80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
Chapter 11 Fresh Water of the Continents
1. Fresh Water of the
Continents
Name: Arwin Mariano Mallari
JohnLoyd Castro
BSED SOCIAL STUDIES 2B
Chapter 11
2. The continent with the
largest amount of
freshwater is Antarctica as
it's covered with ice which
comprises 60% of all the
freshwater on the planet.
The continent with the
largest amount of available
fresh water is North America
with the Great Lakes holding
almost 1/4 of the world's
available fresh water.
3. Fresh water or freshwater is any
naturally occurring liquid or frozen
water containing low concentrations
of dissolved salts and other total
dissolved solids.
4. The hydrologic cycle involves the continuous
circulation of water in the Earth-Atmosphere system.
5. The distribution of water on the Earth's surface
is extremely uneven. Only 3% of water on the
surface is fresh; the remaining 97% resides in
the ocean. Of freshwater, 69% resides in
glaciers, 30% underground, and less than 1% is
located in lakes, rivers, and swamps.
6. Water in the saturated zone is referred to as ground
water. The upper surface of the saturated zone is
referred to as the water table. Below the water
table, the water pressure is great enough to allow
water to enter wells, thus permitting ground water
to be withdrawn for use.
7. Sinkhole
When underground caverns collapse .the can
create sinkhole at the sureface. the sinkhole inn
belize is know as nohock ch'en note the pure
white limestone outcrapping on the far side of the
sinkhole.
8. Karst is a type of landscape where the dissolving of the bedrock has
created sinkholes, sinking streams, caves, springs, and other
characteristic features. Karst is associated with soluble rock types such
as limestone, marble, and gypsum. In general, a typical karst landscape
forms when much of the water falling on the surface interacts with
and enters the subsurface through cracks, fractures, and holes that
have been dissolved into the bedrock. After traveling underground,
sometimes for long distances, this water is then discharged from
springs, many of which are cave entrances.
9. Tower karst are tall rock structures made up of
soluble rock such as limestone. Tower karst forms as
near-vertical joints and fractures are eroded
downward by solution leaving parts of a previously
coherent rock mass isolated from each other.
10. Dug wells are holes in the ground dug by
shovel or backhoe. Historically, a dug well was
excavated below the groundwater table until
incoming water exceeded the digger's bailing
rate. The well was then lined (cased) with
stones, brick, tile, or other material to prevent
collapse.
11. Groundwater contamination occurs when man-made
products such as gasoline, oil, road salts and chemicals
get into the groundwater and cause it to become unsafe
and unfit for human use. Materials from the land's
surface can move through the soil and end up in the
groundwater.
12. Overland flow is water that runs across the land
after rainfall, either before it enters a
watercourse, after it leaves a watercourse as
floodwater, or after it rises to the surface
naturally from underground. It does not include:
water that has naturally infiltrated the soil in
normal farming operations.
13. Streamflow can be characterized by several
parameters, including its magnitude, timing,
frequency, duration and variability.
14. River discharge' is the volume of water flowing
through a river channel; measured at any given point
in cubic metres per second.
15. Stream channels are linear depressions bounded by
definable (if not always easily demarcated) margins (bed
and banks), created and maintained by concentrated water
flows (Dietrich and Dunne, 1993; Wohl, 2018; Rhoads,
2020).
16. Safe and readily available water is important for public
health, whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food
production or recreational purposes. Improved water supply
and sanitation, and better management of water resources,
can boost countries' economic growth and can contribute
greatly to poverty reduction.
17. Water availability is the quantity of water that can be used for
human purposes without significant harm to ecosystems or
other users. Consideration is given to demands from human
and ecosystem needs, equitable apportionment of water
among uses, and indicators of stress to the water resource.
18. A hydroelectric dam is one of the major components of a
hydroelectric facility. A dam is a large, man-made structure
built to contain some body of water. In addition to
construction for the purpose of producing hydroelectric
power, dams are created to control river flow and regulate
flooding.[2] In some rivers, small scale dams known as weirs
are built to control and measure water flow.
19. Refer to ponds that have water that are entirely
non-marine. Most ponds we come across are
freshwater ponds. These ponds provide a home
for a wide variety of aquatic and semi-aquatic
plants, insects, and animals.
20. A hard, compact layer of a dissimilar material tightly held
to the underlying substrate. The term is most often used
in reference to a mineral layer with a different color and
surface morphology than the underlying stone been
formed from minerals migrating from within the stone
itself onto the surface.
Salt escrustation
21. Dead Sea
The Dead Sea, also known by other names, is a
landlocked salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east
and the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Israel to
the west. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its
main tributary is the Jordan River.
22. The Bonneville Salt Flats are a
densely packed salt pan in Tooele
County in northwestern Utah,
United States. A remnant of the
Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, it is
the largest of many salt flats west
of the Great Salt Lake. It is public
land managed by the Bureau of
Land Management and is known
for land speed records at the
Bonneville Speedway. Access to
the Flats is open to the public.
23. The Aral Sea was an
endorheic lake lying between
Kazakhstan to its north and
Uzbekistan to its south which
began shrinking in the 1960s
and largely dried up by the
2010s. It was in the Aktobe
and Kyzylorda regions of
Kazakhstan and the
Karakalpakstan autonomous
region of Uzbekistan.
24. The Hydrologic Cycle Revisited
1. The hydrategic cycle replenishes
thresh water of the lnds.
2. The sol layer diverts precipitation te
the atmosphere as evapotranspiration,
to ground water through percolation,
and to streams and rivers as runoft
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25. Ground Water
1.Ground water occupies the pore spaces
rock and regolth. E moves in sine
paths deep underground, recharging
mers streams, ponds, and lakes
2.Karst landscapes form when ground wa
tor disserves limestone.
3.Landfilis and dumps are common
sources of ground water contaminares.
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26. Surface Water
1.Overland flew moves as a sheet
acress the land surface. Stream
flow a confined to a channel.
2.Rivers and streams are
organized into a drainage system
that moves runeff from slopes
into channels and from smaller
channels into larger ones.
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27. Stream Flows and
Floods
1. The hydrograph plots the
discharge of a stream at a
lecation through time.
2. Floods occur when mer
discharge increases and the
flow can't be contained
within the river's usual
channel.
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