India as a country has undergone many changes since its attainment of independence 68 years ago. Economic, social and political aspirations of the people have also undergone tremendous changes. The various political parties, organizations, movements are the guiding force behind these changes. Especially Politics, inter alia, plays an important role in shaping the people’s perception of their country, of their development and well-being. The political party in power in a particular region and its ideology vastly determines the conditions of the people of that region. Hence the birth of any political party has direct connection with the well-being of its citizens.
What is Communalism?
It is basically an ideology which consists of three elements:-
• A belief that people who follow the same religion have common secular interests i.e. they have same political, economic and social interests. So, here socio- political communalities arises.
• A notion that, in a multi-religious society like India, these common secular interests of one religion are dissimilar and divergent from the interests of the follower of another religion.
• The interests of the follower of the different religion or of different ‘communities’ are seen to be completely incompatible, antagonist and hostile.
Communalism is political trade in religion. It is an ideology on which communal politics is based. And communal violence are conjectural consequences of communal ideology.
Communalism is the greatest threat to India's existence and need to be handled with care
What is Communalism?
It is basically an ideology which consists of three elements:-
• A belief that people who follow the same religion have common secular interests i.e. they have same political, economic and social interests. So, here socio- political communalities arises.
• A notion that, in a multi-religious society like India, these common secular interests of one religion are dissimilar and divergent from the interests of the follower of another religion.
• The interests of the follower of the different religion or of different ‘communities’ are seen to be completely incompatible, antagonist and hostile.
Communalism is political trade in religion. It is an ideology on which communal politics is based. And communal violence are conjectural consequences of communal ideology.
Communalism is the greatest threat to India's existence and need to be handled with care
The land revenue was a major source of income for the rulers from ancient times.To increase the income the British introduced a number of systems of tax collection.
A helpful powerpoint presentation that covers the entire chapter 15 of class 12 NCERT in the form of short bullet points. Extremely informative with pictures and extra information from outside the book to give a more in-depth understanding of the chapter
The land revenue was a major source of income for the rulers from ancient times.To increase the income the British introduced a number of systems of tax collection.
A helpful powerpoint presentation that covers the entire chapter 15 of class 12 NCERT in the form of short bullet points. Extremely informative with pictures and extra information from outside the book to give a more in-depth understanding of the chapter
Do you want to be a good presiding officer......INDIA ELECTION 2014- DUTY OF POLLING OFFICERS.- ppt uploaded by T J Joseph Additional Tahsildar Pala, Kottayam.Mob 944464502-
Once again Simplify 360 has come up with an interesting analysis in a report – “Indian Election 2014, Social Media Buzz Analysis Report”. The report analyses and ranks top politicians and political parties based upon the social media buzz and Simplify 360 Social Index. The report analyses the social media buzz of political parties and leaders before and after Delhi Election.
Coalition is a direct descendant of the exigencies of multi-party system in a democratic setup. It is a phenomenon of a multi-party government where a number of minority parties join hands for the purpose of running the government.
A coalition is formed when many splinter groups in a House agree to join hands on a common platform by sinking their broad differences and form a majority in the House.
As far as definition is concerned there is difference between coalition politics and political alliance. A political alliance, also referred to as a political coalition, political bloc, is an agreement for cooperation between different political parties on common political agenda, often for purposes of contesting an election to mutually benefit by collectively clearing election thresholds, or otherwise benefiting from characteristics of the voting system or for government formation after elections.
A coalition government is formed when a political alliance comes to power, or when only a plurality (not a majority) has not been reached and several parties must work together to govern. One of the peculiarities of such a method of governance results in Minister of State without Portfolio
Caste and community polarization .pptxKhushiLodhi1
Caste and community polarization refers to the societal division and conflict based on caste identities or community affiliations. This polarization often manifests through political, social, and economic spheres, leading to tensions, discrimination, and violence between different caste or community groups. It can result in marginalization, inequality, and hinder the progress towards social harmony and unity. Addressing caste and community polarization requires efforts to promote inclusivity, equal rights, and understanding among diverse groups within society.
