Hinduism is a family of religions that began in India and has no single founder or religious text. It believes in an ultimate reality called Brahman that pervades the universe. Hindus believe in reincarnation and aim to achieve moksha or liberation from the cycle of rebirth through dharma. The religion is tied to everyday life and has many gods like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva that represent aspects of Brahman. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama and focuses on ending suffering through following the Eightfold Path and achieving nirvana or enlightenment. It does not believe in a creator god and teaches that life involves dukkha or dissatisfaction caused
These four vedas are in turn each divided into three parts: samhita (collections of hymns), brahmana (details of sacrifices) and upanishad (moving from ritual to
These four vedas are in turn each divided into three parts: samhita (collections of hymns), brahmana (details of sacrifices) and upanishad (moving from ritual to
Programed instructional material: Religions of IndiaAtul Thakur
This is an initial attempt by my students of B.Ed. in creating Programmed Instructional material using the template I had provided them. Your observations and suggestions are welcome!
A Presentation on the Book - Hinduism: The Eternal Tradition by David Frawley, explaining the aspects of Hinduism in a lucid manner, appropriate for modern and western audiences.
Religion and Society7ReligionOrigin of All ThingsNature of.docxdebishakespeare
Religion and Society7
Religion
Origin of All Things
Nature of God
View of Human Nature
View of Good and Evil
View of “Salvation”
View of After Life
Practices and Rituals
Celebrations and Festivals
Week 1
Indigenous People
They have several questions about the creation and arrangement of the universe. The answers to these questions give the way for explaining everything we know (Shoko, 2007).Understanding the universe allows us to make sense of the world that we live in, but the attempt to understand it and the underlying nature of all things is difficult.
Their existed a god beyond the natural world, who was responsible for the creation of the universe (Radhakrishnan,1947).This perspective is based on the idea that a supreme being exists beyond our visibility. That, this god watches over everybody’s actions and that he is the ultimate solution that people run to while seeking help in times of crisis
Human beings must be in a position of creating a just environment that ensures comprehensive existence of individuals (Shoko, 2007). Human beings should act as rational beings in the process of making decisions pertaining creation of justice, correcting the wrongdoings and education of the upcoming generations on the correct norms and values that should be adhered to.
An individual who doesn’t conform to the societal norms and customs is considered as an outcast, and might even be disowned by the community members. Such a person is seen as an evil doer who should be stigmatized in the entire community. So this means that the good deeds are rewarded while the evil ones are punished (Radhakrishnan, 1947).
Salvation is an ultimate element. They are committed on the strict adherence to the preset norms and beliefs. The belief system is very strict such that they have to adhere to so as to ensure their prosperity in the society.
There is existence of life after death. This is due the perspective that, the children who are born into the society are often renamed after their ancestors so as to extend their lineage. They have got the belief that those ancestors are watching over them and protect them from any evil deeds.
The practices and rituals are unique in that, they are considered as being sacred, and that is why they are handled in a very responsible manner (Radhakrishnan,1947). Such practices and rituals are performed by specific people who are considered as being holy and goodhearted.
Are performed each and every season at specified time frames depending on the type of celebration. The ultimate aim is to bring together the society members.
Week 2
Hinduism and Jainism
Hindus believe that the nature and origin of all thing were from their main god called Brahma
They believe in the existence of one main god other gods with different descriptions that is being polytheistic
They view human beings as creatures of God and that creation take place after a new universe is created. Brahma gave rise to 7 sages which later populates the world.
Good ...
Top 10 Most Powerful Religions In The World | Surprise With The Number Of Followers Of Christianity
We all know that money is not everything, and regardless of whether you are a religious or an atheist, you should know that there are many religions in the world and the right thing to do. respect their ideals. Be happy, have fun, help people, and don't be the bad guy. With the above spirit, let's find out the 10 strongest religions in the world.
Baha'u'llah is a Persian man who founded Baha'i religion in the 19th century. Baha'i religion believes in the unity of all religions. Baha'i unites the messengers in the history of religions such as Krishna, Buddha, Moses, Jesus, Mohammed into a religion that fits the needs of the time and the capabilities of the people of that time.
In the early 19th century, a French teacher named Allan Kardec founded animism. Unlike most other religions, Allan Kardec is not a prophet. In fact, spiritualism does not believe in prophecies either. Kardec has written five books on spiritualism, which are based on research and evidence on conversations with the spiritual world. This religion embraces the same values as Christianity, but does not see Jesus as the Son of God.
