Scientific Research Methodology introduction.pdfCharlesSsekawu
Scientific Research Methodology introduction.RESEARCH METHODOLOY
DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 3
Unit-I
Research: Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or
suggested solution; collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching
conclusions and carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the f ormulating
hypothesis. The manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend , correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in
the practice of an art.
Research in simple terms refers to search for knowledge. It is a scientific and systematic
search for information on a particular topic or issue. It is also known as the art of scientific
investigation. Several social scientists have defined research in different ways.
In the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, D. Slesinger and M. Stephension (1930) defined
research as “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in the construction of theory or
in the practice of an art”.
Research Methods Vs Methodology:
Research methods include all those techniques/methods that are adopted for conducting research.
Thus, research techniques or methods are the methods that the researchers adopt for conducting
the research studies. On the other hand, research methodology is the way in which research
problems are solved systematically. It is a science of studying how research is conducted
scientifically. Under it, the researcher acquaints himself/herself with the various steps generally
adopted to study a research problem, along with the underlying logic behind them. Hence, itis
not only important for the researcher to know the research techniques/ methods, but also the
scientific approach called methodology.
What is the definition of research methodology?
The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions.
The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research
techniques, and could include both present and historical information.
RESEARCH METHODOLOY
DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 4
Research methodology is a term that basically means the science of how research is done
scientifically. It is a way to systematically and logically solve a problem, help us understand the
process not just the product of research, and analyzes methods in addition to the information
obtained by them.
What are the types of research methodology?
Basic research
Applied Research
Problem oriented research
Problem solving
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Research Problem: A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to
be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly
literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding
Scientific Research Methodology introduction.pdfCharlesSsekawu
Scientific Research Methodology introduction.RESEARCH METHODOLOY
DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 3
Unit-I
Research: Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or
suggested solution; collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching
conclusions and carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the f ormulating
hypothesis. The manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend , correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in
the practice of an art.
Research in simple terms refers to search for knowledge. It is a scientific and systematic
search for information on a particular topic or issue. It is also known as the art of scientific
investigation. Several social scientists have defined research in different ways.
In the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, D. Slesinger and M. Stephension (1930) defined
research as “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in the construction of theory or
in the practice of an art”.
Research Methods Vs Methodology:
Research methods include all those techniques/methods that are adopted for conducting research.
Thus, research techniques or methods are the methods that the researchers adopt for conducting
the research studies. On the other hand, research methodology is the way in which research
problems are solved systematically. It is a science of studying how research is conducted
scientifically. Under it, the researcher acquaints himself/herself with the various steps generally
adopted to study a research problem, along with the underlying logic behind them. Hence, itis
not only important for the researcher to know the research techniques/ methods, but also the
scientific approach called methodology.
What is the definition of research methodology?
The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions.
The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research
techniques, and could include both present and historical information.
RESEARCH METHODOLOY
DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 4
Research methodology is a term that basically means the science of how research is done
scientifically. It is a way to systematically and logically solve a problem, help us understand the
process not just the product of research, and analyzes methods in addition to the information
obtained by them.
What are the types of research methodology?
Basic research
Applied Research
Problem oriented research
Problem solving
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Research Problem: A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to
be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly
literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding
Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or as any systematic , investigation with an ,open mind to estabish novel facts,solve new or existing problems ,prove new ideas or develop new thoeries .
Research methodology plays a vital role in a research study in every field ART commerce Science , Engineering etc., ensuring adherence to research objectives and the effective utilization of suitable data collection and analysis tools aligned with the chosen research design.
Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or as any systematic , investigation with an ,open mind to estabish novel facts,solve new or existing problems ,prove new ideas or develop new thoeries .
Research methodology plays a vital role in a research study in every field ART commerce Science , Engineering etc., ensuring adherence to research objectives and the effective utilization of suitable data collection and analysis tools aligned with the chosen research design.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
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We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
1. Research Process
- Sailee Gurav
MSc. Biochemistry Part 1
Research Process
-Sailee Gurav
MSc. Biochemistry Part-1
2. Research Process
Definition
According to Clifford Woody research comprises defining and
redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions;
collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and
reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to
determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.
3. Objectives Research Process
Each research study has its own specific purpose.
• To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or
insights into the subject.
• To portray accurately the characteristics
individual, situation or a group.
to achieve new
of a particular
• To determine the frequency with which something occurs or
with which it is associated with something else
• To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables
4. Types of Research
• Descriptive vs. Analytical Research
• Applied vs. Fundamental Research
• Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
• Conceptual vs. Empirical Research
6. In research process, the first and foremost step happens to be that of
selecting and properly defining a research problem. A researcher
must find the problem and formulate it so that it becomes
susceptible to research.
• Statement of the problem in a general way
• Understanding the nature of the problem
• Surveying the available literature
• Developing the ideas through discussions
• Rephrasing the research problem
Formulating the research problem
7. Extensive literature survey
• Researcher should undertake extensive literature survey connected with
the problem.
