Requirements management involves collecting, storing, and maintaining requirements and related information. It aims to manage changes to requirements and dependencies between requirements. Traceability links requirements to their sources and related designs/documents. Change management defines processes for handling change requests, analyzing impacts, and implementing changes. Traceability and change management policies help control costs by defining what information to collect and maintain.
Design and Implementation in Software EngineeringKourosh Sajjadi
These slides were presented to the software engineering class held in IAUN. The main context is provided from the "Software Engineering" book authored by Sommerville.
Most of the icons used in the slides are provided in the flaticon.com website.
Thanks to our professor Habib Seifzadeh.
A cooperation with Mohammad Mostajeran.
Design and Implementation in Software EngineeringKourosh Sajjadi
These slides were presented to the software engineering class held in IAUN. The main context is provided from the "Software Engineering" book authored by Sommerville.
Most of the icons used in the slides are provided in the flaticon.com website.
Thanks to our professor Habib Seifzadeh.
A cooperation with Mohammad Mostajeran.
Case tools(computer Aided software Engineering)Self-employed
CASE stands for Computer Aided Software Engineering. It means, development and maintenance of software projects with help of various automated software tools.
In systems engineering and software engineering, requirements analysis encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements.
Requirements management is the process of documenting, analyzing, tracing, prioritizing and agreeing on requirements and then controlling change and communicating to relevant stakeholders. It is a continuous process throughout a project. A requirement is a capability to which a project outcome (product or service) should conform.
Case tools(computer Aided software Engineering)Self-employed
CASE stands for Computer Aided Software Engineering. It means, development and maintenance of software projects with help of various automated software tools.
In systems engineering and software engineering, requirements analysis encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements.
Requirements management is the process of documenting, analyzing, tracing, prioritizing and agreeing on requirements and then controlling change and communicating to relevant stakeholders. It is a continuous process throughout a project. A requirement is a capability to which a project outcome (product or service) should conform.
This lecture provide a review of requirement engineering process. The slides have been prepared after reading Ian Summerville and Roger Pressman work. This lecture is helpful to understand user, and user requirements.
This lecture include detail about engineering especially software engineering profession. include common and mostly used schema to develop organisational structure.
ISAS 600 – Database Project Phase III RubricAs the final ste.docxbagotjesusa
ISAS 600 – Database Project Phase III Rubric
As the final step to your proposed database, you submitted your Project Plan. This document should communicate how you intend to complete the project. Include timelines and resources required.
Area
Does not meet expectations
Meets expectations
Exceeds expectations
A. Analysis - how will you determine the needs of the database
Did not identify appropriate plan for analysis phase
Identified appropriate plan for analysis phase
Identified appropriate plan for analysis phase and included additional content
Design - what process will you use to design the database (tables, forms, queries, reports)
Did not sufficiently identify detail on the appropriate process for design phase
Identified appropriate process for design phase
Identified appropriate process for design phase and included additional detail
Prototype/End user feedback - Will you show users a prototype before building the system?
Did not sufficiently identify method for feedback and prototypes during building of the system
Identified method for feedback and prototypes during building of the system
Identified method for feedback and prototypes during building of the system and provided additional detail
Coding - what process will you use to build the database?
Did not sufficiently identify appropriate process for coding the database
Identified appropriate process for coding the database
Identified appropriate process for coding the database and provided additional detail.
Testing - How will you test it?
to build the database?
Did not sufficiently identify appropriate process for testing the database
Identified appropriate process for testing the database
Identified appropriate process for testing the database and provided additional detail.
User Acceptance - describe the final step of determining if you met the user's needs?
Did not sufficiently identify an appropriate process for User Acceptance phase - How to determine if the database meets user’s needs.
Identified appropriate process for User Acceptance phase - How to determine if the database meets user’s needs.
Identified appropriate process for User Acceptance phase - How to determine if the database meets user’s needs. Answer provided additional detail
Training - what is the plan for training end users?
Did not identify appropriate detail for training plan
Identified appropriate detail for training plan
Identified appropriate detail for a training plan and provided additional detail.
Project close out - what steps will you take to finalize the project?
Did not sufficiently identify appropriate steps for closing out the project
Identified appropriate steps for closing out the project
Identified appropriate steps for closing out the project and provided additional detail.
Entity Relationship Diagram1
ERD:
Normalization:
1NF:
For the 1st NF we will have to check the tables’ attributes, like there must not be any multivalued attribute, if there is any multivalued at.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
2. Requirements management The process of managing change to the requirements for a system The principal concerns of requirements management are: Managing changes to agreed requirements Managing the relationships between requirements Managing the dependencies between the requirements document and other documents produced in the systems engineering process Requirements cannot be managed effectively without requirements traceability. A requirement is traceable if you can discover who suggested the requirement, why the requirement exists, what requirements are related to it and how that requirement relates to other information such as systems designs, implementations and user documentation.
