Reported Speech
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The document discusses reported speech and its uses and conventions in everyday conversation and academic writing. Reported speech involves recounting what another person said by making changes to their words to make it sound more natural rather than using their exact words. Examples are given of reported speech using different tenses and pronouns. The purpose is to report what was said accurately while making it fit grammatically into a new context.
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Modal verbs are special verbs that express ideas like possibility, intention, obligation and necessity. Unlike regular verbs, modal verbs only exist in their helping form, cannot act as the main verb, and have consistent forms without conjugation. Some common modal verbs are can, could, be able to, must, have to, and should. Each modal verb has specific meanings and uses when expressing abilities, possibilities, necessities, recommendations, and certainties.
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This document provides information about direct and reported speech including:
- Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while reported speech does not use quotation marks and conveys the general meaning without exact words.
- There are rules for changing direct to reported speech like changing pronouns to agree with the subject of the reporting clause, and changing tense appropriately.
- Examples are given to demonstrate changing pronouns from first person to third person or second person based on the subject and object of reporting.
- A chart shows the changes to personal pronouns in reported speech.
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This document provides information on direct and indirect speech in 5 steps. It explains the key differences between direct and indirect speech, including that direct speech uses quotation marks and reports the exact words spoken, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and reports the general idea without exact words. The document then outlines 5 steps for changing direct speech to indirect speech: 1) removing quotation marks, 2) changing verb tenses, 3) changing pronouns, 4) replacing commas with connectives like "that", and 5) replacing words like "now" with words like "then". Examples are provided for each step. The document also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of direct versus indirect speech and provides rules for changing reported verbs and pronouDirect and indirect speech
There are two ways to convey the words spoken by one person to another: direct speech and indirect speech. Direct speech quotes the exact words of the speaker, while indirect speech reports what was said without using the exact words. For example, if a friend John told someone "I will give you a pen" at school, direct speech would be "John said, 'I will give you a pen'" while indirect speech would be "John said that he would give me a pen."
The direct and indirect speech
1) The document discusses direct and indirect speech, explaining that direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words said, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and does not have to be word-for-word.
2) It also discusses how to change different types of sentences, such as exclamatory, imperative, and interrogative sentences, into indirect speech by modifying the reporting verb.
3) Finally, it provides rules for changing verbs and other elements like time and place adverbs when changing from direct to indirect speech, such as changing the tense of verbs and adjusting references to time.
direct indirect speech
There are two ways to report what someone says: direct speech and indirect (reported) speech. Direct speech uses the exact words of the speaker within quotation marks, while indirect speech reports the meaning without using the exact words. When changing from direct to indirect speech, there are typically changes to tense, pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verbs depending on whether the original statement was affirmative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.
3.direct & indirect speech
This document provides information about direct and indirect speech. It begins by stating the learning outcomes will be to understand direct speech, indirect speech, and how to change direct speech to indirect speech. It then defines direct and indirect speech, noting the use of quotation marks. Examples are given to demonstrate changing direct speech to indirect speech, including changing verb tenses. The document also covers changing time expressions and includes examples of changing direct questions to indirect questions.
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Modal verbs are special verbs that express ideas like possibility, intention, obligation and necessity. Unlike regular verbs, modal verbs only exist in their helping form, cannot act as the main verb, and have consistent forms without conjugation. Some common modal verbs are can, could, be able to, must, have to, and should. Each modal verb has specific meanings and uses when expressing abilities, possibilities, necessities, recommendations, and certainties.
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This document provides information about direct and reported speech including:
- Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while reported speech does not use quotation marks and conveys the general meaning without exact words.
- There are rules for changing direct to reported speech like changing pronouns to agree with the subject of the reporting clause, and changing tense appropriately.
- Examples are given to demonstrate changing pronouns from first person to third person or second person based on the subject and object of reporting.
- A chart shows the changes to personal pronouns in reported speech.
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There are two ways to convey the words spoken by one person to another: direct speech and indirect speech. Direct speech quotes the exact words of the speaker, while indirect speech reports what was said without using the exact words. For example, if a friend John told someone "I will give you a pen" at school, direct speech would be "John said, 'I will give you a pen'" while indirect speech would be "John said that he would give me a pen."
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1) The document discusses direct and indirect speech, explaining that direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words said, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and does not have to be word-for-word.