PARTIES AND THE PARTY SYSTEM
WHAT IS A POLITICAL PARTY
Two party system
Types of party system
One party system
MULTI-PARTY SYSTEM
Indian context
How did congress win the elect
Why was the congress dominant
SOCIAL COALITION
Congress as an ideological
IDEOLOGICAL COALITION
Ram manohar lohia
Deen dayal upadhyaya
Integral Humanism
philosophy of Integral Humanis
Autonomy of Society
Supremacy of Dharma
Primacy of whole, not part
Democracy & Governance in India
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Federalism In India 1 Federalism in India PrachiChereCheek752
Federalism In India 1
Federalism in India
Prachita Uprety
Minnesota State University, Mankato
Federalism in India 2
Introduction
India is a diverse country with a population of 1.3 billion, with people of different religions,
hundreds of ethnicities, thousands of sub-castes many of whom only reside in one state.
Democracy gets unpleasant in a homogenous region, let alone such a diverse nation. To function
properly, India has been divided into 29 states (currently), and the states have their own
government. This paper will discuss the importance and evolution of federalism in a multi-
ethnic, multi-cultural country called India.
Evolution of Federalism in India
Federalism is a specific form of fragmentation of political power. Federations show an
architecture of government with dual structures, driven by a combination of self-rule and shared
rule. In a federal system, both constituent units and the central government have constitutionally
recognized autonomous powers to interact directly with citizens. Both the center and the regions
have their own fiscal bases and are directly accountable through elections. Central governments
enjoy a much stronger institutional position than sub-national governments (Beramendi, 2009).
Regionalization is important in a country as diverse as India as it would be strenuous for the
central government to govern such diverse people. “The first phase of regionalization in India
(1952-1967) started when one-party system was popular, Congress dominated state-based parties
in some states but at an all-India level they played a marginal role. India’s first electoral system
was not taken seriously and had little participation. The initial changes to the Congress Party pre-
eminence came in 1967 when the party was defeated by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
(DMK) in Madras, Tamil Nadu for the first time, where the DMK party opposed the imposition
of Hindi being the sole national language of the country. During this period, Congress Party
Federalism in India 3
remained unchallenged as the party of government in New Delhi, the capital, but the
competitiveness of politics increased in other regions.
In the second phase (1967-1989) the Congress party was represented by Indira Gandhi. During
this period, Congress with Indira Gandhi were the central pole and opposition parties coalesced.
In the 1980s, newer generation of regional parties opposed Indira Gandhi’s centralized
leadership and intervened in regional conflicts in Assam and Punjab. In 1983, the Telugu Desam
Party defeated Congress in state elections over Andhra Pradesh, in 1977 All India Anna DMK
had defeated Congress in Tamil Nadu. The country’s first non-Congress government formed by
the Janata Party in 1977 also gave space to new regional voices. By the end of this phase, the
issues of central-state relations and demand for more regional autonomy divided politica ...
Similar to Regional parties and its implications in India (20)
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Leaders are often faced with ethical conundrums(a confusing and difficult problem or question). So how can they determine when they’re inching toward dangerous territory? There are three main psychological dynamics that lead to crossing moral lines.
There’s omnipotence: when someone feels so aggrandized and entitled that they believe the rules of decent behavior don’t apply to them.
Consider cultural numbness: when others play along and gradually begin to accept and embody deviant norms.
Finally, when people don’t speak up because they are thinking of more immediate rewards, we see justified neglect.
Generally most people mean well, but simply execute their job poorly sometimes and sometimes, there are BAD bosses. We must learn “to Work "on Bad Boss
According to dictionary.com, “to work” something or someone is to put them into effective operation, to operate that thing or person for productive purposes.
Put your Bad Boss into effective operation to get whatever you want in your job or career by learning your boss’s secret desire and secret fear
Two biggest issues of Bad Boss are:
They can negatively impact our work performance.
They can make life miserable
We often hear “being difficult.” about Bad Boss. It’s hard to know exactly where the difficulty lie. All we know is it is difficult to work successfully with this person.
