The document discusses key aspects of requirements engineering including types of requirements, the requirements engineering process, and techniques used in requirements elicitation and analysis. It describes user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, non-functional requirements, and domain requirements. The requirements engineering process involves activities like feasibility studies, requirements elicitation and analysis, requirements specification, validation, and management. Requirements elicitation and analysis techniques include requirements discovery, classification and organization, prioritization and negotiation, and documentation.
Requirements analysis, also called requirements engineering, is the process of determining user expectations for a new or modified product. These features, called requirements, must be quantifiable, relevant and detailed. In software engineering, such requirements are often called functional specifications.
Requirements analysis, also called requirements engineering, is the process of determining user expectations for a new or modified product. These features, called requirements, must be quantifiable, relevant and detailed. In software engineering, such requirements are often called functional specifications. Requirements analysis is an important aspect of project management.
Requirements analysis, also called requirements engineering, is the process of determining user expectations for a new or modified product. These features, called requirements, must be quantifiable, relevant and detailed. In software engineering, such requirements are often called functional specifications.
Requirements analysis, also called requirements engineering, is the process of determining user expectations for a new or modified product. These features, called requirements, must be quantifiable, relevant and detailed. In software engineering, such requirements are often called functional specifications. Requirements analysis is an important aspect of project management.
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Software Engineering is the set of processes and tools to develop software. Software Engineering is the combination of all the tools, techniques, and processes that used in software production. Therefore Software Engineering encompasses all those things that are used in software production like :
Programming Language
Programming Language Design
Software Design Techniques
Tools
Testing
Maintenance
Development etc.
These days object-oriented programming is widely being used. If programming languages will not support object-orientation then it will be very difficult to implement object-oriented design using object-oriented principles. All these efforts made the basis of software engineering.
The systematic use of proven principles, techniques ,languages and tools for the cost-effective analysis ,documentation and on-going evolution of user needs and the external behavior of a system to satisfy those user needs.
Requirement Elicitation
Facilitated Application Specification Technique(FAST)
Quality Function Deployment
USE-CASES
Non functional requirements. do we really care…?OSSCube
Non Functional requirements are an essential part of a project’s success, sometimes it becomes less focused area as everyone tries to make project successful in terms of functionality. This recorded webinar uncovers what can happen if Non Functional requirements are not addressed properly. What are the after impacts? You also learn the importance of Non Functional requirement, their identification, implementation and verification.
Software Testing: History, Trends, Perspectives - a Brief OverviewSoftheme
In this presentation you can learn about different types of software testing, new technologies and methodologies. It contains an overview of software testing perspectives.
Software Engineering is the set of processes and tools to develop software. Software Engineering is the combination of all the tools, techniques, and processes that used in software production. Therefore Software Engineering encompasses all those things that are used in software production like :
Programming Language
Programming Language Design
Software Design Techniques
Tools
Testing
Maintenance
Development etc.
These days object-oriented programming is widely being used. If programming languages will not support object-orientation then it will be very difficult to implement object-oriented design using object-oriented principles. All these efforts made the basis of software engineering.
The systematic use of proven principles, techniques ,languages and tools for the cost-effective analysis ,documentation and on-going evolution of user needs and the external behavior of a system to satisfy those user needs.
Requirement Elicitation
Facilitated Application Specification Technique(FAST)
Quality Function Deployment
USE-CASES
Non functional requirements. do we really care…?OSSCube
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Normally Use Case Diagrams are used but the pictorial information in it is so small that an MS Word Table is sufficient. What is more it can also provide space for "Use Case Goal" which is very important for Use Case Modeling.
Tables are quick and easy to create and edit. No need to waste time to draw and label diagrams. One can still do it if necessary after creating the Use Case TABLE. Try.
A Use Case Table can spill over into multiple pages but a diagram cannot!