2) It also discusses how to change different types of sentences, such as exclamatory, imperative, and interrogative sentences, into indirect speech by modifying the reporting verb.
3) Finally, it provides rules for changing verbs and other elements like time and place adverbs when changing from direct to indirect speech, such as changing the tense of verbs and adjusting references to time.
direct indirect speech
There are two ways to report what someone says: direct speech and indirect (reported) speech. Direct speech uses the exact words of the speaker within quotation marks, while indirect speech reports the meaning without using the exact words. When changing from direct to indirect speech, there are typically changes to tense, pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verbs depending on whether the original statement was affirmative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.
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This document provides information about direct and indirect speech. It begins by stating the learning outcomes will be to understand direct speech, indirect speech, and how to change direct speech to indirect speech. It then defines direct and indirect speech, noting the use of quotation marks. Examples are given to demonstrate changing direct speech to indirect speech, including changing verb tenses. The document also covers changing time expressions and includes examples of changing direct questions to indirect questions.
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The document discusses reported speech, which is when someone reports what another person said without using their exact words. It explains that in reported speech, verb tenses and pronouns may change from the original statement. For example, "I want to be a footballer" would become "He said he wanted to be a footballer." The document provides examples of how to report statements, questions, orders, requests and advice in reported speech.
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This document outlines the rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech in English. There are 7 main rules discussed:
1) Verb tenses change depending on the tense of the reporting verb
2) Pronouns change person depending on the subject of the reporting clause
3) Time words like "now" and "today" change to words like "then" and "that day" respectively.
Direct and Indirect Speech English Grammar Topic.
Here are the sentences in indirect speech:
- He said that he needed help as he had no food for two days.
- The old man requested me to help him cross the road.
- The villager exclaimed that it was a very tall building.
- He exclaimed with sorrow that he had committed a sin.
- The villagers exclaimed that they had lost all their hopes.
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Modals are auxiliary verbs that provide additional meaning to the main verb. They express ability, possibility, permission or obligation. There are several types of modals: can, could, be able to, may, do you mind if.
Can, could, be able to express ability in present, past and future tense. Can and could are followed by the base verb form and do not change for person. Be able to expresses ability after hard work. May expresses polite permission. Do you mind if asks permission without annoyance. Permission is given with can, sure, or go ahead and refused with apologies and explanations.
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This document discusses how to use reported speech when recounting what another person has said. It notes that reported speech does not use quotation marks or the exact words, and verb tenses, pronouns, time and place words may change. It provides examples of how present, past, future and conditional verbs change between direct and reported speech, as well as how pronouns, places and times are altered for reported versus direct speech. The purpose is to accurately recount what someone said or thought without using their exact words.
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This document discusses how to change direct speech into reported speech by modifying verb tenses and time/place expressions. It covers reported statements, questions, orders, requests and examples of each. When changing the reporting verb to the past tense, verb tenses in the reported speech are typically changed accordingly, such as present to past. Pronouns, time and place references may also need to be altered depending on when the reported speech is being reported.
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This document provides information on changing direct speech to indirect speech, including:
1. It explains the basic differences between direct and indirect speech, and provides examples of changing "said" statements from direct to indirect form.
2. It outlines the main changes that are made to pronouns, tenses, adverbs, and other elements when changing from direct to indirect speech.
3. It provides examples of changing different types of sentences - assertive, exclamatory, interrogative, and imperative - from direct to indirect speech.
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The document discusses various uses of verb tenses in the past, including:
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- Past continuous to indicate ongoing or habitual past actions.
- Past perfect to denote earlier past actions that occurred before something else in the past.
- Past perfect continuous to show an ongoing past action that started earlier and continued up until another past time.
The document provides examples for each use and clarifies appropriate contexts for each verb tense when referring to past time.
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The document discusses how to change direct statements to reported statements and vice versa by making changes to verb tenses, pronouns, words indicating time and place, and formatting of questions, commands, exclamations, and wishes. Direct statements use exact words and quotes, while reported statements report the information without quotes by transforming the verb forms and pronouns. The guidelines provide examples of direct versus reported statements and the types of changes needed to transform between the two statement formats.