An incompetent person is someone who is
Functionally inadequate or
Insufficient in Knowledge, Skills, Judgment, or Strength
Mindset is a mental attitude that determines how we interpret and respond to situations.
Dweck has found that it is your mindset that plays a significant role in determining achievement and success.
A mindset refers to whether you believe qualities such as intelligence and talent are fixed or changeable traits.
People with a fixed mindset believe that these qualities are inborn, fixed, and unchangeable.
Those with a growth mindset, on the other hand, believe that these abilities can be developed and strengthened by way of commitment and hard work.
Story of Katalin Karikó, a researcher who won the Nobel prize for medicine for her work on modifying the RNA molecule to avoid triggering a harmful immune response is a classical example of mindset.
Yet, her life was full of rejection and doubt.
Her achievement had much to do with her mindset.
A theory is a based upon a hypothesis and backed by evidence.
A theory presents a concept or idea that is testable.
In science, a theory is not merely a guess.
A theory is a fact-based framework for describing a phenomenon.
In psychology, theories are used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Hence study of Psychology theory is essential for SSB and all types of Interviewas it helps us to understand our own developmental psychology.k
Personality theorists should study normal individuals
All behavior is interactive
The person must be studied in terms of interactions with their environment
The brain is the locus of personality
There is a biological basis to personality
Definition of Personality
1- Personality is an abstraction formulated by a theorist.
2- It refers to series of events that ideally span over life time from childhood to adulthood
3-It reflects novel, unique, recurrent and enduring patterns of behaviours – his education and training .
4- Personality is located in brain- imagination, perception
5.Personality comprises the person’s central organizing and governing processes, whose function is to
Resolve conflicts,
Satisfy needs, and
Plan for future goals.
” Emotions are complex psychological states involving three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response”
"Discovering Psychology," by Don Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury
In 1972, psychologist Paul Ekman suggested that there are six basic emotions that are universal throughout human cultures: fear, disgust, anger, surprise, joy, and sadness.
In the 1980s, Robert Plutchik introduced another emotion classification system known as the wheel of emotions. This model demonstrated how different emotions can be combined or mixed together, much like the way an artist mixes primary colors to create other colors.
Plutchik proposed eight primary emotional dimensions: joy vs. sadness, anger vs. fear, trust vs. disgust, and surprise vs. anticipation.
These emotions can then be combined to create others, such as happiness + anticipation = excitement.
In 1999, Ekman expanded his list to include a number of other basic emotions, including embarrassment, excitement, contempt, shame, pride, satisfaction, and amusement
Anger is an intense emotion you feel when
Something has gone wrong or
Someone has wronged you.
It is typically characterized by feelings of
Stress,
Frustration, and
Irritation.
Anger is a perfectly normal response to frustrating or difficult situations.
Anger only becomes a problem when
It’s excessively displayed and
Begins to affect your daily functioning and the way you relate with people.
Anger can range in intensity, from a slight annoyance to rage.
It can sometimes be excessive or irrational.
In these cases, it can be hard to keep the emotion in check and could cause you to behave in ways you wouldn’t otherwise behave.
Cognitive distortions are
Negative or irrational patterns of thinking.
Simply ways that Impostor Syndrome convinces us to believe things that aren’t really true.
Inaccurate thought patterns that
Reinforce our negative self perception and
Keep us feeling bad about ourselves
These negative thought patterns can play a role in
Diminishing our motivation,
Lowering our self-esteem
Contributing to problems like
Anxiety,
Depression, and
Substance use.
Trauma Bonding is the attachment an abused person feels for their abuser, specifically in a relationship with a cyclical pattern of abuse.
Is created due to a cycle of abuse and positive reinforcement
After each circumstance of abuse, the abuser professes love, regret, and trying to make the relationship feel safe and needed for the abused person.
Hence Abused
Finds leaving an abusive situation confusing and overwhelming
Involves positive and/or loving feelings for an abuser
Also feel attached to and dependent on their abuser.
Emotional abuse involves controlling another person by using emotions to Criticize , Embarrass ,Shame ,Blame or
Manipulate .
