Sea waves have high energy densities, the highest among renewable energy sources with the natural seasonal variability of wave energy following the electricity demand in temperate climates securing energy supplies in remote regions.
Sea waves have high energy densities, the highest among renewable energy sources with the natural seasonal variability of wave energy following the electricity demand in temperate climates securing energy supplies in remote regions.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion SystemsNaveen Kumar
OTEC or OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION, is a renewable energy technology that converts solar radiation to electric power by use of the world oceans. The use of OTEC as a source of electricity will help reduce the state’s almost complete dependence on imported fossil fuels. About one fourth of the 1.7 * 1013 watts of solar energy reaching the earth’s atmosphere is absorbed by sea water. OTEC can be considered as an indirect solar technology because the surface water are warmed by the sun. OTEC can also be used to produce ammonia, hydrogen, aluminium, chlorine and other chemicals.
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that exploits the rise and fall in sea levels due to the tides, or the movement of water caused by the tidal flow. Because the tidal forces are caused by interaction between the gravity of the Earth, Moon and Sun, tidal power is essentially inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy source.
Tidal power can be classified into two types. Tidal stream systems make use of the kinetic energy from the moving water currents to power turbines, in a similar way to underwater wind turbines. This method is gaining in popularity because of the lower ecological impact compared to the second type of system, the barrage. Barrages make use of the potential energy from the difference in height (or head) between high and low tides, and their use is better established.
This report discusses the potential contribution that energy derived from the tides and waves can make to overall energy supply in a sustainable way. It covers the topics of wide range like how tides and waves are formed; functions of the possible and popular power generation systems especially tidal barrages,turbines, oscillating water columns and wave farms. Advantages and disadvantages of tidal and wave energy are also briefly discussed. Some cost data’s used give us brief insight into the economic prospects of the tidal and wave energy. By turning to potential along the Indian coastline, we found that India do have a huge potential of tidal and wave energy, though it has started very late. Government
initiatives and extensive research focused on the mentioned relevant opportunities will surely change the energy scenario.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion SystemsNaveen Kumar
OTEC or OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION, is a renewable energy technology that converts solar radiation to electric power by use of the world oceans. The use of OTEC as a source of electricity will help reduce the state’s almost complete dependence on imported fossil fuels. About one fourth of the 1.7 * 1013 watts of solar energy reaching the earth’s atmosphere is absorbed by sea water. OTEC can be considered as an indirect solar technology because the surface water are warmed by the sun. OTEC can also be used to produce ammonia, hydrogen, aluminium, chlorine and other chemicals.
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that exploits the rise and fall in sea levels due to the tides, or the movement of water caused by the tidal flow. Because the tidal forces are caused by interaction between the gravity of the Earth, Moon and Sun, tidal power is essentially inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy source.
Tidal power can be classified into two types. Tidal stream systems make use of the kinetic energy from the moving water currents to power turbines, in a similar way to underwater wind turbines. This method is gaining in popularity because of the lower ecological impact compared to the second type of system, the barrage. Barrages make use of the potential energy from the difference in height (or head) between high and low tides, and their use is better established.
This report discusses the potential contribution that energy derived from the tides and waves can make to overall energy supply in a sustainable way. It covers the topics of wide range like how tides and waves are formed; functions of the possible and popular power generation systems especially tidal barrages,turbines, oscillating water columns and wave farms. Advantages and disadvantages of tidal and wave energy are also briefly discussed. Some cost data’s used give us brief insight into the economic prospects of the tidal and wave energy. By turning to potential along the Indian coastline, we found that India do have a huge potential of tidal and wave energy, though it has started very late. Government
initiatives and extensive research focused on the mentioned relevant opportunities will surely change the energy scenario.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how wave energy is becoming more economically feasible. The potential for wave energy is particularly large in northern parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, for example near Canada, the UK, and other parts of Europe. There are a number of emerging designs and these designs benefit from increases in scale. Increasing their scale and other design changes are causing the costs to fall and it is estimated that the cost of electricity from wave energy will fall below that of wind turbines and other sources of clean energy in the near future.
Ocean wave machine is rotated by wave energy. Wave machine drives the generator rotor, pump to store the water at high level, compressor to store the air in compressed air storage plant. Here it is presented the different method to harness wave energy.
General objective
discuss the various ocean energy sources
interpret the energy transformation in wave energy conversion
discuss the working of various type wave energy plant
Specific objectives
define the wave energy
write benefits and application of wave energy system
explain the types of wave energy plant
Tidal energy is produced by the surge of ocean waters during the rise and fall of tides. Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy.
During the 20th century, engineers developed ways to use tidal movement to generate electricity in areas where there is a significant tidal range—the difference in area between high tide and low tide. All methods use special generators to convert tidal energy into electricity.
