Noam Chomsky is a prominent linguist known for his work in generative grammar and cognitive science. Some of his most influential works include Syntactic Structures (1957), Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965), and The Minimalist Program (1995). He introduced concepts like universal grammar, generative grammar, and the Chomsky hierarchy that were seminal in the development of modern linguistics. The document also provides summaries and diagrams of some of his key theories like transformational grammar and the distinction between deep and surface structure.
Well known linguists such as De Saussere, F. and Bloomfield, L. main representative theoretician of a school of language called Structuralism. De Saussere, F. belongs to the group of European linguistics who developed studies on the language field at the end of the 19th century and beginning of 20th century while Bloomfield, L. belongs to the group of the North American ones.
Well known linguists such as De Saussere, F. and Bloomfield, L. main representative theoretician of a school of language called Structuralism. De Saussere, F. belongs to the group of European linguistics who developed studies on the language field at the end of the 19th century and beginning of 20th century while Bloomfield, L. belongs to the group of the North American ones.
Well known linguists such as De Saussere, F. and Bloomfield, L. main representative theoretician of a school of language called Structuralism. De Saussere, F. belongs to the group of European linguistics who developed studies on the language field at the end of the 19th century and beginning of 20th century while Bloomfield, L. belongs to the group of the North American ones.
Well known linguists such as De Saussere, F. and Bloomfield, L. main representative theoretician of a school of language called Structuralism. De Saussere, F. belongs to the group of European linguistics who developed studies on the language field at the end of the 19th century and beginning of 20th century while Bloomfield, L. belongs to the group of the North American ones.
According to Eggins (1994, p.7), systemic functional linguistics claims that language and context are interrelated. To understand how people use language, it need to consider the contexts of language use: the context of culture (Genre) and context of the situation (Register).
FEEL FREE TO USE IT!
From its beginnings in the 16th century up to the 18th century, the study of Chinese linguistics in Spain was almost exclusively in the hands of missionaries, who made an important contribution both in quantitative and qualitative terms. Spanish Franciscan and Dominican missionaries were the first to study the language, ideas, customs and history of China in order to better understand the Chinese and thus more easily convert them to Christianity. Although their work was of more political rather than cultural importance and was mainly addressed to the Church and the monarchy, it was thanks to these Spanish priests that Europe came to learn about China. However, with the expulsion of missionaries from China in the 18th century and the decline of colonial power in the late 19th century, Spain turned its back on Asia.
Since the late 1950s, and in particular since 1973, when diplomatic relations between China and Spain were resumed, Spanish sinologists and Chinese hispanists have had to work under very difficult conditions. The literature on Chinese Linguistics in Spain comprises publications in a number of different fields but as distinct from the United States or other European countries, there is no long-established tradition of Chinese Studies in Spain. It is therefore paradoxical that Spaniards, who were pioneers both in the systematic study of the Chinese language and its dissemination in Europe, are no longer to be found at the forefront of the field.
Over the past decade, several initiatives have been taken regarding post-graduate courses in East Asian Studies or Translation and Interpreting from Chinese into Spanish, but these aim largely at training students for the professional workplace rather than for academic pursuits. Therefore, we should not expect a substantial increase in academic research output related to Chinese linguistics in the short run. It is to be hoped, however, that the steady increase in East Asian Studies courses on offer in universities in Spain will stimulate research in Chinese linguistics in the medium term.
By means of a thorough literature review and sharing the author’s personal experience this communication will provide a historical and institutional overview of Chinese linguistics in Spain, starting with the pioneer sinologists of the 16th century, followed by the advent and evolution of Chinese Studies since the late 1970’s both as a field of research and as a choice at tertiary institutions, and concluding with a summary of current scholarship and future perspectives.
EXISTING ENGLISH TO KHASI TRANSLATED DOCUMENTS FOR PARALLEL CORPORA DEVELOPME...kevig
Importance of translation has been realized long way back, but mostly it was manual translation.Translating a particular language to another language requires knowledge and expertise in both the languages, and often takes a lot of time and effort. In recent past few decades, a need has arisen to
translate using automated tools. This method which we now know as machine translation has been an ongoing research till date. Many tools and systems have been developed and these systems have been able to translate many languages with reasonable output based on the resources and technology used. In order to build such a system, a critical resource is the parallel corpora. To translate between two languages, a
bilingual corpus is required. For some languages like Khasi where the number of speakers is very less compared to Bengali, Punjabi or Tamil, there is no such corpora reported so far. At present there is a requirement to build a parallel corpus so that machine translation work can be started. This paper surveys
some of the existing documents in Khasi which has been translated from English. A study is also shown on
a few selected documents. These documents could be used to build a bilingual corpus which can be the source for machine translation in the future.
