This document discusses research methodology, including research, data collection methods, and measurement scales. It defines research as the systematic process of searching for information on a predetermined topic. The main types of research are descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Primary and secondary data collection methods are outlined, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, and schedules for primary data, as well as internal and external sources for secondary data. Finally, the key measurement scales are defined as nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Self-rating scales like Likert scales are also introduced.

1. RESEARCH AND RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

2. CHAPTER
 1)RESEARCH
 2)METHOD OF COLLECTED DATA
 3)MEARUREMENT SCALE

3. RESEARCH
COLLECTED THE DATA
MEASUREMENT OF SCALE
THIS IS RESEARCH

4. CHAPTER 1: RESEARCH

5. WHAT IS RESEARCH OR SEARCH?

6.  SEARCH IS ONE TIME PROCESS .
 AND RESEARCH IS SEARCHING THE DATA
AGAIN AND AGAIN ON CONTINOUS BASIS.

7. WHAT IS RESEARCH?

8.  The main of research is to find out the truth which is
hidden and not yet discover
 It is process from known to the unknown
 It is systematic efforts to gain some knowledge

9. In simple word research mean search again and
again in a systematic manner for collected
information on pre-determined topic.

10. OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH
 To know the truth
 To collected the information
 To increase the knowledge
 To know the answer of the question

11. TYPE OF RESEARCH
 Basically four type of research
 1)descriptive vs analytical
 2)applied vs fundamental
 3)quantitative vs qualitative
 4)conceptual vs empirical

12. DESCRIPTIVE VS ANALYTICAL
 In this we can describe  In this we can analysis
the situation the situation
 For describe the  For analysis data , data
situation ,we collected will be already
the data through available(historical data)
different collection
methods
 For example-population
data
 For ex-human behavior

13. APPLIED VS FUNDAMENTAL
 Applied research is  Fundamental basically
basically aim to find a concerned with
solution for immediate generalization and
problem facing by a formulation of theory.
society and
organization.

14. QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE
 Quantitative technique  Qualitative technique
generally generally
used to measured used to measured the
the quantity and quality or preference of
amount consumer

15. CONCEPTUAL VS EMPIRICAL
 It is based on some  it is relies on
concept , idea and individuals researcher
theory. this is basically and oneself
used by philosopher observation without
and researcher to built regard any theory and
new concept system

16. PROCESS OF RESEARCH
Design
Research formulate
Review the research
Problems Hypothesi
Literature & Sample
s&
design
Objectives
Interpret data Analyse Data Collect
& Report & Test data
Writing Hypothesis

17. CHAPTER 2: METHOD OF COLLECTED DATA

18. WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METHOD VS
METHODOLOGY?

19. METHODS VS METHODOLOGY
1)Questioner  Methodology is a
2)Interview technique that give the
3)Schedule detail which method is
4)Observation relevant for which
condition and where
they effectively
a)Internal source applicable.
b)External source

20.  Basically two type of data collection method
 1)primary data collection
 2)secondary data collection

21. 1) Primary data: The primary data are those which
collected fresh and for the first time, and thus happen to
be original in character.
 2) Secondary data: The secondary data are those which
have already collected by someone else and it is
historical based data.

22. PRIMARY DATA(FEATURES)
 Fresh data
 First hand data
 Original data
 Current data
 More expensive, time consumed

23. SECONDARY DATA(FEATURES)
 Passed through many hands
 Old (historical) data
 Not original
 Less time consume
 Less cost

24. METHOD OF COLLECTED PRIMARY DATA
 There are four method
 1) questionary method
 2) interviews method
 3) observation method
 4) schedules method

25. OBSERVATION METHOD
 In simple observation involves planning, selection,
watching, understanding and then recording.

26. INTERVIEW METHOD
 An interview is a conversation between two
people (the interviewer and the interviewee)
where questions are asked by the interviewer to
obtain information from the interviewee.

27.  Questionnaires and schedules

28. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCHEDULE AND QUESTIONNAIRE
Schedule Questionnaire
Direct method of primary data Indirect Method of primary data
collection collection
Direct contact with respondent Response may be through post only
Limited geographical area Largely dispersed area
High degree of reliability Less reliable
High response to question Low response
High cost and time required Low costly and less time consuming

29.  Secondary data

30. Secondary data means data that are already available and which have already
collected and analyzed by someone else.
COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA
Sources of secondary Data:
Sources
Internal
External
Company Accounting
Computerized Data
Records
Bases
Company reports
Reports of association
In house Journal
Govt. Publication
Internal Computer Others publication
databases Books/publi/projects
reports

31. CHAPTER 3:MEARUREMENT OF SCALE

32. WHAT IS THE NEED OF MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUE

33.  The term measurement means assigning numbers or
some other symbols to the characteristics of certain
objects. When numbers are used the researcher must
have a rule for assigning a number to an observation in a
way that provides an accurate description.
 There are two reasons for which numbers are usually
assigned .
1) Number permits statistical analysis of the data.
2) They facilitate the communication of measurement
results.
3) For ex: preference of consumer

34. TYPES OF MEASUREMENT SCALE
1) Nominal scale
2) Ordinal scale
3) Interval Scale
4) Ratio Scale
Self Rating Scale
1) Graphic Rating Scale
2) Itemized Rating Scale

35. NOMINAL SCALE
 It basically assign the number. It doesn’t give any order
or priorities to individual.
 For ex:
 . What is your gender?
a) Male
b) Female
 3.In Which department do you work
a) Marketing [1]
b) HR [2]
c) IT [3]
d) Operation [4]

36. ORDINAL SCALE
 In this type of scaling we can order or give priorities
to the individual one.
 - If there are 4 different types of fertilizers and if they
are ordered on the basis of quality as
 Grade A,
 Grade B,
 Grade C,
 Grade D .

37. ORDINAL VS INTERVAL
 Ordinal basically give  But this assumption will
order but it does not be cover by interval. The
mean that interval time interval time is equal in
will be equal in all levels all interval level
 For ex:  They have one difficulty
 If ram position in his of comparison.
class is 10 and sham is
40. it doesn’t said that
ram position is four time
goods than sham..

38. INTERVAL VS RATIO SCALE
 But this assumption will  Easy to compare
be cover by interval.
The interval time is  Easy to calculate
equal in all interval
level
 They have one difficulty
of comparison.

39. SELF RATING SCALE
The dictionary meaning “ construct your own rating scales to gather data on
certain program outcomes”.
Self rating scale are;
1) Graphic Rating
2) Itemized rating scale
a) Likert scale
b) Semantic Differential scale
c) Stapel's scale
d) Multidimensional scale
e) Thurston scales
f) Guttman Scale
g) The Q sort techniq

40. THANK YOU