3. CASE tools for requirements management Requirements management involves the collection, storage and maintenance of large amounts of information There are now a number of CASE tools available which are specifically designed to support requirements management Other CASE tools such as configuration management systems may be adapted for requirements engineering
4. Requirements management tool support A database system for storing requirements. Document analysis and generation facilities to help construct a requirements database and to help create requirements documents. Change management facilities which help ensure that changes are properly assessed and costed. Traceability facilities which help requirements engineers find dependencies between system requirements.
6. Stable and volatile requirements Requirements changes occur while the requirements are being elicited, analysed and validated and after the system has gone into service Some requirements are usually more subject to change than others Stable requirements are concerned with the essence of a system and its application domain. They change more slowly than volatile requirements. Volatile requirements are specific to the instantiation of the system in a particular environment and for a particular customer.
7. Requirements change factors Requirements errors, conflicts and inconsistencies As requirements are analysed and implemented, errors and inconsistencies emerge and must be corrected. These may be discovered during requirements analysis and validation or later in the development process. Evolving customer/end-user knowledge of the system As requirements are developed, customers and end-users develop a better understanding of what they really require from a system. Technical, schedule or cost problems Problems may be encountered in implementing a requirement. It may be too expensive or take too long to implement certain requirements.
8. Requirements change factors Changing customer priorities Customer priorities change during system development as a result of a changing business environment, the emergence of new competitors, staff changes, etc. Environmental changes The environment in which the system is to be installed may change so that the system requirements have to change to maintain compatibility Organisational changes The organisation which intends to use the system may change its structure and processes resulting in new system requirements
9. Types of volatile requirement Mutable requirements These are requirements which change because of changes to the environment in which the system is operating Emergent requirements These are requirements which cannot be completely defined when the system is specified but which emerge as the system is designed and implemented Consequential requirements These are requirements which are based on assumptions about how the system will be used. When the system is put into use, some of these assumptions will be wrong. Compatibility requirements These are requirements which depend on other equipment or processes.
10. Requirements identification It is essential for requirements management that every requirement should have a unique identification The most common approach is requirements numbering based on chapter/section in the requirements document Problems with this are: Numbers cannot be unambiguously assigned until the document is complete Assigning chapter/section numbers is an implicit classification of the requirement. This can mislead readers of the document into thinking that the most important relationships are with requirements in the same section
11. Requirements identification techniques Dynamic renumbering Some word processing systems allow for automatic renumbering of paragraphs and the inclusion of cross-references. As you re-organise your document and add new requirements, the system keeps track of the cross-reference and automatically renumbers your requirement depending on its chapter, section and position within the section Database record identification When a requirement is identified it is entered in a requirements database and a database record identifier is assigned. This database identifier is used in all subsequent references to the requirement Symbolic identification Requirements can be identified by giving them a symbolic name which is associated with the requirement itself. For example, EFF-1, EFF-2, EFF-3 may be used for requirements which relate to system efficiency
12. Storing requirements Requirements have to be stored in such a way that they can be accessed easily and related to other system requirements Possible storage techniques are In one or more word processor files - requirements are stored in the requirements document In a specially designed requirements database
13. Word processor documents Advantages Requirements are all stored in the same place Requirements may be accessed by anyone with the right word processor It is easy to produce the final requirements document Disadvantages Requirements dependencies must be externally maintained Search facilities are limited Not possible to link requirements with proposed requirements changes Not possible to have version control on individual requirements No automated navigation from one requirement to another
14. Requirements database Each requirement is represented as one or more database entities Database query language is used to access requirements Advantages Good query and navigation facilities Support for change and version management Disadvantages Readers may not have the software/skills to access the requirements database The link between the database and the requirements document must be maintained
16. Requirements DB - choice factors The statement of requirements If there is a need to store more than just simple text, a database with multimedia capabilities may have to be used. The number of requirements Larger systems usually need a database which is designed to manage a very large volume of data running on a specialised database server. Teamwork, team distribution and computer support If the requirements are developed by a distributed team of people, perhaps from different organisations, you need a database which provides for remote, multi-site access.
17. Database choice factors CASE tool use The database should be the same as or compatible with CASE tool databases. However, this can be a problem with some CASE tools which use their own proprietary database Existing database usage If a database for software engineering support is already in use, this should be used for requirements management.
18. Change management Change management is concerned with the procedures, processes and standards which are used to manage changes to system requirements Change management policies may cover: The change request process and the information required to process each change request The process used to analyse the impact and costs of change and the associated traceability information The membership of the body which formally considers change requests 4. The software support (if any) for the change control process
19. The change management process Some requirements problem is identified. This could come from an analysis of the requirements, new customer needs, or operational problems with the system. The requirements are analysed using problem information and requirements changes are proposed. The proposed changes are analysed This checks how many requirements (and, if necessary, system components) are affected by the change and roughly how much it would cost, in both time and money, to make the change. The change is implemented. A set of amendments to the requirements document or a new document version is produced. This should, of course, be validated using whatever normal quality checking procedures are used.