EXISTING ENGLISH TO KHASI TRANSLATED DOCUMENTS FOR PARALLEL CORPORA DEVELOPME...ijnlc
Importance of translation has been realized long way back, but mostly it was manual translation. Translating a particular language to another language requires knowledge and expertise in both the languages, and often takes a lot of time and effort. In recent past few decades, a need has arisen to
translate using automated tools. This method which we now know as machine translation has been an ongoing research till date. Many tools and systems have been developed and these systems have been able to translate many languages with reasonable output based on the resources and technology used. In order to build such a system, a critical resource is the parallel corpora. To translate between two languages, a bilingual corpus is required. For some languages like Khasi where the number of speakers is very less compared to Bengali, Punjabi or Tamil, there is no such corpora reported so far. At present
there is a requirement to build a parallel corpus so that machine translation work can be started. This paper surveys some of the existing documents in Khasi which has been translated from English. A study is also shown on a few selected documents. These documents could be used to build a bilingual corpus
which can be the source for machine translation in the future.
Language - Part 8 of Piero Scaruffi's class "Thinking about Thought" at UC Be...piero scaruffi
Language - Part 8 of Piero Scaruffi's class "Thinking about Thought" at UC Berkeley (2014), excerpted from http://www.scaruffi.com/nature I keep updating these slides at www.scaruffi.com/ucb.html
According to Eggins (1994, p.7), systemic functional linguistics claims that language and context are interrelated. To understand how people use language, it need to consider the contexts of language use: the context of culture (Genre) and context of the situation (Register).
FEEL FREE TO USE IT!
From its beginnings in the 16th century up to the 18th century, the study of Chinese linguistics in Spain was almost exclusively in the hands of missionaries, who made an important contribution both in quantitative and qualitative terms. Spanish Franciscan and Dominican missionaries were the first to study the language, ideas, customs and history of China in order to better understand the Chinese and thus more easily convert them to Christianity. Although their work was of more political rather than cultural importance and was mainly addressed to the Church and the monarchy, it was thanks to these Spanish priests that Europe came to learn about China. However, with the expulsion of missionaries from China in the 18th century and the decline of colonial power in the late 19th century, Spain turned its back on Asia.
Since the late 1950s, and in particular since 1973, when diplomatic relations between China and Spain were resumed, Spanish sinologists and Chinese hispanists have had to work under very difficult conditions. The literature on Chinese Linguistics in Spain comprises publications in a number of different fields but as distinct from the United States or other European countries, there is no long-established tradition of Chinese Studies in Spain. It is therefore paradoxical that Spaniards, who were pioneers both in the systematic study of the Chinese language and its dissemination in Europe, are no longer to be found at the forefront of the field.
Over the past decade, several initiatives have been taken regarding post-graduate courses in East Asian Studies or Translation and Interpreting from Chinese into Spanish, but these aim largely at training students for the professional workplace rather than for academic pursuits. Therefore, we should not expect a substantial increase in academic research output related to Chinese linguistics in the short run. It is to be hoped, however, that the steady increase in East Asian Studies courses on offer in universities in Spain will stimulate research in Chinese linguistics in the medium term.
By means of a thorough literature review and sharing the author’s personal experience this communication will provide a historical and institutional overview of Chinese linguistics in Spain, starting with the pioneer sinologists of the 16th century, followed by the advent and evolution of Chinese Studies since the late 1970’s both as a field of research and as a choice at tertiary institutions, and concluding with a summary of current scholarship and future perspectives.
EXISTING ENGLISH TO KHASI TRANSLATED DOCUMENTS FOR PARALLEL CORPORA DEVELOPME...kevig
Importance of translation has been realized long way back, but mostly it was manual translation.Translating a particular language to another language requires knowledge and expertise in both the languages, and often takes a lot of time and effort. In recent past few decades, a need has arisen to
translate using automated tools. This method which we now know as machine translation has been an ongoing research till date. Many tools and systems have been developed and these systems have been able to translate many languages with reasonable output based on the resources and technology used. In order to build such a system, a critical resource is the parallel corpora. To translate between two languages, a
bilingual corpus is required. For some languages like Khasi where the number of speakers is very less compared to Bengali, Punjabi or Tamil, there is no such corpora reported so far. At present there is a requirement to build a parallel corpus so that machine translation work can be started. This paper surveys
some of the existing documents in Khasi which has been translated from English. A study is also shown on
a few selected documents. These documents could be used to build a bilingual corpus which can be the source for machine translation in the future.
