaning, purpose, characteristics, types and testing. Some key points:
- Hypothesis is a conjectural statement proposed for testing through research. It suggests a possible relationship between two or more variables.
- The purpose of a hypothesis is to guide research and provide a framework to organize conclusions. It helps define relevant and irrelevant facts.
- There are different types of hypotheses like simple, complex, null, research, directional, non-directional.
- A hypothesis must be testable, clear, precise and related to the research problem.
- Testing a hypothesis involves collecting data, evaluating the null hypothesis to accept or reject it based on results.
Experimental psych
The document discusses how to formulate hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative explanation or predicted relationship between variables. There are two main types of hypotheses: non-experimental, which predict associations between variables, and experimental, which predict the effect of antecedent conditions on behavior. Key aspects of a good hypothesis are that it is testable, falsifiable, parsimonious, and fruitful. Hypotheses can be generated through inductive reasoning from specific observations or deductive reasoning from existing theories. Serendipity and intuition can also play a role, though hypotheses must still be objective and testable.
Net set research methodology
This document provides an overview of research aptitude topics covered in Goalfinder Classes for the CBSE NET 2016 Paper 1 exam. It discusses key concepts in research methodology including exploratory research, variables, hypotheses, sampling methods, data collection techniques, research designs, reliability and validity. The document also lists various statistical analyses covered like ANOVA, correlation, factor analysis and experimental designs. It aims to help students prepare for questions related to research methodology and data interpretation in the CBSE NET exam.
02 basic researchmethod
1. The document discusses basic research methodology including definitions of research, categories of research such as empirical, theoretical, basic, and applied research.
2. It also covers scientific research steps, quantitative and qualitative data collection, and research design which involves formulating problems, setting objectives, designing studies, and interpreting results.
3. Key aspects of research methodology discussed include hypotheses formulation and testing, various study designs like experimental and observational, and determining appropriate sample sizes.
Research Methodology & IPR-II
The document provides an overview of the research methodology process. It discusses defining the research problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, and establishing research objectives. The key steps are:
1) Defining the research problem by identifying and selecting a problem to study based on criteria like interest and feasibility.
2) Reviewing relevant literature to understand previous work and identify gaps.
3) Formulating testable hypotheses about relationships between variables based on theories and findings from the literature.
4) Establishing clear and achievable research objectives to directly answer the research problem.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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research questions-and-hypotheses
- 1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research questions and hypothesis Presented by : Najah M. Algolaip Presented to : Dr. Abdulhamid Altellesi
- 2. Layout What is research question? Types of Questions Developing Research Questions Research Questions Characteristics Definitions Of Hypothesis. ( Importance ,Nature , Types) Of Hypothesis. Formulating A Hypothesis. The differences between research questions and hypothesis References
- 3. What is Research Question? Is the question around which you center your research. It should be Clear Focused Concise Arguable Non-biased
- 4. Types of Research questions Agee(2009,p.433) reports 4 kinds of research question Exploratory understanding Explanatory : reasons for “why-type questions , how-type questions ” Descriptive: what-type questions Emancipatory: Something related to giving freedom.
- 5. DEVELOPING RESEARCH QUESTIONS CHOOSE AN INTERESTING GENERAL TOPIC DO SOME RESEARCH ON YOUR GENERAL TOPIC CONSIDER YOUR AUDIENCE START ASKING QUESTIONS EVALUATE YOUR QUESTION
- 6. Research questions characteristics Feasible Adequate number of subjects Adequate technical expertise Affordable in time and money Interesting Getting the answer intrigues the investigator. Novel Confirms, refutes or extends previous findings Provide new findings Manageable in scope
- 7. Ethical Amendable to a study the institutional review board will approve Relevant There is some body of knowledge that relates to the area of study.
- 8. Definitions of hypothesis A tentative statement about something, the validity of which is usually unknown A hypothesis is written in such a way that it can be proven or disproven by valid and reliable data- it is on order to obtain these data that we perform our study
- 9. The importance of hypothesis -It brings clarity, specificity and focus to the research problem, as they guide the researcher to what specific information to collect.
- 10. Nature of Hypothesis The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be investigated. It should be specified before research is conducted and openly stated in reporting the results. -This allows to: Identify the research objectives Identify the key abstract concepts involved in the research Identify its relationship to both the problem statement and theliterature review It can be tested – verifiable or falsifiableƒ Hypotheses are not moral or ethical questionsƒ It is neither too specific nor too generalƒ ƒIt is considered valuable even if proven false
- 11. Types of Hypothesis 1.NULL HYPOTHESES Designated by: H0 or HN Pronounced as “H oh”ƒ or “H-null”ƒ 2.ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES Designated by: H1 or HAThe null hypothesis represents a theory that has been put forward, either because it is believed to be true or because it is used to be the basis for argument, but has not been proved. The alternative hypothesis is a statement of what a hypothesis test is set up to establish.ƒOpposite of Null Hypothesis.ƒOnly reached if H0 is rejected.ƒ Frequently “alternative”ƒis actual desired conclusion
- 12. EXAMPLE In a clinical trial of a new drug, the null hypothesis might be that the new drug is no better, on average, than the current drug. We would write H0: there is no difference between the two drugs on average. The alternative hypothesis might be that: the new drug has a different effect, on average, compared to that of the current drug. We would write H1: the two drugs have different effects, on average. the new drug is better, on average, than the current drug. We would write H1: the new drug is better than the current drug, on average
- 13. Formulating a hypothesis The formulation of the hypothesis basically varies with the kind of research project conducted: 1.QUALITATIVE 2.QUANTITATIVE
- 14. In qualitative research, because of the purpose of an investigation and methods used to obtain information, hypotheses are not used and almost no importance is given to them. In quantitative research, their use is far more prevalent though it varies markedly from one academic discipline to another and from researcher to researcher. On the whole it can be said that if the aim of a study is to explore where very little is known, hypotheses are usually not formulated; however, if a study aims to test an assertion by way of causality or association,
- 15. Research questions vs. Hypothesis Research QuestionsHypothesis is inquisitive in natureis predictive in nature the question research study sets to answer a tentative prediction about the relationship between 2 or more variables can be used if there is little previous on the subject can be used if there is significant knowledge or previous research on this subject can be used in both quantitative and qualitiatative mainly used in experimental quantitative studies allows a wide range of outcomesDoes not allow a wide range of outcomes
- 16. References: Cohen L. et al Morrison K.(2018) Research methods in Education Kumar.Ranjit(2011) Research methodology Agee,J.(2009). Developing qualitative research questions