To be abusive there must be a consistent pattern of abusive words and bullying behaviours that Wear down a person’s Self-esteem and Undermine Their mental health.
Most common in married relationships,
Mental or emotional abuse can occur in any relationship—including among
Friends
Family members and
Co-workers
Attachment-related patterns that differ between individuals are commonly called "attachment styles."
There seems to be an association between a person’s attachment characteristics early in life and in adulthood, but the correlations are far from perfect.
Many adults feel secure in their relationships and comfortable depending on others (echoing “secure” attachment in children).
Others tend to feel anxious about their connection with close others—or prefer to avoid getting close to them in the first place (echoing “insecure” attachment in children).
Borderline personality disorder, characterized by a longing for intimacy and a hypersensitivity to rejection, have shown a high prevalence and severity of insecure attachment.
Attachment styles in adulthood (similar to attachment patterns in children):
Secure
Anxious-preoccupied (high anxiety, low avoidance)
Dismissing-avoidant (low anxiety, high avoidance)
Fearful-avoidant (high anxiety, high avoidance)
Conduct disorder is an ongoing pattern of behaviour marked by emotional and behavioural problems.
Ways in which Children with conduct disorder behave are
Angry,
Aggressive,
Argumentative, and
Disruptive ways.
It is a diagnosable mental health condition that is characterized by patterns of violating
Societal norms and
Rights of others
It's estimated that around 3% of school-aged children have conduct disorder and require professional treatment .
It is more common in boys than in girls.
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric disorder that typically emerges in childhood, between ages 6 and 8, and can last throughout adulthood.
ODD is more than just normal childhood tantrums
Frequency and severity of ODD causes difficulty at home and at school.
Children with ODD also struggle with learning problems related to their behavior.
Two types of oppositional defiant disorder:
Childhood-onset ODD:
Present from an early age
Requires early intervention and treatment to prevent it from progressing into a more serious conduct disorder
Adolescent-onset ODD:
Begins suddenly in the middle- and high-school years, causing conflict at home and in school
There have been at least 13 different types of intelligence that have been identified so far.
These different ways of being smart can help people perform in different areas from their personal life, business, to sports and relationships.
Attachment is an emotional bond with another person. John Bowlby described attachment as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings.“
Earliest bonds formed by children (with caregivers) have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life and Attachment so developed
Serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's chances of survival.
Are innate drive Children are born with and is a product of evolutionary processes
Emerges and are regulated through the process of natural selection,
Are characterized by clear behavioural and motivation patterns.
Nurturance and responsiveness were the primary determinants of attachment.
Children who maintained proximity to an attachment figure were more likely to
Receive comfort and protection, and
More likely to survive to adulthood.
e-RUPI is a person and purpose-specific cashless e-voucher designed to guarantee
that the stored money value reaches its intended beneficiary and can only be used for
the specific benefit or purpose for which it was intended. The idea is to create a minimal
logistics, leak-proof delivery mechanism for a wide range of government Direct Benefit
Transfer (DBT) programs across the country. The digital e-voucher platform can also
be used by organizations who wish to support welfare services through e-RUPI instead
of cash
The term ‘Moonlighting’ became popular in America when people started working a second job in addition to their regular 9-to-5 jobs. Since the rise of the work-from-home concept during the pandemic, employees got free time after work hours. While some took up their hobby in their free time, others started searching for part-time jobs. Especially in the IT industry, employees took up two jobs simultaneously and took advantage of the remote working model. This concept of working for two companies/organisations is referred to as moonlighting.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. Emergence of Regional Parties and its Implications
India as a country has undergone many changes since its attainment of independence 68 years
ago. Economic, social and political aspirations of the people have also undergone tremendous
changes. The various political parties, organizations, movements are the guiding force behind
these changes. Especially Politics, inter alia, plays an important role in shaping the people’s
perception of their country, of their development and well-being. The political party in power in
a particular region and its ideology vastly determines the conditions of the people of that region.
Hence the birth of any political party has direct connection with the well-being of its citizens.
