The document provides detailed guidelines on writing the data analysis chapter for research theses, emphasizing the need for clarity, visualization of data, and adherence to research questions. It outlines different methodologies for analyzing data in various fields such as experimental research, text mining, and translation studies, and stresses the importance of discussing insights and comparing results to literature. Additionally, it offers practical tools like Datawrapper and SPSS for effective data management and visualization.

1. Research 20.
How to Write
Data Analysis
Chapter
Dr Zafar Ullah; zafarullah76@gmail.com
Research: 20 . Code:0043 1

2. Data Analysis/ Results and Discussion Instructions
★ Present tense
★ Most voluminous part
★ Different analysis in every thesis
★ Analyse according to your generated data
★ Analyse according to your documents/ content
★ Change data into beautiful visuals with Datawrapper
★ Analyse according to research questions
★ Analyse with key terms of theory
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3. Cont…
● Change your tables into beautiful data visualization
● Use Datawrapper tool
● Watch video: Research 11; Code: 0004
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOMa_qesnCI&t=46s
 Discuss and derive insights
 Discuss what, why, how, positive, negative aspects
 Discuss your results are in accordance or opposite to Literature Review
studies
 Find deficiencies/ contrasts
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4. Data Analysis in Experimental Research
★ Pre test, tabular data
★ Treatment phase
★ Post test, tabular data
★ Use SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences)
★ Use Statistica etc
★ Comparison of pre test and post test
★ Prove or refute hypothesis
★ Null hypothesis
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5. Data Analysis in Text Mining
Image and interpretation
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6. Data Analysis in Thematic Studies/ Content Analysis
 Search themes from text
 Mention themes in inverted commas
 Apply theory (gender biases)
 Categories
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7. Data Analysis in Translation Studies
 Read text
 Point out deficiencies
 Mention categories of anomalies with a theory (Laurence and Venuti)
 Present suggestions for rectification
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8. Data Analysis in Corpus Studies
 Present result in images
 Lexical bundles, frequency, word list
 The corpus-based approach implies a specific corpus inspection, where the
lexicographer has a specific paradigmatic word in mind and searches the corpus for
samples to either invalidate or verify and quantify the assumption.)
 The corpus-driven approach is a methodology whereby the corpus serves as an
empirical basis from which lexicographers extract their data and detect linguistic
phenomena without prior assumptions and expectations (Tognini-Bonelli 2001).
 Discuss insight in analysis
 Prove or refute hypotheses
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9. Data Analysis with Questionnaires
● Open, close ended or Likert scale questionnaires
● Analyse according to questionnaires
● Take key words, phrases from open ended questions in inverted commas,
fill gap with your discussion
● Calculate results of Likert scale and discuss
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10. Data Analysis with Interviews
● Structured, semi structured or unstructured interviews
● Transcribe, Coding
● Present key words, phrases in inverted commas
● Discuss with the theory
● Make categories in a table; participant, key phrases, unit of text,
Theme, Sub Theme
● Answer your research questions
● Prove or refute hypotheses
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Email: zafarullah76@gmail.com 11