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The document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken by someone. Indirect speech does not use quotation marks and reports the general idea of what was said rather than the exact words. The document provides examples of direct and indirect speech using different verb tenses and discusses the proper punctuation to use for direct speech in writing. An exercise is included that shows how the verb tense changes when converting examples from direct to indirect speech.
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- Quoted speech is exactly what the person said, while reported speech is not necessarily the exact words.
- When changing direct quotes to reported speech, verb tenses, pronouns, and references to time and place may need to be altered.
- Examples show direct quotes being changed to reported speech by modifying verbs from present to past tense, changing pronouns, and adjusting time or place references.
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The document discusses reported speech, which is when someone reports what another person said without using their exact words. It explains that in reported speech, verb tenses and pronouns may change from the original statement. For example, "I want to be a footballer" would become "He said he wanted to be a footballer." The document provides examples of how to report statements, questions, orders, requests and advice in reported speech.
Reported speech
This document outlines the rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech in English. There are 7 main rules discussed:
1) Verb tenses change depending on the tense of the reporting verb
2) Pronouns change person depending on the subject of the reporting clause
3) Time words like "now" and "today" change to words like "then" and "that day" respectively.
Direct and Indirect Speech English Grammar Topic.
Here are the sentences in indirect speech:
- He said that he needed help as he had no food for two days.
- The old man requested me to help him cross the road.
- The villager exclaimed that it was a very tall building.
- He exclaimed with sorrow that he had committed a sin.
- The villagers exclaimed that they had lost all their hopes.
- Shaw says that if you don't try to get what you like.
Adverbs
This document defines and provides examples of different types of adverbs. Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs by describing manner, time, place, frequency, degree, purpose, or certainty. The main types of adverbs are adverbs of manner, time, place, frequency, degree, and certainty. Examples are given for each type of adverb to illustrate how they answer questions of how, when, where, how often, to what extent, and how certain. The document also discusses how adverbs are typically formed from adjectives.
Modals part 1
Modals are auxiliary verbs that provide additional meaning to the main verb. They express ability, possibility, permission or obligation. There are several types of modals: can, could, be able to, may, do you mind if.
Can, could, be able to express ability in present, past and future tense. Can and could are followed by the base verb form and do not change for person. Be able to expresses ability after hard work. May expresses polite permission. Do you mind if asks permission without annoyance. Permission is given with can, sure, or go ahead and refused with apologies and explanations.
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This document summarizes the use of different English modal verbs for requests, advice, and expressing necessity or obligation. It discusses:
1) Using can, could, will, would to make polite requests and the responses like "sure" or apologizing and explaining.
2) Giving advice using should and ought to about what is advisable, and the use of "maybe" to soften advice.
3) Expressing strong advice or warning using "had better" about possible consequences, as well as the informal forms "oughta" and "better".
4) Expressing lack of necessity using "do not have to" and prohibition using "must not".
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This document provides information about descriptive text and how to write one. It defines descriptive text as a type of text that describes and reveals a person, place, or thing. It outlines the generic structure as having an identification section to introduce the topic and a description section. It notes that descriptive text uses simple present tense, adjectives, and has/have. The document then provides an example descriptive text about Justin Bieber and how the writer likes his music and finds comfort in it. It closes by explaining the components of a descriptive paragraph: a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentence.
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This document discusses how to use reported speech when recounting what another person has said. It notes that reported speech does not use quotation marks or the exact words, and verb tenses, pronouns, time and place words may change. It provides examples of how present, past, future and conditional verbs change between direct and reported speech, as well as how pronouns, places and times are altered for reported versus direct speech. The purpose is to accurately recount what someone said or thought without using their exact words.
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This document discusses descriptive text and provides an example of a descriptive text about Justin Bieber. It defines descriptive text as text that describes a person, place, or thing. It outlines the generic structure of descriptive text as including an identification of what will be described and a description of parts, qualities, and characteristics. It notes the common language features of using simple present tense, adjectives, and has/have. The example descriptive text about Justin Bieber introduces him as the favorite singer, describes his appearance and musical talents, and discusses how his music makes the author feel and what they have learned from him. The document also provides guidance on writing descriptive text by using a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentence in each paragraph.
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This document discusses how to change direct speech into reported speech by modifying verb tenses and time/place expressions. It covers reported statements, questions, orders, requests and examples of each. When changing the reporting verb to the past tense, verb tenses in the reported speech are typically changed accordingly, such as present to past. Pronouns, time and place references may also need to be altered depending on when the reported speech is being reported.
