The document discusses the process of viral replication. It begins with an introduction that defines viral replication as the production of all viral components through an assembly process rather than cellular division. It then describes the 7 key steps in viral replication: 1) Attachment, 2) Penetration, 3) Uncoating, 4) Genome replication, 5) Assembly, 6) Maturation, and 7) Release. Each step is explained in more detail. The document concludes that viral replication follows common stages across all viruses but with differences imposed by the host cell and viral genome.
Virology is the scientific study of biological viruses. It is a subfield of microbiology that focuses on their detection, structure, classification and evolution, their methods of infection and exploitation of host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy
Virology is the scientific study of biological viruses. It is a subfield of microbiology that focuses on their detection, structure, classification and evolution, their methods of infection and exploitation of host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy
Details of viral replication:
The viral replication cycle refers to the series of steps involved in the replication and multiplication of a virus within a host organism. While the specific details can vary among different types of viruses, the general replication cycle typically involves the following stages:
Attachment: The virus attaches to specific receptor molecules on the surface of the host cell. This attachment is usually mediated by viral proteins on the outer surface of the virus and complementary receptors on the host cell.
Entry: The virus enters the host cell, either through direct fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane or by endocytosis, where the virus is engulfed by the host cell and enclosed in a vesicle called an endosome.
Uncoating: Once inside the host cell, the virus undergoes uncoating, which involves the removal of the viral capsid or envelope. This step exposes the viral genetic material, allowing it to be accessed and replicated by the host cell's machinery.
Genome Replication: The viral genetic material, which can be either DNA or RNA depending on the type of virus, is replicated by the host cell's enzymes and machinery. This step involves the synthesis of new viral nucleic acid molecules using the viral genome as a template.
Transcription and Translation: The newly synthesized viral genetic material is transcribed into viral messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, which are then translated by the host cell's ribosomes into viral proteins. These proteins serve various functions, including the assembly of new virus particles.
Assembly: The newly synthesized viral proteins and replicated genetic material come together to form new virus particles, also known as virions. This assembly process often occurs in specific regions of the host cell, such as the nucleus or cytoplasm, depending on the virus.
Release: Once assembled, the mature virus particles are released from the host cell. This can occur through various mechanisms, such as cell lysis, where the host cell bursts open, or through budding, where the virus acquires a portion of the host cell membrane as it exits, thus enveloping itself.
Viral replication by Kainat Ramzan-SlideShareKainatRamzan3
Virus multiplication are in Following steps: attached, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, assembly and release and also discribe the life of Bacteriophage by following two life cycle
Present By Kainat Ramzan
Details of viral replication:
The viral replication cycle refers to the series of steps involved in the replication and multiplication of a virus within a host organism. While the specific details can vary among different types of viruses, the general replication cycle typically involves the following stages:
Attachment: The virus attaches to specific receptor molecules on the surface of the host cell. This attachment is usually mediated by viral proteins on the outer surface of the virus and complementary receptors on the host cell.
Entry: The virus enters the host cell, either through direct fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane or by endocytosis, where the virus is engulfed by the host cell and enclosed in a vesicle called an endosome.
Uncoating: Once inside the host cell, the virus undergoes uncoating, which involves the removal of the viral capsid or envelope. This step exposes the viral genetic material, allowing it to be accessed and replicated by the host cell's machinery.
Genome Replication: The viral genetic material, which can be either DNA or RNA depending on the type of virus, is replicated by the host cell's enzymes and machinery. This step involves the synthesis of new viral nucleic acid molecules using the viral genome as a template.
Transcription and Translation: The newly synthesized viral genetic material is transcribed into viral messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, which are then translated by the host cell's ribosomes into viral proteins. These proteins serve various functions, including the assembly of new virus particles.
Assembly: The newly synthesized viral proteins and replicated genetic material come together to form new virus particles, also known as virions. This assembly process often occurs in specific regions of the host cell, such as the nucleus or cytoplasm, depending on the virus.
Release: Once assembled, the mature virus particles are released from the host cell. This can occur through various mechanisms, such as cell lysis, where the host cell bursts open, or through budding, where the virus acquires a portion of the host cell membrane as it exits, thus enveloping itself.
Viral replication by Kainat Ramzan-SlideShareKainatRamzan3
Virus multiplication are in Following steps: attached, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, assembly and release and also discribe the life of Bacteriophage by following two life cycle
Present By Kainat Ramzan
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It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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1. KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY
Department of P.G. Studies and Research in
Applied Botany
Jnanasahyadri, Shankaraghatta
Shivamogga Dist.577451
Seminar on
"Viral Replication"
Submitted by:
Gopalkrishna.H.R
MSc I semester,
Department of Applied Botany,
Kuvempu University
2. Introduction:
Replication of virus is very complicated process
Viruses never reproduce by division
They are replicated by a process in which all
components of virus are produced separately and
are assembled into intact virons.
