This document discusses electric relays. It begins by defining an electric relay as an automatic device that senses abnormal electric circuit conditions and closes its contacts. It then describes the basic components and operating principles of different types of relays, including electromagnetic, solid-state, and microprocessor-based relays. The document also covers relay applications, terminology, advantages, disadvantages, and concludes by emphasizing the importance of relays for safety and protection in electric systems.

1. Date of submission
25 /Aug/2016
Submitted By:
ADITYA RANJAN DAS
Rgdn.No-1301294170
Session -2013-2017
Seminar Report of 7th
Semester, EEE JULY 2016-AUGUST 2016
ELECTRIC RELAY
RAAJDHANI ENGINEERING
COLLEGEHOD Of Dept.EEE:
PROF. A.K.JENA
Guided By:
PROF. S.BHOL
Dept. EEE

2. INTRODUCTION
• Electric Relays are electrical switches that open or close another
circuit under certain conditions.
• Electric Relay is a device designed to trip a circuit breaker when
fault is detected ,Generally Relays are electromagnetic devices
• The need to act quickly to protect circuit to protect equipments and
trip a breaker with in a few thousands of seconds.
• Electromechanical Relay use at Hydroelectrical Plant.

3. What is Electric Relay?
An Electric Relay is a
automatic device which
senses an abnormal
condition of electric circuit
and closes its contacts
Relays were invented in
1835 by American
electromagnetism
pioneer Joseph Henry, in
a demonstration

4. Electric Relay
An Electric Relay is a smart device that receive inputs, compares
them to set points, and provide outputs .
Inputs can be current ,voltage ,resistance or temperature
Outputs can include visual feedback in the form of
indicator lights.
A diagram is shown below :-
PROTECTIVE
RELAY output
input
setting
PROTECTIVE RELAY
output
input
setting
Current
Voltage
Insulation
Temperature
Pick
up levels
Time
Visual
indication
Warning
alarm
Remove
power

5. Electric Relays Types
Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)
EMRs consist of an input coil that's wound to accept a
particular voltage signal, plus a set of one or more contacts
that rely on an armature (or lever) activated by the energized
coil to open or close an electrical circuit.
Solid-state Relays (SSRs)
SSRs use semiconductor output instead of mechanical
contacts to switch the circuit. The output device is optically-
coupled to an LED light source inside the relay. The relay is
turned on by energizing this LED, usually with low-voltage DC
power.
Microprocessor Based Relays
Use microprocessor for switching mechanism. Commonly
used in power system monitoring and protection.

6. How an Electric Relays Works

7.  An Electric Relay is an electrically operated
switch.
Current flowing through the coil of the
Electric relay creates a magnetic field which
attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts.

8. Advantages/Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES :-
• Simplicity
• Mechanical Wear
• Faster than EMR
• No sparking between contacts
• Much higher precision and more reliable &
durable.
• Capable of both digital & analog I/O. Electric
Relays can switch AC and DC.
• Electric Relays can switch higher voltages.
• Electric Relays are often a better choice for
switching large currents (>5 A).
• Electric Relays can switch many contacts at
once.

9. DISADVANTAGE:-
•The contacts becoming worn, resulting in a limited life
span.
• That they don't perform that well when it comes to
switching high inrush currents.
•Not expensive ,No Mechanical movements & High Cost
•Electric Relay cant switch Rapidly because relay use mor
power due to the current flowing through the coil

10. Terms related to Electric Relay
Pick up level of actuating signal:-The value of actuating
quantity (voltage or current) which on threshold above which
the Electric Relays initiates to be operated.
Reset level:- The value of electric current or voltage below
which a Electric Relays open its contacts and comes in
original position.
Operating time of relay:-The time which elapses between the
instant when actuating quantity exceeds the pick up value to
the instant when the Electric Relays contacts close.
Reset time:-The time which elapses between the instant
when the actuating quantity becomes less than the reset
value to the instant when relay contacts return to its normal
position.

11. Secondary relays:- The Electric Relays which are connected in
the circuit to be protected through current and potential
transformer.
Auxiliary Relays:- The Electric Relays which operate in
response to opening or closing of its operating circuit to assist
another relay in the performance of its function.
Reach:- A distance Electric Relays operates whenever the
impedance seen by the relay is less than a pre specified value.
Under reached value:- The tendency of relay to restrain at
the set value of impedance or impedance lower than the set
value is known as under reached.
Over reached:- The tendency of the Electric Relays to operate
at impedances larger than its setting.
Primary relay:-The which are connected directly in the circuit
to be protected.

12. OPERATING PRINCIPLE
 There are really only two fundamentally different operating
principles,
1. Electromagnetic attraction
2. Electromagnetic induction
 Electromagnetic attraction relays operate by virtue of a
plunger being drawn into a solenoid.
 Electromagnetic induction relays use the principle of the
induction motor whereby torque is developed by induction in
a rotor.

13. How Electric Relay looks

14. How Electric Relay Works

15. Single Line diagram of Electric Relay

16. TYPES OF RELAY
Types of protection relays are mainly based on their
characteristics ,logic, on actuating parameter & operation
mechanism.
 Based on operation of mechanism
1. Electromagnetic relay
2. Static relay
3. Mechanical relay
 Based on actuating parameter
1. Current relay
2. voltage relay
3. Frequency relay
4. Power relay

17.  Based on characteristics
 Definite time relay
 Inverse time relay with definite minimum
 Instantaneous relays
 IDMT with Instrument
 Stepped characteristics
 Programmed switches
 Voltage restraint over electric current relay
Based on application
1. Primary relay
2. Back up relay

18.  Based on logic
1. Differential
2. Unbalance
3. Neutral displacement
4. Direction
5. Restricted earth fault
6. Over fluxing
7. Distance scheme
8. Bus bar protection
9. Reserve power relay
10. Loss of excitation
11. Negative phase sequence relay

19.  A protective Electric Relays may respond to the magnitude of a
quantity such as voltage or current. Induction types of relay can
respond to the product of two quantities in two fields
 Several operating coils can be used to provide "bias" to the relay,
allowing the sensitivity of response in one circuit to be controlled by
another.
By use of a permanent magnet in the magnetic circuit, an Electric
Relays can be made to respond to current in one direction differently
from in another.
. For AC circuits, the principle is extended with a polarizing winding
connected to a reference voltage source.
Operating Principles

20.  Electric Relays may be “Normally Open”, or “Normally Closed”.
One pair of contacts are classed as Normally Open, (NO) or
make contacts and another set which are classed as Normally
Closed, (NC) or break contacts .
 In the normally open position, the contacts are closed only when
the field current is “ON” and the switch contacts are pulled
towards the inductive coil.
 In the normally closed position, the contacts are permanently
closed when the field current is “OFF” as the switch contacts return
to their normal position.
 These terms Normally Open, Normally Closed (NONC) or Make
and Break Contacts refer to the state of the electrical contacts
when the relay coil is “de-energized”, i.e, no supply voltage
connected to the inductive coil.

21. General connection of Electric Relay

22. Typical 5 Pin Relay Pin Identification

23. Conclusion
 Electric Relays control output circuits of a much
higher power.
 Safety will increased
 Protective relays are essential for keeping faults in
the system isolated and keep equipment from being
damaged.
 Its also a protective device