ReligionOrigin of All ThingsNature of GodView of Human Natur.docxdebishakespeare
Religion
Origin of All Things
Nature of God
View of Human Nature
View of Good and Evil
View of “Salvation”
View of After Life
Practices and Rituals
Celebrations and Festivals
Week 1
Indigenous Peoples
Spiritual beings formed the land and gave it to people as a gift to take care of
Believe that everything has a spirit. Live in harmony with everything around you
Everything is related and must be treated with respect. Life is like a circle. Never ending.
View themselves as equal halves of good and evil. Nothing is purely good except the spiritual beings
Vision quest help to bring the individual closer to the spirt world. The vision is not for the individual but for the group.
No one truly dies. They are reborn into another aspect of life. Reincarnation
Ritual dramas are used in order to tell the history. Honor stages of life (birth, Puberty, marriage, and death.
Festivals are used to contribute to the wellbeing of the community.
Week 2
Hinduism and Jainism
Janism – The universe is without beginning. Our lives are the cause of our own choices.
Hinduism – Believe in a cyclical notion of time. The universe is created over and over again. Many different beginning to the universe.
Janism – Becoming a god or a demon (liberation) is the end result of clearing away karmic accumulations from the soul.
Hinduism – There are currently 330 million gods called shaktas that are worshiped. Many of them ah different forms so they can be counted different times. There are 2 levels of the gods. The local goddesses tend to the everyday life of the people and the great goddess that have huge temples that are barred from the average local.
Janism – Being born as a human is the 2nd highest achievement besides liberation. During life one must do their best to clear away any impurities from this life and the life before. Human life is not more important than any other form of life.
Hinduism – Each person has a soul when we die if we did not reach Moksha then we are born again. The Karma we gained in our past life is carried over to the new life.
Janism – The better you live your life the better chance you will reach liberation upon death.
Hinduism - Good and evil are relative terms, you cannot have one without the other.
Janism – The highest form of salvation is liberation. Before that would be being born as a human. This will allow the person to perform good deeds to hopefully reach liberation
Hinduism - salvation is called Moksha. This is when an enlightened human being is freed from the cycle of life and death. There are 4 ways this is done. 1. Way of action. The individual must perform certain religious ceremonies without any type of personal gain
2. Way of Knowledge. The individual must have a complete understanding of the universe.
3. Way of devotion. Reached through acts of worship, based upon the love for a god.
4. The royal road. meditation and yoga techniques
Janism – The soul wonders endless transporting to another form upon death.
Hinduism – Attaini ...
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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4. Hindus do not separate religion from other aspects of life.
Hinduism is a complete approach to life that involves social class, work,
family, politics, diet, etc.
5. The word "Hindu" comes from the name of the Indus River, which flows 1800 miles from
Tibet through Kashmir and Pakistan to the sea.
Originally the name referred to people living in a particular region of the
world, regardless of their faith.
6. There are 750 million Hindus in the
world, and most of them live in India.
7. Hinduism includes a very wide range of beliefs and practices, so there aren't many things that
are common to all Hindu groups. However they all have a "family resemblance" to each
other.
Hinduism has:
1. no founder
2. no creed
3. no single source of authority
8. The things most often common to Hindus are
1. a belief in a single Divinity or supreme God that is present in everything
2. belief in other gods who are aspects of that supreme God
3. belief that the soul repeatedly goes through a cycle of birth, death, and
rebirth
4. belief in Karma, a force that determines the quality of each life, depending on how
well one behaved in a past life
9. Most Hindus worship at home and have a shrine there. Hindu temples are the focus of
religious life, but there is not a strong tradition of congregational worship.
10. Hinduism has not had a significant tradition of seeking to convert people, although some
modern Hindu sects now do seek converts.
11. II. Elements of Hinduism
Hinduism is very different from religions like Christianity, Islam, or Judaism.
1. Hinduism includes a far wider range of beliefs and practices than Christianity, Islam,
or Judaism.
2. Hinduism does not offer the same insistence on being the only "truth."
12. Hinduism is more an approach to the universe, and a way of living in the universe than
an intellectual system of philosophy.