Direct and indirect speech
This document provides information on changing direct speech to indirect speech, including:
1. It explains the basic differences between direct and indirect speech, and provides examples of changing "said" statements from direct to indirect form.
2. It outlines the main changes that are made to pronouns, tenses, adverbs, and other elements when changing from direct to indirect speech.
3. It provides examples of changing different types of sentences - assertive, exclamatory, interrogative, and imperative - from direct to indirect speech.
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The document discusses various uses of verb tenses in the past, including:
- Simple past to denote completed past actions and events.
- Past continuous to indicate ongoing or habitual past actions.
- Past perfect to denote earlier past actions that occurred before something else in the past.
- Past perfect continuous to show an ongoing past action that started earlier and continued up until another past time.
The document provides examples for each use and clarifies appropriate contexts for each verb tense when referring to past time.
Changing direct statements to reported statements
The document discusses how to change direct statements to reported statements and vice versa by making changes to verb tenses, pronouns, words indicating time and place, and formatting of questions, commands, exclamations, and wishes. Direct statements use exact words and quotes, while reported statements report the information without quotes by transforming the verb forms and pronouns. The guidelines provide examples of direct versus reported statements and the types of changes needed to transform between the two statement formats.
Reported speech
Reported speech is used to tell someone about a past conversation. It involves changing verbs from direct to reported forms, such as present to past tense. Pronouns, time/place expressions may also change. The structure is "Someone said (that)..." or "Someone told me (that)...". It is never "Someone said me...". Examples show how direct quotes are changed to reported speech.
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The document discusses how to structure reports about past events using reporting verbs and clauses. It notes that reports typically use past tense verbs in both the reporting clause and reported clause. However, present tense can be used in the reported clause to emphasize ongoing relevance or make suggestions. The reporting verb tense depends on when the reporting is occurring. Direct speech in narratives is simply included without reporting verbs.
Intonation Rules
This document discusses intonation patterns in English: falling intonation, rising intonation, rise-fall intonation, and fall-rise intonation. Falling intonation, where the voice falls at the end of a sentence, is used for statements, commands, WH-questions, and exclamations. Rising intonation, where the voice rises at the end, is used for yes/no questions and question tags that require an answer. Rise-fall intonation has a rising then falling pattern and is used for choices, lists, unfinished thoughts, and conditional sentences. Fall-rise intonation is used to show hesitation or reluctance in responses.
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The document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken by someone. Indirect speech does not use quotation marks and reports the general idea of what was said rather than the exact words. The document provides examples of direct and indirect speech using different verb tenses and discusses the proper punctuation to use for direct speech in writing. An exercise is included that shows how the verb tense changes when converting examples from direct to indirect speech.
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The document discusses the basics of direct and indirect speech. It explains that direct speech conveys the exact words spoken in quotation marks, while indirect speech reports the main idea without quotations. It provides examples of changing pronouns, tenses, time, and more when converting from direct to indirect speech. Rules are given for imperative and exclamatory sentences as well.
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- Quoted speech is exactly what the person said, while reported speech is not necessarily the exact words.
- When changing direct quotes to reported speech, verb tenses, pronouns, and references to time and place may need to be altered.
- Examples show direct quotes being changed to reported speech by modifying verbs from present to past tense, changing pronouns, and adjusting time or place references.
Infinitives
This file deals with the basic concepts regarding infinitives, its types and usage of infinitives in different situations. This file discusses the basic definition of infinitives briefly. It deals with the identification of infinitives. "Full infinitive", "Bare infinitive" and "Anaphoric to" are the basic types that are discussed in this presentation.
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Etm teaching material for storyboard writing skill
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English grammar basics
This document provides information on English grammar tenses, including the present continuous, present simple, present perfect, present perfect continuous, past simple, past continuous, and past perfect tenses. It explains the uses of each tense, provides examples, and compares the uses of similar tenses such as present simple vs present continuous and present perfect vs past simple. The key points covered are when to use each tense to discuss events and situations in the present, past, and future.
13lessonno-161001121801.pdf
There are two ways to report what someone says: direct speech and indirect (reported) speech. Direct speech uses the exact words of the speaker within quotation marks, while indirect speech conveys the meaning without using the exact words. When changing statements, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, and exclamatory sentences from direct to indirect speech, there are standard changes that are made including changing the verb tense, pronouns, and adverbs of time and place.