The initial 20 years of the independence (Nehruvian Era) saw the consolidation of Congress
party which was seen by the people as “Party that brought independence to the nation”. This is
largely attributed to the fact that many national leaders were the members of the Congress Party
and people were happy to lead their lives under the safe haven of their beloved freedom fighters.
Even though there were communist and other factional parties before independence, they never
had the public support that Congress enjoyed. The likes of Gandhi, Nehru, Sardar Vallabhai
Patel, Morarji Desai, Rajagopalachari, Dr.Rajendra Prasad and others made it difficult for other
parties to establish themselves firmly.
The emergence of multi-party system can be explained by the three major events that shaped the
existing system of Governance:
1. Demise of Nehru
2. Emergency proclamation
3. Formation of Janata Party government
Demise of Nehru
Under Nehru the Congress leadership never deviated from the Gandhian values and the Congress
Party as a whole acted with great restraint before taking any major decisions that would affect
the unity of the people (e.g. Laws against Property, Privy Purses and others which had national
impact were debated before taking any hasty decisions).
The first decade after Independence resulted in political skirmishes , the difference in ideologies
and a mildly authoritarian stance of Nehru led to the departure of many nationalist leaders and
establishment of new political, parties. Shyam Prasad Mookherjee founded Bharatiya Jana
Sangh in 1951 after resigning from Congress over differences with Nehru on 1950 Delhi pact.
The Congress Party received a further jolt when C.Rajagopalachari resigned from Congress
over differences in Socialist agenda of Nehru and established Swatantra Party in 1959.They
advocated free enterprise and free trade, and opposing the licence-permit Raj. Bharatiya Jana
Sangh (later BJP) would later establish itself as a pro-Hindu party, the first electorate division on
communal lines has started. Swatantra Party succeeded in propagating the liberal policies while
condemning the socialist propaganda of the Nehru’s congress.
2. In spite of all these, the towering figure of Nehru, his charisma sustained in upholding the
populism. This was to change after Nehru’s death and the untimely demise of his successor Lal
Bahadur Shastri.
Suddenly Congress was seen itself fighting over who should succeed them and after a long
debate the syndicate members decided upon who Indira Gandhi, who they thought could be
easily controlled. Alas!! How wrong they were.
The election of Indira Gandhi as the Prime Minister of India can be considered as the cornerstone
in Indian history. In her first 10 years as PM, she left no stone unturned in destroying the
foundations of the democracy (the means through which she achieved it, is a story in itself).
Though the Nehruvian Era succeeded in maintaining the social harmony, Economic harmony
was always eluding. The country’s economic growth was abysmally low, staggering levels of
Literacy and poverty, difference between the rich and the poor was at its pinnacle. Nehru was
struck between “his idealism and pragmatism”. On the one hand his idealism made him bound
to the Constitution, on the other he was driven by the pragmatism which demanded to forego the
constitutionalism to achieve socialism for the benefit of people.
Emergency Proclamation (26th June 1976- 21st March 1978)
The next generation of leadership, headed by Indira Gandhi followed no restraint in achieving
what they believe would benefit the poor masses. In pursuing Socialism they went a little
overboard by trying to curb the independence of Judiciary, which it thought was intervening in
government’s endeavor to achieve social equality. Although it was evident from the Golak Nath
Case, Privy Purses case and Bank Nationalization case that Judiciary was intervening in
achieving Socialism, Indira Gandhi took this as an advantage to propagate Parliamentary
supremacy over judicial supremacy. Even at this juncture too, people were supporting her for her
genuine intention to bring social equality. Then came the Emergency proclamation.
With its draconian intention to save her Prime Ministership and the events aftermath laid
foundations in the people’s mind to look for an alternative to Indira and congress. This
alternative showed up in the form of Jayaprakash Narayan(Socialist Party) , Morarji Desai
(Congress(o) formed after the split in Congress in 1969 under the leadership of Syndicate
members consisting of Kamaraj ,S.K Patil, Desai himself), Charan Singh (Bharatiya Lok Dal),
Advani (Bharatiya Jana Sangh), Jagjivan Ram (Congress for Democracy)and few others.