1. There is no "correct" form of Hinduism.
2. The Hindu concept of the "good life" is not based on instructions from God.
3. Hinduism is not, at heart, a set of beliefs. Hinduism is entwined in everyday life.
4. Hinduism has no individual who is central to the faith as Jesus, Muhammad, and
Moses are for other faiths.
13. Hinduism doesn't have a single scripture that is regarded as uniquely authoritative.
1. Hinduism gives more prominence to the oral tradition.
14. Hinduism doesn't have a personal god at its heart (although individual Hindus may).
It's very difficult to separate the religious elements of Hinduism from the political, racial,
social, and other elements which also make up the Hindu culture. But that's not surprising; as
Hindus believe that God is in everything, it would not make sense to separate religious
things from everything else.
15. III. Practice
For many Hindus, religion is a matter of practice rather than of beliefs.
1. It's more what you do than what you believe.
16. Behind Hindu practice is the belief that every soul is trapped in a cycle of birth and then
death and then rebirth. Every Hindu wants to escape from this cycle.
Hindus aim to live in a way that will cause each of their lives to be better than the life before.
Living or acting in the right way is known as dharma.
Hindus believe the universe doesn't have a beginning and an end. It's a cyclical pattern, so
once it ends, it begins again.
17. IV. Samsara
Hinduism is about the sort of life one should
lead in order to be born into a better life
next time and eventually become free from
rebirth altogether by attaining Moksha
(liberation).
When someone dies, their soul is
reborn into a new body (although not
necessarily a human body).
The cycle is called Samsara. The
process of the soul being reborn into a
new body is called Reincarnation.
18. Whether one is reborn into a better life, a worse life, or even to live as an animal, depends
on Karma, which is the value of a soul's good and bad deeds.
1. Karma is not the same thing as judgment in Christianity.
2. It is automatic and impersonal.
3. A good analogy is a moral force of gravity.
Hindus aim to live in a way that will earn them a better life next time around, and eventually
free them from rebirth altogether.
19. V. Liberation
Each time a Hindu soul is born into a better life, it has the opportunity to improve itself
further, and get closer to ultimate liberation.
1. One attains Moksha when one has "overcome ignorance", and no longer desires
anything at all.
2. This is not a state of knowledge, but a state of being.
3. Paradoxically it is really a state of not-being, since when the individual soul reaches
this state, it becomes aware that it is nothing more than a part of the ultimate
reality, part of "God", part of Brahman, and loses its individual identity.
20. There are 4 legitimate goals in life:
1. dharma (appropriate living),
2. artha (the pursuit of material gain by lawful means),
3. kama (delight of the senses),
4. moksha (release from rebirth).
21. Each Hindu has 4 daily duties:
1. Revere the deities
2. Respect ancestors
3. Respect all beings
4. Honor all humankind
22. VI. Hindu Gods
"God" and the universe
1. For Hindus, the entire universe is part of the Divine- everything is part of
"God". And so "God", for Hindus, is present in everything.
"God" and the "Soul"
1. Each soul is an individual, yet also a part of "God".
23. "God" and gods
1. Most Westerners think that Hinduism is polytheistic. Hindus actually believe in only
one supreme God, called "Brahman".
• Brahman is a supreme spirit that permeates everything.
• BUT: Brahman is NOT a being in the sense that Christians think of God as a
being - Brahman is entirely impersonal, and entirely impossible to describe.
• Everything in the universe is part of Brahman, (including each one of us), but
Brahman is more than the sum of everything in the universe.
24. Hindus acknowledge and worship various gods, but these are all aspects of Brahman.
The gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva are different forms and names of the one God.
29. VII. Hindu Scriptures
The Vedas are collections of Sanskrit hymns (written down 1200-900BCE, but based on
older oral versions)
1. All Hindus accept that the Vedas, a set of sacred verses or hymns, written in the
Sanskrit language around 1500 BCE, contain the truths of their religion.
2. The Vedas are said to have existed for ever, and the date above, is merely when they
were written down.
3. Not many Hindus have read the Vedas, so the Vedas have their affect through their
influence on other Hindu scriptures.
30. Brahmanas - ritual instructions (1000-650 BCE)
The Upanishads - mystical works (400-200 BCE)
31. The Bhagavad Gita (200 BCE).
1. This book, sets out, in story form, the proper way to behave and think.
2. Among the principles it puts forward are:
• One should live appropriately for the life (and caste) into which one is born.