Reported Speech Advanced C1 Grammar.pptx
The document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report someone's exact words, while indirect speech reports the general idea without quotation marks. To change direct speech to indirect speech, the tense of the reported verb is changed according to the tense of the reporting verb, and words indicating proximity in time or place are replaced. Yes/no questions in indirect speech require "if/whether" while wh-questions do not require any additional words. The examples provided demonstrate how to properly change direct speech to indirect speech based on these rules.
reported-speech-ppt-140311051942-phpapp01.pdf
When reporting speech, verb tenses are usually changed to be in the past. This is because reported speech refers to something that was said in the past. Verb tenses are moved back, or "backshifted", following specific rules. For example, the present simple becomes the past simple in reported speech. Pronouns, time and place expressions are also typically changed to be consistent with the fact that the original speech occurred in the past.
Reported speech-ppt
When reporting speech, verb tenses are usually changed to be in the past. This is because reported speech refers to something that was said in the past. Common changes include changing present tenses to past tenses, changing pronouns like "I" and "me" to reflect the person who originally spoke, and adjusting time and place references. Reporting speech involves systematically changing verb tenses, pronouns, and other elements of the original statement while retaining the overall meaning.
REPORTED SPEECH
When reporting speech, verb tenses are usually changed to be in the past. This is because reported speech refers to something that was said in the past. Verb tenses are moved back, or "backshifted", following specific rules. For example, the present simple becomes the past simple. Pronouns and expressions of time and place are also typically changed in reported speech.
Indirect speech
The document discusses indirect or reported speech and how it differs from direct speech. When reporting what someone said, the tenses typically change to past tense because we are referring to something said in the past. Examples are given of direct quotes and how they would change in indirect speech by changing the verb tenses. Common modal verbs like can, may, might are also discussed and how they would change form in indirect speech. Finally, practice examples are provided to change direct quotes to indirect speech.
Indirect speech
The document discusses indirect or reported speech and how it differs from direct speech. When reporting what someone said, the tenses typically change to past tense because we are referring to something said in the past. Examples are given of direct quotes and how they would change in indirect speech by changing the verb tenses. Common modal verbs like can, may, might are also discussed and how they would change form in indirect speech. Finally, practice examples are provided to change direct quotes to indirect speech.
direct and indirect speech
The document discusses the differences between direct and reported speech. It explains that reported speech is when you tell someone else what was said previously. It covers how to change pronouns, tenses, places, times and other elements when converting a statement, question or request from direct to reported speech. Examples are provided to illustrate the typical changes that are made in reported speech, such as changing pronouns, backshifting tenses, and altering place or time expressions.
Study of Direct and indirect speech.pptx
Detailed study of Direct and indirect speech in English grammar.
Contains:- Types, difference and more...
Reported speech
The document discusses reported or indirect speech, which is used to report what other people have said, thought, or believed. It explains that pronouns, verb tenses, time words, and question words may need to change when converting direct quotes into reported speech. Examples are provided to illustrate these changes between direct and reported speech.
Reported speech carmen
There are two main ways to report what someone says: direct speech and indirect or reported speech. Reported speech involves changing direct quotes into an indirect version by removing quotation marks, changing verb tenses and pronouns, and modifying words like adverbs of time and place. The document provides examples of how direct quotes are changed when converting to reported speech, including changes to verb tenses, pronouns, questions, statements and other grammatical aspects.
Reported speech
Here are the reported versions:
The Jones family said that they had had a wonderful time on their holiday. They said the weather had been beautiful and they had visited many interesting places. The children said they were sad to be back home.
The tourists asked the tour guide when the next tour would start. They also wanted to know how long the tour would last and what places they would visit. One of them asked if they could take photographs inside the museum.
Declarative sentences
The document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech reports the original words without changes, using quotation marks. Indirect speech makes some changes to the original words, such as changing pronouns and verb tenses, and does not use quotation marks. It also discusses the different types of sentences - declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, and optative - and provides examples of how to change declarative sentences to indirect speech by modifying pronouns, time/place details, and verb tenses.
