The document defines and discusses research, including its meaning, characteristics, types, and methods. Research is defined as a systematic investigation aimed at discovering new facts through empirical evidence and analysis. Key points made include that research is objective, seeks to answer questions and solve problems, and moves from known to unknown. Common types discussed are descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative. Critical characteristics of good research are that it is empirical, logical, analytical, and reliable. The scientific research process and various research methods are also outlined.

1. RESEARCH
APPTITUDE

3. MEANING AND CHARACTERISATICS OF RESEARCH
• Research derived from latin word which means “to know”
• French recerche means re+search = search again
• A ‘scientific’ investigation and ‘systematic’ search for
information/Knowledge.

4. MEANING AND CHARACTERISATICS OF RESEARCH
• Based on empirical evidences.
• Research must be objective.
• Aimed at discovering answers to questions.
• A movement from the ‘known to the unknown’.
• Search for ‘new facts’.
• Aimed at finding solution to the Problem

5. “If we knew what it
was we were doing, it
would not be called
research, would it?”
Albert Einstein

6. MEANING AND CHARACTERISATICS OF RESEARCH
• Voyage of discovery.
• Research attempts to find out the hidden truth which has not yet
been discovered.
• Generalization and the formulation of a theory is also research.
• Redefining existing facts.

7. MEANING AND CHARACTERISATICS OF RESEARCH
• Replicated (repeated and duplicable)
• Analysis and interpretation of facts.
• Research is friendly attitude towards change.
• Recorded and reported.
• Research may offend already existing knowledge.

8. TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Descriptive vs. Analytical
• Applied vs. Fundamental
• Quantitative vs. Qualitative
• Conceptual vs. Empirical
• Some Other Types of Research
• one-time research or longitudinal research

9. • field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation research
• clinical or diagnostic research
• Historical research
• Experimental Research
• Action Research
• Ex-Post Facto Research
• Social Researches

10. RESEARCH METHODS
• research methods are only specific techniques for collecting and
analysing data in such a way that you can come to reliable
conclusions.

11. TYPES OF VARIABLES
• What is Variable?
• Independent and Dependent Variable
• Moderate Variable
• Control Variable
• Intervening Variable

12. Steps of Research
• Formulating the research problem
• (Definition, Characteristics, and Types of Research Problems)
• Literature Review
• Development of working hypotheses (types)
• Preparing the research design
• Determining sample design (types)
• Collecting the data
• Analysis of data

13. • Hypothesis-testing
• Generalisations and interpretation
• Preparation of the report or the thesis
• Presentation of summary/ conclusion
• Recommendations
• Bibliography, Footnotes, and Index

14. Research Process

15. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH
• A good research is Empirical (direct experience)
• Logical : based on valid procedures
• Cyclical :starts and ends with a problem
• Analytical
• Critical
• Reliable
• Methodical
• The study should be related to larger body of knowledge (through
abstract research problem)

16. Research ethics

17. METHODS OF RESEARCH

18. • Positivism and Postpositivistic approach
• Thesis and Article writing: Format and styles of referencing.
• Application of ICT in research

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Research: Meaning, Types, and
Characteristics, Positivism and
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