UML 2.5 allows TABLES to be used for diagrams. So, there is no compulsion to create diagrams spending a lot of time.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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2. Topics covered Types of requirements Requirement Engineering Process Feasibility studies Requirements elicitation and analysis Requirement Specification Requirements validation Requirements management Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
3. Requirements engineering The process of establishing the services that the customer requires from a system and the constraints under which it operates and is developed. Requirement may range from a high-level abstract statement of a service or of a system constraint to a detailed mathematical functional specification. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
4. Types of requirement Based on different level of descriptions: User requirements Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the services the system provides and its operational constraints. Written for customers. System requirements A structured document setting out detailed descriptions of the system’s functions, services and operational constraints. Defines what should be implemented so may be part of a contract between client and contractor. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
6. Classification of requirements Functional requirements Statements of services the system should provide, how the system should react to particular inputs and how the system should behave in particular situations. Non-functional requirements constraints on the services or functions offered by the system such as timing constraints, constraints on the development process, standards, etc. Domain requirements Requirements that come from the application domain of the system and that reflect characteristics of that domain. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
7. Functional requirements Describe functionality or system services. Depend on the type of software, expected users and the type of system where the software is used. Functional requirement for LIBSYS, used by students and staff to order books and documents. A library system that provides a single interface to a number of databases of articles in different libraries. Users can search for, download and print these articles for personal study. The user shall be able to search either all of the initial set of databases or select a subset from it. The system shall provide appropriate viewers for the user to read documents in the document store. Every order shall be allocated a unique identifier (ORDER_ID) which the user shall be able to copy to the account’s permanent storage area. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
8. Requirements imprecision Problems arise when requirements are not precisely stated. Ambiguous requirements may be interpreted in different ways by developers and users. Consider the term ‘appropriate viewers’ User intention - special purpose viewer for each different document type; Developer interpretation - Provide a text viewer that shows the contents of the document. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
9. Requirements completeness and consistency In principle, requirements should be both complete and consistent. Complete They should include descriptions of all facilities required. Consistent There should be no conflicts or contradictions in the descriptions of the system facilities. In practice, it is impossible to produce a complete and consistent requirements document. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
10. Non-functional requirements These define system properties and constraints e.g. reliability, response time and storage requirements. Constraints are I/O device capability, system representations, etc. Process requirements may also be specified mandating a particular CASE system, programming language or development method. Non-functional requirements may be more critical than functional requirements. If these are not met, the system is useless. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
11. Non-functional classifications Product requirements Requirements which specify that the delivered product must behave in a particular way e.g. execution speed, reliability, etc. Organisational requirements Requirements which are a consequence of organisational policies and procedures e.g. process standards used, implementation requirements, etc. External requirements Requirements which arise from factors which are external to the system and its development process e.g. interoperability requirements, legislative requirements, etc. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
13. Non-functional requirements examples Product requirement 8.1 The user interface for LIBSYS shall be implemented as simple HTML without frames or Java applets. Organisational requirement 9.3.2 The system development process and deliverable documents shall conform to the process and deliverables defined in XYZCo-SP-STAN-95. External requirement 7.6.5 The system shall not disclose any personal information about customers apart from their name and reference number to the operators of the system. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
15. Domain requirements Derived from the application domain and describe system characteristics and features that reflect the domain. Domain requirements be new functional requirements, constraints on existing requirements or define specific computations. If domain requirements are not satisfied, the system may be unworkable. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
16. Library system domain requirements There shall be a standard user interface to all databases which shall be based on the Z39.50 standard. Because of copyright restrictions, some documents must be deleted immediately on arrival. Depending on the user’s requirements, these documents will either be printed locally on the system server for manually forwarding to the user or routed to a network printer. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
17. Domain requirements problems Understandability Requirements are expressed in the language of the application domain; This is often not understood by software engineers developing the system. Implicitness Domain specialists understand the area so well that they do not think of making the domain requirements explicit. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
18. Requirements engineering processes The processes used for RE vary widely depending on the application domain, the people involved and the organisation developing the requirements. However, there are a number of generic activities common to all processes Feasibility Study Requirements elicitation and analysis; Requirement Specification (in chapter 6 Somerville) Requirements Validation; Requirements change and the process to manage challenging requirements (modification to system hadware and software; changes in organizational enviroment) is: Requirements management. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
19. The requirements engineering process *Primary focus and 3 techniques in this process will be discussed Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
20. 1) Feasibility studies A feasibility study decides whether or not the proposed system is worthwhile. A short focused study that checks Does the system contributes to organisational objectives? Can the system can be engineered using current technology and within budget? Can the system can be integrated with other systems that are used? Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
21. Feasibility study implementation 3 activities in this phase are Information assessment, Information collection, Report writing. Based on information assessment (what is required), information collection and report writing. Questions for people in the organisation What if the system wasn’t implemented? What are current process problems? How will the proposed system help? What will be the integration problems? Is new technology needed? What skills? What facilities must be supported by the proposed system? Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
22. 2) Requirements Elicitation and Analysis Sometimes called requirements elicitation or requirements discovery. Involves technical staff working with customers to find out about the application domain, the services that the system should provide and the system’s operational constraints. May involve end-users, managers, engineers involved in maintenance, domain experts, trade unions, etc. These are called stakeholders. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
23. Problems of requirements elicitation and analysis Stakeholders don’t know what they really want. Stakeholders express requirements in their own terms. Different stakeholders may have conflicting requirements. Organisational and political factors may influence the system requirements. The requirements change during the analysis process. New stakeholders may emerge and the business environment change. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
24. Requirements elicitation and analysis process activities Requirements discovery Interacting with stakeholders to discover their requirements. Domain requirements are also discovered at this stage. Requirements classification and organisation Groups related requirements and organises them into coherent clusters. Prioritisation and negotiation Prioritising requirements and resolving requirements conflicts. Requirements documentation Requirements are documented and input into the next round of the spiral. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
25. Requirements discovery The process of gathering information about the proposed and existing systems and distilling the user and system requirements from this information. Sources of information include documentation, system stakeholders and the specifications of similar systems. Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K
26. ATM stakeholders Bank customers Representatives of other banks Bank managers Counter staff Database administrators Security managers Marketing department Hardware and software maintenance engineers Banking regulators Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K