Tidal energy production is still in its infancy. The amount of power produced so far has been small. There are very few commercial-sized tidal power plants operating in the world. The first was located in La Rance, France. The largest facility is the Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station in South Korea. The United States has no tidal plants and only a few sites where tidal energy could be produced at a reasonable price. China, France, England, Canada, and Russia have much more potential to use this type of energy.
In the United States, there are legal concerns about underwater land ownership and environmental impact. Investors are not enthusiastic about tidal energy because there is not a strong guarantee that it will make money or benefit consumers. Engineers are working to improve the technology of tidal energy generators to increase the amount of energy they produce, to decrease their impact on the environment, and to find a way to earn a profit for energy companies.
Tidal Energy Generators
There are currently three different ways to get tidal energy: tidal streams, barrages, and tidal lagoons.
For most tidal energy generators, turbines are placed in tidal streams. A tidal stream is a fast-flowing body of water created by tides. A turbine is a machine that takes energy from a flow of fluid. That fluid can be air (wind) or liquid (water). Because water is much more dense than air, tidal energy is more powerful than wind energy. Unlike wind, tides are predictable and stable. Where tidal generators are used, they produce a steady, reliable stream of electricity.
Placing turbines in tidal streams is complex, because the machines are large and disrupt the tide they are trying to harness. The environmental impact could be severe, depending on the size of the turbine and the site of the tidal stream. Turbines are most effective in shallow water. This produces more energy and allows ships to navigate around the turbines. A tidal generator's turbine blades also turn slowly, which helps marine life avoid getting caught in the system.
The world's first tidal power station was constructed in 2007 at Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland. The turbines are placed in a narrow strait between the Strangford Lough inlet and the Irish Sea. The tide can move at 4 meters (13 feet) per second across the strait.
Barrage
Another type of tidal energy generator uses a large dam called a barrage. With a barrage, water can spill over the top or through turbines in the dam because the dam is low. Barrages can be constructed across tidal rivers, bays, and estuaries.
Tidal Energy the most common topic in science section and one of the most interesting topic . This slides contains the information how does actually tidal energy in generated and what are the advantages and disadvantages of tidal energy . Wave power design and how it works . This topic is mostly used as a project in schools and colleges in science section in higher schools
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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2. How Waves Form ?
Differential warming of the earth causes pressure
differences in the atmosphere, which generate winds.
As winds move across the surface of open bodies of water,
they transfer some of their energy to the water and create
waves.
A few factors determine how strong an individual wave will
be. These include:
Speed of wind: The faster the wind is traveling, the bigger a
wave will be.
Time of wind: The wave will get larger the longer the length
of time the wind is hitting it.
Distance of wind: The farther the wind travels against the
wave (known as fetch), the bigger it will be.
3. Wave Power
Wave power is the transport of
energy by ocean surface waves,
and the capture of that energy to
do useful work – for example,
electricity generation, water
desalination, or the pumping of
water (into reservoirs).
4. What is Wave Energy?
Some of the kinetic (motional) energy in the wind is
transformed into waves once the wind hits the ocean
surface.
Wind energy ultimately forms due to solar energy and its
influence on high and low pressure.
The density of the energy that is transported under the
waves under the ocean surface is about five times higher
compared to the wind energy 20 meter (about 65 feet)
above.
In other words, the amount of energy in a single wave is
very high.
5. History
The first known patent to use energy from ocean waves
dates back to 1799 and was filed in Paris by Girard and his
son.
An early application of wave power was a device
constructed around 1910 .
From 1855 to 1973 there were already 340 patents filed in
the UK alone.
Modern scientific pursuit of wave energy was pioneered by
Yoshio Masuda's experiments in the 1940s.
A renewed interest in wave energy was motivated by the oil
crisis in 1973.
In the 1980s, a few first-generation prototypes were tested
at sea.
In 2008, the first experimental wave farm was opened in
Portugal.
6. Advantages of wave energy
Renewable: The best thing about wave energy is that it will
never run out. Unlike fossil fuels, which are running out.The
waves flow back from the shore, but they always return.
Environment Friendly: Also unlike fossil fuels, creating
power from waves creates no harmful byproducts such as
gas, waste and pollution
The energy is free - no fuel needed, no waste produced.
Not expensive to operate and maintain.
Can produce a great deal of energy.
It is a reliable source
Easily predictable
6
7. Disadvantages of Wave Energy
Suitable to Certain Locations:The biggest disadvantage
to getting your energy from the waves is location. Only
power plants and towns near the ocean will benefit
directly from it.