EXISTING ENGLISH TO KHASI TRANSLATED DOCUMENTS FOR PARALLEL CORPORA DEVELOPME...ijnlc
Importance of translation has been realized long way back, but mostly it was manual translation. Translating a particular language to another language requires knowledge and expertise in both the languages, and often takes a lot of time and effort. In recent past few decades, a need has arisen to
translate using automated tools. This method which we now know as machine translation has been an ongoing research till date. Many tools and systems have been developed and these systems have been able to translate many languages with reasonable output based on the resources and technology used. In order to build such a system, a critical resource is the parallel corpora. To translate between two languages, a bilingual corpus is required. For some languages like Khasi where the number of speakers is very less compared to Bengali, Punjabi or Tamil, there is no such corpora reported so far. At present
there is a requirement to build a parallel corpus so that machine translation work can be started. This paper surveys some of the existing documents in Khasi which has been translated from English. A study is also shown on a few selected documents. These documents could be used to build a bilingual corpus
which can be the source for machine translation in the future.
Language - Part 8 of Piero Scaruffi's class "Thinking about Thought" at UC Be...piero scaruffi
Language - Part 8 of Piero Scaruffi's class "Thinking about Thought" at UC Berkeley (2014), excerpted from http://www.scaruffi.com/nature I keep updating these slides at www.scaruffi.com/ucb.html
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
3. Syntactic Structures (1957)
Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
(1965)
Cartesian Linguistics (1966)
Language and Mind (1968)
The Minimalist Program (1995)
Reflections on Language (1977)
4. Concept Associated Work
Universal Grammar
Syntactic Structures (1957), Aspects of
the Theory of Syntax (1965), Cartesian
Linguistics (1966)
Generative Grammar
The Logical Structure of Linguistic
Theory (1955), Aspects of the Theory of
Syntax (1965), Cartesian Linguistics
(1966)
Chomsky Hierarchy Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965)
Minimalist Program
The Minimalist Program (1995), Beyond
Minimalism (2000), Lectures on
Government and Binding (1981)
5. The cat / is on the Mat
NP VP
Det V
N PP
P Det N
(S)
6. S
|
| - - - N P ( T h e c a t )
| | - - - D e t ( T h e )
| | - - - N ( c a t )
| - - - V P ( s a t o n t h e m a t )
| | - - - V ( s a t )
| | - - - P P ( o n t h e m a t )
| | - - - P ( o n )
| | - - - N P ( t h e m a t )
| | - - - D e t ( t h e )
| | - - - N ( m a t )
7. Deep Structure and Surface
Structure
‘competence’ and ‘performance’
Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
(1965)
Language Acquisition Device Language and Mind (1968)
Transformational Grammar
Syntactic Structures (1957), Aspects
of the Theory of Syntax (1965),
Cartesian Linguistics (1966)
9. The Pragmatics of Politeness - Penelope Brown and
Stephen Levinson
Language and Society - Basil Bernstein
The Pragmatics of Politeness - Penelope Brown and
Stephen Levinson
10. The English Language in India: History, Varieties, and Social
Dynamics by Braj B. Kachru (1983)
World Englishes: The Study of English in International Context
by Jennifer Jenkins (2000)
The Handbook of World Englishes edited by Barbara
Seidlhofer (2011)
The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics edited by
Carmen Fonseca-Mora (2011)
The Oxford Handbook of English Language Teaching edited by
Jane Andrews and Richard L. Sparks (2014)
11. The Indian Tongue: English in India (1972) by R. K. Agnihotri
Indian English: Variation and Standardization (1998) by
Mukesh K. Verma
Indian English: A Sociocultural Profile (2007) by Lalita
Saksena
The Pragmatics of Indian English (2011) by Anita Sethi
Globalization and Indian English (2015) by Yogendra Yadav
12. Rita Kothari’s "Translating India."
Baljinder K. Mahal’s "The Queen's Hinglish.
Probably Dasgupta's Otherness to English
Binoo K. John - Entry from Backside Only:
Hazaar Fundas of Indian-English
Chutneyfying English: The Phenomenon of
Hinglish" - Rita Kothari and Rupert Snell.
14. The Indian Tongue: English in India (1972)
Language in Society (1973)
The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and
Models of Non-Native Englishes (1986)
World Englishes: Studies in Variation, Standardization,
and Internationalization (1990)
The Handbook of World Englishes (2006)
Language Contact and Change: Discourses in Linguistics
(2008)
Asian Englishes: Beyond the Canon (2013)
Issues in Sociolinguistics (2018)
15. The Three Circles of English
World Englishes
Non-native Englishes
Indianization
Nativization and Internationalization
17. John Langshaw Austin
"How to Do Things with Words" (1962)
promising, ordering, requesting, and apologizing
Locutionary Acts/ Illocutionary Acts /Perlocutionary
Acts
I promise to visit you tomorrow
"I promise," "I declare," and "I baptize."