The document provides information on several major Asian religions including Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Shinto. It discusses the origins, basic beliefs, sacred texts, and other key aspects of each religion. The religions covered originate from different areas in Asia and have varying beliefs, but all have been historically and culturally influential in Asia.
Comparative analysis of judaism, christianity, andRhenidelGarejo
Comparative Analysis on the 3 monotheistic religion (WORLD RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEM)
DISCLAIMER: The author doesn't claim any title of ownership about the content of this presentation. For educational purpose only.
Comparative analysis of judaism, christianity, andRhenidelGarejo
Comparative Analysis on the 3 monotheistic religion (WORLD RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEM)
DISCLAIMER: The author doesn't claim any title of ownership about the content of this presentation. For educational purpose only.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
5. Origins
Islam originated in the Middle East. It builds up on
Jewish and Christian traditions.
The word Islam means both ―peace‖ and
―submission‖.
Its followers are called Muslims, or ―one who
submits to the will of God‖.
Mohammed received the revelation throughout 23
years, dictated by the archangel Gabriel. He
started preaching and Islam became a political as
well as religious movement.
6. God
Islam believes in one
god: Allah.
It is the same god
of Jews and
Christians.
Muhammed believed
he was restoring the
faith of Abraham,
which Jews and
Christians had strayed
from.
7. After Muhammed
The men who followed after Muhammed and saw
the expansion of his empire were called Caliphs.
Several dinasties then ruled the Islamic Empire.
The Muslim faith was divided into several sects:
Sunni – orthodox theology;
dominant force within Islam.
Shi’a – heavy emphasis on
the individual role of clerics;
the supreme leader is called
Imam.
Sufi – the mystics of Islam;
seek union with God through
contemplation.
8. Basic Beliefs
All events in life (both good and bad) are seen as a
trial from Allah for the life to come.
They believe in a reckoning with Allah, for the
choices and actions undertaken in a single human
life.
On the Day of Judgment, Allah will decide whether
individuals will go to Paraside or Hell.
Devout Christians and Jews can attain paradise as well.
Death is not because of our sins (original sin), but
simply a reality that brings us back to our Creator.
Muslims must follow the example of the Prophet.
9. The Five Pillars
Shahadah
―There is no God but God and Muhammed is His prophet‖
La ilaha ila Alah, Mohammed rasul Alah
Salat
Five daily prayers facing the Mecca
Zakat
Charity towards those in need
Ramadan
Fasting on the ninth month of the Muslim calendar
Hajj
Pilgrimage to the Mecca
10. Sacred Texts
Islam teaches social and personal codes or conduct
through:
Qur’an: the holy book
Sharia’ah: the Law
Sunnah: the prophet’s sayings
11. The Qur’an
Dictated to Muhammed by the archangel Gabriel:
Originally it was a verbal message, memorized and recited
by the prophet and his followers.
Today, it is written in Arabic.
This means all Muslims must learn Arabic in order to read
the Qur’an.
It consists of 114 chapters, each divided into
surahs.
Doctrinal messages
Historical accounts
―Mystical expressions of sublime beauty‖
12. Misconceptions about
Islam
Muslim [does not] equal Arab.
―Sword of Islam‖ forcibly [did not] impose Islam
on cultures conquered by the Muslim Empire.
Jihad, [not] meaning all Muslims must engage in a
holy war against those who do not accept Islam.
Jiahd means ―struggle‖ against the self first and
foremost.
Islam [does not] degrade and oppress women.
The Qur’an [does not] advocate the slaughter of
unbelievers or suicide attackers fighting for
Islam.
14. Origins
Hinduism is the name given to a family of religions
and cultures that began and still flourish in India.
The word "Hindu" comes
from the name of the river
Indus, which flows 1800
miles from Tibet through
Kashmir and Pakistan to
the sea.
Hinduism has no founder,
no creed, and no single
source of authority.
15. God
Belief in a single Divinity or supreme God that is
present in everything.
Each soul is individual and also part of that
Divinity.
Belief in other gods who are
aspects of that supreme Divinity.
Major Gods:
• Brama the creator
• Vishnu the preserver
• Shiva the detroyer
16. Basic Beliefs
For many Hindus, religion is a matter of practice
rather than of beliefs. It's more what you do than
what you believe.
Belief that every soul is trapped in a cycle of
birth and then death and then rebirth. Their
ultimate aim is escape from the cycle altogether.
This life, and this world, are only part of a
training process.
Hindus believe the universe doesn't have a
beginning and an end. It's a cyclical pattern, so
once it ends, it begins again.
17. Basic Beliefs
There are 4 legitimate goals in life
(purusharthas):
• dharma (appropriate living),
• artha (the pursuit of material gain by lawful means),
• kama (delight of the senses),
• moksha (release from rebirth).
Each Hindu has 4 daily duties:
• Revere the deities
• Respect ancestors
• Respect all beings
• Honour all humankind
18. Samsara
The quality of the next life depends on the soul's
Karma-the goodness or badness of their deeds in
this life.
The eternal cycle of birth and rebirth is called
Samsara. The process of the soul being reborn into
a new body is called Reincarnation.
Whether one is reborn into a better life, a worse
life, or even to live as an animal, depends on
Karma, which is the value of a soul's good and bad
deeds.
The ultimate aim of Hindus is liberation.
19. Sacred
Texts
Hinduism doesn't have a single scripture that is
regarded as uniquely authoritative.
Vedas – sacred hymns said to have existed forever.
Upanishads – mystical words
Brahmans – ritual instructions
Baghavad-Gita – sets out in story form the proper
way to behave and think.
Four paths to liberation:
• Throuh knowledge
• Through love
• Through work
• Through experimentation
20. Rituals
Most Hindus worship
at home and have a
shrine there. Hindu
temples are the focus
of religious life, but
there is not a strong
tradition of corporate
congregational
worship.