Materi Bahasa Inggris kelas 12 - kurikulum 2013
The article discusses a Soviet nuclear catastrophe in 1985 that was covered up by officials. A Russian journalist uncovered evidence that an explosion on a nuclear submarine at a naval base near Vladivostock killed 10 sailors and contaminated the entire town. The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fallout over the base and nearby town. Residents were told it was a conventional explosion, and those involved in the cleanup were sworn to secrecy. It was later described as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.
Tense and aspect
The sentences are:
1. Grammatical
2. Grammatical
3. Ungrammatical. We cannot use the present perfect with "since" to indicate a duration up to the present. It should be "I have been studying since noon."
4. Grammatical
5. Grammatical
Cópia de speak intermediate dsc 01
The document provides guidance for learners on grammar content for an intermediate English course. It introduces several grammar topics through concise explanations and examples, including modal verbs, simple future tense, comparative and superlative adjectives, and the differences between "-ed" and "-ing" adjectives. The goal is to give learners a thorough understanding of key grammatical structures to improve their reading, writing, listening and speaking skills in English.
19465 lecture15 15-19541_narration concepts -ppt
The document discusses direct and indirect speech in English. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and does not have to be word-for-word. Indirect speech requires changing pronouns, adverbs of time and verbs to reflect the current tense. Commands and questions also change structure in indirect speech.
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Reported Speech
- 1. GRAMMAR REPORTED SPEECH AND WRITING
- 2. W H AT I S R E P O RT E D S P E E C H ? We often want to tell someone what another person has said to us. In most cases, we do not report the exact words that we hear. INSTEAD, we make some changes so that what we say sounds more natural. This is called reported speech.
- 4. PURPOSE OF REPORTED SPEECH EVERYDAY CONVERSATION ACADEMIC ENGLISH- GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY IMPORTANT TO STUDENTS PLANNING TO ATTEND COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY • It is used a lot in academic settings
- 5. EXAMPLES OF REPORTED SPEECH.. Miho told me that she's returning to Japan next year. He said that you're angry with me. The teacher told me to go to the office. She asked if you were feeling better. She wanted to know if I had ever ridden a horse.* • * In writing, particularly in fiction writing, it is common to use direct speech: She asked me: "Have you ever ridden a horse?" Please note, however, that direct speech is most unusual in spoken language.
- 6. EXAMPLES OF REPORTED SPEECH.. Reported speech can also include thoughts or words that are the reporter's summary of what was said. Here are some examples: I wonder if she can come to my party. I don't know why he shouted at me. Do you think that he likes me? She apologized for being late. John realized that he had left his violin on the bus.* She persuaded me to tell her my secret.**
- 7. When we report words or thoughts, we need to make some changes to make what we say sound natural. Some of these changes may be as easy as changing pronouns or correcting time references: "I can't come to your party." - She said she can't come to my party. "My mother called me today." - He said his mother called that day.
- 8. EXAMPLES OF REPORTED SPEECH.. In many cases, more extensive changes are needed to produce correct and natural-sounding reported speech, particularly when reporting questions or commands. Here are some examples: "Did you go to the party?" - She wanted to know if I went to the party. "What's the time?" - She asked me what the time was. "Please speak more slowly!" - She requested that I speak more slowly. "Do not open that box!" - She told me not to open the box.
- 9. There are often cases; however, in which what was said is no longer true, or the reporter does not believe/trust the speaker, or the reporter wants to be neutral. There are also cases when what was said is still true but the reporter is not interested in conveying any opinion about truth. He or she is more focused on reporting a past conversation. In all such cases it is usual to shift the tense from present (simple, continuous or perfect) to past (simple, continuous or perfect). It is also usual to shift the tense back in reporting questions in the present perfect.
- 10. EXAMPLES "I don't feel very well." - She said she didn't feel very well. (she told me this last week and I know she is better now) "I'm returning to Japan in August." - He said he was returning to Japan in August. (I am reporting this fact in April, but I don't trust him as he has already told me 3 times he was leaving, and each time it turned out to be incorrect) "I hate doing grammar exercises!" - She told me that she hated doing grammar exercises. (she told me this a few months ago but now that she can do them on the internet I know that she has changed her mind) "I'll help you move house." - He told me that he would help me move house. (I'm neutral on this: I don't want to imply that I think he will keep his promise; and I don't want to imply that I don't think he will keep his promise)