22. Change analysis activities The change request is checked for validity. Customers can misunderstand requirements and suggest unnecessary changes. The requirements which are directly affected by the change are discovered. Traceability information is used to find dependent requirements affected by the change. The actual changes which must be made to the requirements are proposed. The costs of making the changes are estimated. Negotiations with customers are held to check if the costs of the proposed changes are acceptable.
23. Change request rejection If the change request is invalid. This normally arises if a customer has misunderstood something about the requirements and proposed a change which isn’t necessary. If the change request results in consequential changes which are unacceptable to the user. If the cost of implementing the change is too high or takes too long.
24. Change processing Proposed changes are usually recorded on a change request form which is then passed to all of the people involved in the analysis of the change Change request forms may include fields to document the change analysis data fields responsibility fields status field comments field
25. Tool support for change management May be provided through requirements management tools or through configuration management tools Tool facilities may include Electronic change request forms which are filled in by different participants in the process. A database to store and manage these forms. A change model which may be instantiated so that people responsible for one stage of the process know who is responsible for the next process activity. Electronic transfer of forms between people with different responsibilities and electronic mail notification when activities have been completed. In some cases, direct links to a requirements database.
26. Traceability Traceability information is information which helps you assess the impact of requirements change. It links related requirements and the requirements and other system representations Types of traceability information Backward-from traceability Links requirements to their sources in other documents or people Forward-from traceability Links requirements to the design and implementation components Backward-to traceability Links design and implementation components backs to requirements Forward-to traceability Links other documents (which may have preceded the requirements document) to relevant requirements.
28. Types of traceability Requirements-sources traceability Links the requirement and the people or documents which specified the requirement Requirements-rationale traceability Links the requirement with a description of why that requirement has been specified. Requirements-requirements traceability Links requirements with other requirements which are, in some way, dependent on them. This should be a two-way link (dependants and is-dependent on).
29. Types of traceability Requirements-architecture traceability Links requirements with the sub-systems where these requirements are implemented. This is particularly important where sub-systems are being developed by different sub-contractors Requirements-design traceability Links requirements with specific hardware or software components in the system which are used to implement the requirement Requirements-interface traceability Links requirements with the interfaces of external systems which are used in the provision of the requirements
30. Traceability tables Traceability tables show the relationships between requirements or between requirements and design components Requirements are listed along the horizontal and vertical axes and relationships between requirements are marked in the table cells Traceability tables for showing requirements dependencies should be defined with requirement numbers used to label the rows and columns of the table
32. Traceability lists If a relatively small number of requirements have to be managed (up to 250, say), traceability tables can be implemented using a spreadsheet Traceability tables become more of a problem when there are hundreds or thousands of requirements as the tables become large and sparsely populated A simplified form of traceability table may be used where, along with each requirement description, one or more lists of the identifiers of related requirements are maintained. Traceability lists are simple lists of relationships which can be implemented as text or as simple tables
34. Traceability policies Traceability policies define what and how traceability information should be maintained. Traceability policies may include The traceability information which should be maintained. Techniques, such as traceability matrices, which should be used for maintaining traceability. A description of when the traceability information should be collected during the requirements engineering and system development processes. The roles of the people, such as the traceability manager, who are responsible for maintaining the traceability information should also be defined. A description of how to handle and document policy exceptions The process of managing traceability information
35. Factors influencing traceability policies Number of requirements The greater the number of requirements, the more the need for formal traceability policies. Estimated system lifetime More comprehensive traceability policies should be defined for systems which have a long lifetime. Level of organisational maturity Detailed traceability policies are most likely to be cost-effective in organisations which have a higher level of process maturity
36. Factors influencing traceability policies Project team size and composition With a small team, it may be possible to assess the impact of proposed informally without structured traceability information. With larger teams, however, you need more formal traceability policies. Type of system Critical systems such as hard real-time control systems or safety-critical systems need more comprehensive traceability policies than non-critical systems. Specific customer requirements Some customers may specify that specific traceability information should be delivered as part of the system documentation.
37. Key points Requirements change is inevitable as customers develop a better understanding of their real needs and as the political, organisational and technical environment in which a system is to be installed changes. Requirements which are concerned with the essence of a system are more likely to be stable than requirements which are more concerned with how the system is implemented in a particular environment. Types of volatile requirement include mutable requirements, emergent requirements, consequential requirements and compatibility requirements. Requirements management requires that each requirement should be uniquely identified. If a large number of requirements have to be managed, the requirements should be stored in a database and links between related requirements should be maintained.
38. Key points Change management policies should define the processes used for change management and the information which should be associated with each change request. They should also define who is responsible for doing what in the change management process. Some automated support for change management should be provided. This may come through specialised requirements management tools or by configuring existing tools to support change management Traceability information records the dependencies between requirements and the sources of these requirements, dependencies between requirements and dependencies between the requirements and the system implementation. Traceability matrices may be used to record traceability information. Collecting and maintaining traceability information is expensive. To help control these costs, organisations should define a set of traceability policies which set out what information is to be collected and how it is to be maintained.