• Academic journals, conference proceedings, government reports, books
must be tapped depending on the nature of the problem.
8. Development of working hypotheses
• Its assumption is made to draw out & test its logical or empirical
consequences.
• Affect the manner in which tests must be conducted in analysis of data &
indirectly quality of data.
• Should be very specific & limited to piece of research because it has to be
tested.
• Its role is to guide researcher & keep him
on the right track.
• It also indicates type of data required &
methods of data analysis to be used.
9. Preparing the Research Design
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data
in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in
procedure.
The design includes an outline of what the researcher will do from writing the
hypothesis and its operational implications to the final analysis of data.
Research design, in fact, has a great bearing on the reliability of the results arrived at
and as such constitutes the firm foundation of the entire edifice of the research work.
Research purposes grouped into 4,
(i) Exploration
(ii) Description
(iii) Diagnosis
(iv) Experimentation
10. DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGN
• Research design in case of exploratory research studies
• Research design in case of descriptive and diagnostic research studies
• Research design in case of hypothesis-testing research studies
There are several research designs and the researcher must decide in advance
of collection and analysis of data as to which design would prove to be more
appropriate for his research project.
11. Determining sample design
When field studies are undertaken in practical life, considerations of time and
cost almost invariably lead to a selection of respondents i.e., selection of only
a few items. The respondents selected should be as representative of the total
population as possible in order to produce a miniature cross-section. The
selected respondents constitute what is technically called a ‘sample’ and the
selection process is called ‘sampling technique.’ The survey so conducted is
known as ‘sample survey’.
12. Researcher must keep in view the two causes of incorrect inferences
viz., systematic bias and sampling error. Usually a systematic bias is
the result of one or more of the following factors:
• Inappropriate sampling frame
• Defective measuring device
• Non-respondents
• Indeterminacy principle
• Natural bias in the reporting of data
13. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLE DESIGNS
• Non-probability sampling
• Probability sampling
COMPLEX RANDOM SAMPLING DESIGNS
• Systematic sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Area sampling
• Multi-stage sampling
• Sampling with probability proportional to size
• Sequential sampling
14. Collecting the data
Primary data can be collected either through experiment or through
survey. If the researcher conducts an experiment, he observes some
quantitative measurements, or the data, with the help of which he
examines the truth contained in his hypothesis
• By observation
• Through personal interview
• Through telephone interviews:
• Through telephone interviews:
• Through schedules
15. Preparation of the report or the thesis
(i)
(ii)
(iii
)
• Finally, the researcher has to prepare the report of what has been done by
him.
• Writing of report must be done with great care keeping in view the
following:
• The layout of the report should be as follows:
the preliminary pages
the main text
the end matter.
• In its preliminary pages the report should carry title and date followed by
acknowledgements and foreword.
• Then there should be a table of contents followed by a list of tables and
list of graphs and charts, if any, given in the report.
16. The main text of the report should have the following parts:
(a) Introduction: It should contain a clear statement of the objective of
the research and an explanation of the methodology adopted in
accomplishing the research.
(b) Summary of findings: After introduction there would appear a
statement of findings and recommendations in non-technical
language.
(c) Main report: The main body of the report should be presented in
logical sequence and broken-down into readily identifiable
sections.
(d) Conclusion: Towards the end of the main text, researcher should
again put down the results of his research clearly and precisely.
17. • At the end of the report, appendices should be enlisted in respect of all
technical data.
• Bibliography,i.e., list of books, journals, reports, etc.
• Index should also be given specially in a published research
• Report should be written in a concise and objective style in simple
language avoiding expressions such as ‘it seems,’ ‘there may be’, and
the like.
• Charts and illustrations in the main report should be used
• Calculated ‘confidence limits’ must be mentioned and the various
constraints experienced in conducting research operations.
18. Current Research
Helping International Students Succeed Academically
through Research Process and Plagiarism Workshops
• Workshops on the research process and plagiarism were designed to meet
the needs of international students at the University at Albany.
• The research process workshop covered formulating research questions,
as well as locating and evaluating sources.
• The plagiarism workshop focused on acknowledging sources, quoting,
paraphrasing, and summarizing materials, citation styles, and avoiding
plagiarism.
• The effectiveness of the workshops was measured by administering pre-
and post-tests and by interviewing students several months after the
workshops.
• The results showed that students achieved significant improvement for
both the research process and plagiarism by attending the training, and
they continued to apply new skills several months later.
19. References
• Research Methodology Methods and techniques C.R
Kothari ,2nd revised edition Chapter 1 Pages : 10-20
• http://library.uaf.edu/ls101-research-process
• http://www15.uta.fi/FAST/FIN/RESEARCH/research.ht
ml
• Current Research :
• http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/ste
ps-of-the-research-process
• Human Kinetics Journal
• Steps of the research process By Diane C. Blankenship