Effect on marine Ecosystem :As clean as wave energy is,
it still creates hazards for some of the animals near it
Depends on the waves - sometimes you'll get loads of
energy, sometimes almost nothing.
Needs a suitable site, where waves are consistently
strong.
Weak performance in rough weather.
Maintenance and weather effects
Noisy
7
8. Harnessing Techniques
In order to extract this energy, wave energy conversion
devices must create a system of reacting forces, in
which two or more bodies move relative to each other,
while at least one body interacts with the waves.
There are many ways that such a system could be
configured.
9. Three Basic Kinds of Systems
Offshore (deals with swell energy not breaking waves)
Near Shore (maximum wave amplitude)
Embedded devices (built into shoreline to receive breaking wave – but energy
loss is occurring while the wave is breaking)
10. Wave Energy Devices
Wave Profile Devices: They turn the oscillating
height of the oceans surface into mechanical energy.
Oscillating Water Columns: They convert the
energy of the waves into air pressure.
Wave Capture Devices: They convert the
energy of the waves into potential energy.
11. Wave Profile Devices
If the physical size of the wave profile device is
very small compared to the periodic length of
the wave, this type of wave energy device is
called a "point absorber".
If the size of the device is larger or longer than
the typical periodic wavelength, it is called a
"linear absorber“.
12. Working
The waves energy is absorbed using
Vertical motion (heave)
Horizontal motion in the direction of wave travel (surge)
Angular motion about a central axis parallel to the wave crests (pitch)
or, angular motion about a vertical axis (yaw)
or a combination of all four
The energy being generated by reacting these different movements
against some kind of fixed resistance called a reaction point.
13. Wave Attenuators
As the waves pass along the
length of the device, they cause
the long cylindrical body to sag
downwards into the troughs of the
waves and arch upwards when the
waves crest is passing.
Connecting joints along the body
of the device flex in the waves
exerting a great deal of force
which is used to power a hydraulic
ram at each joint.
The hydraulic ram drives oil
through a hydraulic motor which
drives a generator, producing the
electricity.
14. Oscillating Water Column
(OWC)
The Oscillating Water Column, (OWC) is a
popular shoreline wave energy device
normally positioned onto or near to rocks or
cliffs which are next to a deep sea bottom.
They consist of a partly submerged hollow
chamber fixed directly at the shoreline which
converts wave energy into air pressure.
15. OWC- Working
As the incident waves outside enter and exit the chamber, changes in
wave movement on the opening cause the water level within the
enclosure to oscillate up and down acting like a giant piston on the air
above the surface of the water, pushing it back and forth.
This air is compressed and decompressed by this movement every cycle.
The air is channeled through a wind turbine generator to produce
electricity
16. 500 kW offshore OWC, Port Kembla,Australia
Oceanlinx’s world's first 1MW wave
energy converter unit 'greenWAVE,
Australia
17. Wave Capture Device
A Wave Capture Device also known as a Overtopping Wave
Power Device, is a shoreline to nearshore wave energy device
that captures the movements of the tides and waves and
converts it into potential energy.
Wave energy is converted into potential energy by lifting the
water up onto a higher level.
The wave capture device, or more commonly an overtopping
device, elevates ocean waves to a holding reservoir above sea
level.
It require sufficient wave power to fill the impoundment
reservoir.
18. Working
As the waves hit the structure they flow up a ramp and over
the top (hence the name "overtopping"), into a raised water
impoundment reservoir on the device in order to fill it.
Once captured, the potential energy of the trapped water in
the reservoir is extracted using gravity as the water returns to
the sea via a low-head Kaplan turbine generator located at
the bottom of the wave capture device.
19. 19
Oscillating Wave Surge Converter
These devices typically have one end fixed to a structure or the seabed
while the other end is free to move. Energy is collected from the relative
motion of the body compared to the fixed point.
These capture systems use the rise and fall motion of waves to capture
energy. Once the wave energy is captured at a wave source, power must
be carried to the point of use or to a connection to the electrical
grid by transmission power cables.
20. Tapered Channel (TAPCHAN)
The TAPCHAN is designed by a company called Norwave,
and a 350kW prototype commenced operation in 1985 on a
small Norwegian island.
The principle behind the design is to capture waves in a raised
reservoir (about 3 metres above the mean sea level) and then
extracting useful work as the water is allowed to flow back to
the sea.
21. Benefits of Ocean Wave Energy
Why better than other renewable
energies
Available 24/7 on 365 days - therefore
power produced from them is much steadier
and more predictable – waves can be
accurately predicted 48 hours in advance
and therefore forecast energy output (BUT
irregularity in wave ampitude, and direction)
Good data on waves from wave monitoring
bouys
Wave energy contains 1000 times the kinetic
energy of wind (can produce the same
amount of power in less space)