For replication of virus host is necessary
Visuses are host specific
Host may be a bacteria, plant or an animal
3. Replication of viruses are studied for first time by
experimenting on bacteriophage of the T series
[T2, T4 andT6].
There are 2 types of life cycle commonly seen in
visuses
They are
i. Lytic Cycle
ii. Lysogenic Cycle
7. 1. Attachment:
Virus are host specific and enters into the host or
target cell
This event is electrostatic, does not require any
cellular or metabolic energy
Virus exhibits cellular tropism
Virus has host range and it may be narrow or broad
Rabies virus is an example for broad range virus
HIV is an example for broad range virus
Virus Cell type
HIV T lymphocytes,
macrophages
Rabies Muscle, neurons
Hepatitis A, B, C Liver(hepatocytes)
8. Virus use receptors and antireceptors for attachment
and entry into host cell.
Cellular receptors and antireceptors are mostly protein
but sometimes they may be glycoprotein, carbohydrates or
lipids
The presence of virus specific receptors is necessary
For example HIV- CD4 receptor, Rabies-Acetylcholine,
phospholpids
10. 3)Uncoating:
Refers to the removal or degradation of
capsid (uncoating), there by releasing the
genome into host cell
The virus genome is transported to the site
where transcription/replication can begin
In some there is no degradation of capsid
as capsid proteins play a role in viral
transcription and replication
11. 4) Genome replication:
Viral genetic material or genome is multiplied within
the host
Simultaneously viral structural proteins like capsids
are synthesised
Type of genetic material varies from virus to virus
With respect to this all viruses are divided into
seven groups by Dr.David Baltimor in 1971
Dr.David Baltimor shared “NOBLE PRIZE “with
Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin in 1975 for
their work on "interaction between tumour viruses
and the genetic material of the cell"
12. Seven groups as follows:
I. Double stranded DNA
II. Single stranded DNA
III. Double stranded RNA
IV. Single stranded (+)ve sense RNA
V. Single stranded (-)ve sense RNA
VI. Single stranded (+)ve sense RNA
with DNA intermediate
VII. Double stranded DNA with RNA
intermediate
14. II. Single stranded DNA:
Example: Pircovirus, Parvovirus
Replication of genome of single stranded DNA virus
15. III. Double stranded RNA:
Example: Reoviruses, Orbibiruses
Replication of genome of double stranded RNA virus
16. IV. Single stranded (+)ve sense RNA:
Replication of genome of +sense single stranded RNA virus
Example: Toga virus & Hepatitis E virus
17. V. Single stranded (-)ve sense RNA:
Replication of genome of -sense single stranded RNA virus
Example: Rabis, Paramyxoviruse etc.
18. vi. Single stranded (+)ve sense RNA with
DNA intermediate:
Example: Retrovirus
Replication of genome of single stranded (+)ve sense RNA virus with DNA intermediate
19. VII. Double stranded DNA with RNA
intermediate:
Replication of genome of double stranded DNA virus with
RNA intermediate
Example: Hepadnaviruses
20. 5)Assembly:
Involves the collection of all components
necessary for formation of viron
It takes place at a particular site in the cell
For example in pox viruses assembly occurs in
the cytoplasm; in adenovirus it occurs in nucleus.
21. 6) Maturation:
Maturation is the stage of life cycle at which the
virus become infectious
It involves structural change in virus particles
For some viruses maturation occurs only after
release of viurs particle from the cell
22. 7) Release:
Newly formed viruses are released to outside of
the cell either by lysis (as in bacteriophage) or by
budding(as in paramyxovirus, retrovirus)
Generally non enveloped viruses release by
cell lysis which results in the death of host cell
Release of virus by budding may or may not kill
cell
23. Conclusion:
In general terms, virus replication involves three
broad stages carried out by all types of virus; the initiation
of infection, replication and expression of the genome,
and, finally, release of mature virions from the infected
cell. At a detailed level, there are many differences in the
replication processes of different viruses which are
imposed by the biology of the host cell and the nature of
the virus genome. It is possible to derive an overview of
virus replication and the common stages which, in one
form or another, are followed by all viruses.
24. Bibliography:
Cann, Alan J.. Principles of Molecular Virology, Burlington,MA,
USA: Academic Press, (2005)(4th Edition) :page no.108-129.
John B. Carter and Venetia A. Saunders.- Virology-principlesand
applications, John Wiley & Sons Ltd (2007)
Roger Y.Stanier, John L. Ingraham, Mark L.Wheelis, Page R.
Painter- General Microbiology, Macmillan Press LTD, (5th edition):
page no. 219-228.
K.C.Sawant, A Textbook of Virus, Dominant Publishers and
Distributors,(2009) (1st Edition) : page no.49-60
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/id/2004/lecture/
notes/viral_rep_Hammer.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd
=rendering&return_to=Viral+replication&collection_id=1b11e8252
1fac6c63fdacbbdc6faa2a
http://www2.oakland.edu/biology/chaudhry/pics/virusreplication02
web.pdf