This document discusses different types of energy sources and their sustainability. It outlines renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydropower, biomass and geothermal that can be replenished. In contrast, fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas are non-renewable. The document also examines how access to reliable energy is essential for achieving the UN's Millennium Development Goals by enabling education, healthcare, poverty reduction, gender equality and environmental sustainability. It provides the example of multifunctional platforms that can power tools for grinding grain or husking using a simple diesel engine, bringing economic and social benefits to communities.

1. Principal Sources Of Energy
Renewable Energy Vs. Fossil Fuels & Sustainability Issues
ACX Executive Climate Change & Carbon Trading Course
KEFRI, Nairobi
12-16 November, 2012
Abbas S. Kitogo

2. 1.What is Energy?
2.Types of Energy Sources
3.Renewable Energy/Alternative Energy
4.Non-renewable Energy
5.Energy and Sustainability/MDGsOutline

3. The different forms of energy
(1)Chemicalenergy-duetochemicalreaction
(2)Electricalenergy-duetoflowofelectron
(3)Heatenergy-duetothermalvibration
(4)Lightenergy-duetoradiationoflight
(5)Mechanicalenergy-duetomovingparts
(6)Nuclearenergy-duetonuclearreactionThe SI unit of energy is JouleDefinition of Energy: Energy is the ability (or) capacity to do work
1. What is energy?

4. RenewableFossilCan be replaced Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Hydro, Tidal, Biomass
Cannot replaced
Nuclear, Oil, Natural gas, Coal
Courtesy of NEED2. Types of Energy

5. •Solar
•Wind
•Hydropower
•Tidal Power
•Biomass
•Geothermal
Renewable Energy

6. Solar Power

7. Active
PassiveTypes of Solar Power

8. •Works on the principle that hot air rises and cool air sinks (convection)
•Solar heats air and it moves through convection through the structure or to thermal mass
Passive Solar Power

9. •Energy from sun is stored in a “thermal mass”
•When needed, heat from thermal mass is then pumped throughout structure
•This also refers to electrical generation using solar power
•Two ways to do this are photovoltaic cells and huge commercial electric facilitiesActive Solar Power

10. •These facilities use solar power to heat water to form steam. The steam goes to generate electricity just as in fossil fuel or nuclear electric plants.
•No release of air pollutants
•No electricity generated at night
•They dowork on cloudy days, thoughLarge-scale Solar Electric Site

11. Wind Power
•Can be used for mechanical tasks, e.g. pumping water
•Can be used for generation of electricity for direct use or storage in batteries

12. •High torque, low-speed to pump water, grind grain, saw woodMechanical Power Windmills

13. •High speed, low torque machines
•Will turn themselves off if wind speed exceeds their limits
Electrical Power Windmills

14. Electric Mechanical
Hydropower

15. How hydropower works?

16. •Essentially entails placing a dam across an ocean inlet and harnessing the energy as water moves in and out with the tides
•Positive & negative effects are same as hydropowerTidal Power

17. Biomass Energy

18. Rice husksBagasseCoffee husksAnimal waste
Bamboo charcoalLandfillFuel plantsCoconut husksBiomass resources

19. •Drill to deep, hot rock
–Either wet system where heated water belowground is used
–Dry system sends aboveground water belowground to get heated
•Resulting steam can be used for a number of purposes
Geothermal Energy -How does it work?

20. •Using more than one form of energy to meet needs is an important way to ensure long-term energy needs will be met
•Just as in ecosystem ecology, we find that Diversity = Stability
•Depending on only one form of energy leaves nation vulnerable to all sorts of problems
An Energy Mix

21. •Coal
•Petroleum and Gas
•Nuclear EnergyFossil Fuel

22. •Coal has the longest life expectancy
•Emit CO2
•Unless cheap alternatives to burning coal are found there is likely to be an increase in its use Coal

23. •Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy
•Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because once the uranium is used, it is gone! Nuclear Energy

24. •petroleum, and natural gasare considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in a short period of time. These are called fossil fuels.
•Widely used in power generation and in our cars
Petroleum and Gas

25. Energy and the MDGs

26. •The Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) are a series of quantified development targets agreed at the UN General Assembly in 2000.
•There is no MDG on energy
•Access to energy is fundamental to all of the MDGs
•The quality, reliability and affordability of energy services are what matter from a human development point of viewWhat are the MDGs?

27. Energy
MDG 1: Eradicate
extreme poverty
and hungerMDG 2: Achieve universal primaryeducation
MDG 3: Promote
gender equality and
empower womenMDG 4: Reducechild mortalityMDG 5: Improvematernal healthMDG 6: CombatHIV/AIDS, malariaand other diseasesMDG 7: EnsureenvironmentalsustainabilityMDG 8: Develop global partnershipEnergy and the MDGs

28. •Most staple foods must be cooked and processed before being eaten
•Transport of goods to market requires motive power
•Productive activities, jobs, agriculture and commercial trade all require energy (i.e. electricity & fuels)
MDG 1: Poverty and Hunger

29. •Many girls do not go to school in order to support family energy and water needs (carrying, grinding, pumping)
•Rural areas find it hard to attract teachers to unelectrified communities
•It is hard for children to study in the evening without lights
•Lack of energy services constrain women’s economic opportunitiesMDGs 2&3: Education and Gender Equality

30. •Indoor air pollution from unvented cooking with solid fuels is the fourth largest cause of death for people in developing countries
•Physical burden of wood & water carrying causes exhaustion and undermines the health of child bearing women
•Lack of electricity limits healthcare services (i.e. night time deliveries, sterilization, etc)
•Lack of ITC limits people’s capacity to learn about healthcare and disease preventionMDGs 4,5&6: Health and Disease

31. •National MDG reports treat energy mainly within the context of MDG 7
•Cleaner energy services can encourage a better management of natural resources, including better water quality
•Climate mitigation & adaptation
MDG 7: Environmental sustainability

32. Oil press
SawGrinding millDe-huskerBatterychargingEngine
TheMultifunctionalPlatformsupportsasimpledieselenginethatcanpowerdifferenttools:cerealgrindingmills, de-huskers,oilpresses,joineryandcarpentrytoolsExample: Multifunctional Platform

33. •Provides reliable, affordable energy services
•Fee for Service
•Reduces women’s/girls’ workload
•Frees up women’s/girls’ time
•Creates opportunities for income generating activities
Benefits

34. The Multifunctional Platform also provides water distribution and lighting. The advantages of the engine are its simplicity, sturdiness and multiple uses -a perfect example of appropriate RE technology. Benefits

35. Abbas S. Kitogo
Mobile: +254 700 58 18 26
Email: abbasum@yahoo.com
URL:www.cdminafrica.ning.com
Nairobi, Kenya