22. Origins
Buddhism has its origins in India.
The founder of Buddhism was Siddharta Gautama, who
lived in India from approximately 563 to 483 BC.
As a young man, Siddharta achieved an understanding of
the cause of suffering.
From then on, he was
known as the Buddha,
meaning ―the enlightened
one‖ or ―the one who is
awake‖.
23. God
Buddhism has no
omnipotent, creator God
who exists apart from
this or any other
universe.
Belief in a God of that
kind is not part of
Buddhism.
24. Basic Beliefs
In his sermons, Siddharta taught the four main ideas
that he had understood in his enlightenment. He calles
those ideas the four noble truths.
• First – Everything in life is suffering and sorrow.
• Second – The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for
the temporary pleasures of this world.
• Third – The way to end all suffering is to end all desires.
• Fourth – The way to overcome such desires and attain
enlightenment is to follow the Noble Eightfold Path, which is
called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial.
Following this path could lead to nirvana, release from
selfishness and pain.
25. Dukkha
All existence is dukkha; without permanence and
therefore filled with suffering. This comes from a
search to find something permanent in a world where
nothing permanently exists.
Life is a continuing process of birth and death, but the
soul remains. The form in which one is reborn, animal
or human, in heaven or in hell, depends on karma-
impersonal ethical law.
One can escape from this process by attaining nirvana
or enlightenment.
Enlightenment can be reached by following the
Eightfold Path.
26. The Eightfold
Path
The Noble Eightfold Path is made up of the following:
• Right views
• Right aspirations
• Right speech
• Right conduct
• Right livelihood
• Right endeavor
• Right mindfulness
• Right meditation
27. Sacred Texts
There are many collections
of Buddhist teachings,
usually specific to
geographical regions, that
are regarded as important.
In addition to the Pali
canon, sutras, containing
the Buddha's advanced
teaching, are treasured by
Mahayana Buddhists.
There is no text directly
written by Buddha.
28. Worship
Statues of the Buddha appear in many forms and sizes
throughout Asia.
Because of the idea that anyone can reincarnate in any
form (even animals or
insects) buddhists are
encouraged to respect
all forms of life.
30. Origins
Originated in China, with the
teachings of Confucius.
He lived in a time of great
turmoil in China and tried to
find a way for people to
achieve a better life.
It is debatable whether
confucianism can be called a
religion.
There is no worship of God.
Confucianism can actually
coexist with many religions.
31. Basic Beliefs
Cultivation of virtue is a central tenet of
Confucianism.
Lǐ — ritual. This originally meant "to sacrifice." This refers
to proper behavior and following rituals.
Xiào — filial piety, This was considered among the greatest
of virtues, and had to be shown towards both the living and
the dead.
Zhōng — loyalty. Refering to the relationship between ruler
and minister.
Rén — humaneness. the Confucian version of the Golden
Rule, which is phrased in the negative: "Do not do to others
what you would not like them to do to you."
Jūnzǐ — the perfect gentleman. Those who cultivate
themselves morally and follow all proscriptions.
32. Social Order
Society could have social order, harmony and good
government if it was organized around five basic
relationships:
Ruler and Subject
Father and Son
Husband and Wife
Older brother and Younger brother
Friend and Friend
A code of proper conduct regulates each of these
relationships.
33. Sacred Texts
The teachings of Confucius
are contained in the
Analects, a collection of his
sayings as remembered and
recorded by his students.
As this book is a compilation
of pieces of conversations,
questions and answers, or
slices of Confucius' life, there
is no account of a coherent
system of thought.
The I Ching is a manual of divination for those
seeking guidance.
35. Origins
Also known as ―daoism‖.
Based on the teaching of
Lao-Tzu.
Tao literally means ―path‖
or ―the way‖.
It has a rich history that
criss-crosses that of
Confucianism.
There is no god;
Confucianism is more like a
philosophy of life.
36. Basic Beliefs
The individual should seek the truth by means of a
patient, accepting focus on natural patterns.
Practices like feng shui are designed to work with those natural
patterns.
Rejects Confucian emphasis on social hierarchy.
Emphasizes spontaneity and self-reliance. Rejects
calculated, goal-oriented efforts.
Refrains from trying to influence political or social
institutions.
37. Sacred Texts
Derives from the
Tao Te Ching.
One of the most
moving and
sublime
achievements of
Chinese culture.
39. Origins
Indigenous, nature focused religion of Japan
that incorporates ancient mythological rites.
The Emperor of Japan is regarded as a direct
descendant of Amaterasu (God).
Shinto is completely assimilated into Japanese
day-to-day tradition and customs.
It has no founder.
Nature worhips; with reverence of nature
spirits.
Kami – something possesing a power that an
individual believer does not have.
40. Basic Beliefs
Emphasized harmony of natural beauty and a
poetic appreciation of reality.
Natural events are considered to be
manifestations of heavenly energy within
Shinto.
Core beliefs:
Affirmation of family and tradition.
Affirmation of reverence toward nature.
Affirmation of physical cleanliness.
Affirmation of matsuri, or festivals held in honor of
one or more kami.
41. Sacred Texts
The mythological history
known as kojiki, or
―documents of ancient
matters‖.
Deal with the ancient age
of spirits as well as court
proceedings, but they are
not considered inspired
writings of faith.
Editor's Notes
Source:Toropov, Brandon and FatherLukeBuckles. The Complete Idiot’s Guide toWorldReligions. ThirdEdition. Alpha: UnitedStates, 2004.
Source:“Map of worldreligions.” Mapsorama.com. 21 october 2009 <http://www.mapsorama.com/map-of-world-religions/>.