• One should be devoted to the form of God known as Krishna.
• One's actions should be chosen by the inherent value of those actions, not by
any hoped-for benefits from them. In other ways, one should do the right
thing simply because it is the right thing to do.
34. I. Introduction to Buddhism
Buddhism is a vast and complex religious and philosophical tradition which stretches back
over 2,500 years.
It has about 500 million adherents around the world.
35. 'Buddha' means 'one who has
woken up'.
1. Most people live asleep,
never knowing or seeing life
as it really is.
2. As a consequence they suffer.
3. A buddha is someone who
awakens to the knowledge of
the world as it truly is
and so finds release from
suffering.
36. A Buddha teaches out of sympathy and compassion for the suffering of beings and for the
benefit and welfare of all beings.
37. Buddhism does not actively look for converts, but it is thoroughly welcoming to those who
do want to convert.
Buddhism can coexist with other faiths.
38. II. Siddhartha Gautama
The Buddhist tradition is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who lived c.566-
486BC.
39. He was born as the son of a local raja, or prince, in northern India.
He was a member of a privileged and wealthy family and lived comfortably.
40. Disillusioned with his life, he left
home and adopted the simple
life of a wandering ascetic
and embarked on a spiritual
quest.
As he sat in meditation under a
tree, he had a profound
experience.
1. Called Bodhi or
'awakening', he had a
deep understanding of
the nature of suffering,
its cause and a way of
stopping it.
41. Gautama then devoted the rest of his
life to teaching the way to end
suffering.
By his death at about the age of 80 he
had a considerable following and a
well organized community.
42. III. Basic Buddhism
Buddhism has no unique creed, no single authority, no single sacred book.
Buddhism focuses on each individual seeking to attain enlightenment.
43. Gods
1. Buddhism has no omnipotent, creator God who exists apart from this or any other
universe.
44. Key beliefs and values are contained in "The Four Noble Truths".
1. All existence is suffering or "dukkha."
There is nothing that permanently exists. Dukkha comes from a search to find
something permanent.
Suffering is an intrinsic part of life also experienced as dissatisfaction, discontent,
and unhappiness.
2. There is a cause of suffering, which is attachment and desire.
45. 3. There is a way out of suffering, which is to eliminate attachment and desire.
Suffering can end in enlightenment and the state known as nirvana, where all
action and interaction ceases.
Life is a continuing process of birth and death, but there is no soul that is
reborn, only the process of one moment giving rise to the next.
The form in which one is reborn, animal or human, in heaven or in hell,
depends on karma -impersonal ethical law.
One can escape from this process by attaining nirvana or enlightenment.
4. The path that leads out of suffering is called the Eightfold Path.
46. V. Nirvana
Nirvana can be reached by following the Eightfold Path of:
1. Right understanding
2. Right thinking
3. Right speaking
4. Right acting
5. Right lifestyle
6. Right effort
7. Right mindfulness
8. Right contemplation
47.
48.
49. VI. Theravada or Southern Buddhism
Its scriptures are preserved in the Pali Canon, an ancient India language closely related to
Sanskrit.
The name of the school means "Teachings of the Elders" which implies that this was the
most conservative school of Buddhism.
It's followed by 100 million in Southeast Asia: Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, Cambodia and
Laos.
50. VII. Mahayana or Eastern Buddhism
Mahayana can be characterized by its focus on:
1. Universalism - the belief that everyone will become a Buddha.
2. Tireless generosity, patience, energy, and wisdom in order to work for the benefit
of all living beings.
3. Enlightened individuals postpone entering into nirvana until all other beings have
also been saved.
4. The Buddha is a transcendental God-like figure who resides in the Pure Land
who can assist believers.
It is found in Korea, China, Japan and Vietnam. It is still a significant religion for a population
of 500 - 1,000 million.
51. VIII. Tibetan or Northern Buddhism
Its scriptures are preserved in Tibetan and
although its outlook is broadly Mahayana.
It is followed by 10 - 20 million in Tibet and
Mongolia and in parts of Nepal and Himalayan
India.
55. IX. Holy Books & Symbols
There are many collections of Buddhist teachings, usually specific to geographical regions,
which are regarded as important.
In addition to the Pali canon, sutras, containing the Buddha's advanced teaching, are
treasured by Mahayana Buddhists.