The preventive detention of JP, Advani, Vajpayee, Madhu Dandavate and few other opposition
leaders under Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) further worsened Indira popularity
among masses. The Emergency although gained popularity initially soon saw itself rolling down
the ramp. The 38th, 39th, 41st and 42nd amendments became very unpopular among the people and
intellectuals.
Formation of Janata Government:
3. Indira Gandhi announced the elections on 18th January 1978 for reason beyond the
comprehension of even the political experts. The following day the political detenus were
released. Jayaprakash Narayan called upon all the parties to unite and fight against Indira
Gandhi. Everyone obliged and Janata Party was formed by the merger of Bharatiya Lok Dal,
Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Congress for Democracy, Congress (o).The elections that were held in
March resulted in the victory of Janata Government, the first non-congress government was thus
successfully elected. Though it lasted for just 16 months owning to internal skirmishes and lack
of proper leadership, it played a pivotal role in restoring the Constitution through 43rd and 44th
amendments. Janata Party soon disintegrated and its allies found themselves alone fighting the
mighty congress again. Split was due to the withdrawal of support by Charan Singh owing to the
temptation from Indira Gandhi to become the PM with INC(I) support, which it never got. The
Bharatiya Jana Sangh reinvented itself as Bharatiya Janata Party. Soon the disintegrated parties
found out that proper organizational structure and leadership hierarchy is required to consolidate
themselves.
These 3 events showed that Congress supremacy can be defeated and people began thinking that
Congress as an organization is not necessary for their upliftment. They realized that they need a
leader of good qualities to lead them rather than following an organization, they started voting
people who promised good future. This started the emergence of multiple local parties which
enchased people’s sentiments on the lines of language, ethnicity and religion. The effect of these
will be seen from 1989. The results General Elections of 1980 and 84 can be ignored since the
former was due to the inability of the Janata Party and the latter can largely be attributed to the
sympathy generated due to the assassination of Indira Gandhi.
The 1989 assembly elections and the subsequent elections resulted in the rise of regional parties
and their consolidation and the fall of INC (I). The 1984 elections was the last election in which
single party got the clear mandate to form a government at the centre and waited till 2014 to give
BJP under Modi a clear mandate . All the elections thereafter resulted in coalition governments,
which is the clear indication of the influence of regional politics.
By 1989 already few regional parties had established themselves as the alternative to the
Congress Party.
1. The DMK and AIADMK almost eliminated INC (I) from the electoral race in Tamil
Nadu since 1962 elections.
2. The Telugu Desam Party (TDP) of Andhra Pradesh ,which was formed on the sentiment
of preserving self-respect of Telugus proved itself a strong opponent from 1985 elections
and it has become one and only opponent to INC(I) since then.
3. The CPI (M) which is part of the Left Front in West Bengal won every election since
1977, when it first came to power, until the last general elections in 2009. The 2009
election was won by UPA (INC+TMC).
4. The Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) had already established itself firmly in punjab. It had
already emerged as the single largest party in 1969, 1972, 1977 and 1985. Shiromani
Akali Dal considers itself as representatives of Sikhs in Punjab who constitute 60% of the
population.
4. 5. The Jammu-Kashmir National Conference (JKN) founded by Sheikh-Abdullah and later
headed by his Farooq Abdullah won every election from 1977 till 2002.
The 1989 Lok-sabha elections once again proved that an alternative government at the centre can
be formed and it is the first coalition government of India. The Bofors Scandal proved decisive
in the outcome of the results. The National Front government was formed by the coalition of
Janata Dal, DMK, TDP, Asom Gana Parishad (formed in 1985 after Assam Accord) parties.
However the 1989 and 1990 general assembly elections are of importance to us because for the
first time since Independence, a party other than INC formed the government in many states.
1989 State assembly elections:
1. Uttar Pradesh: Janata Dal
2. Madhya Pradesh: BJP
1990 State assembly elections:
1. Bihar: JD
2. Orissa: JD
3. Rajasthan: BJP+JD
4. Gujarat: BJP+JD
These states in addition to Tamil Nadu (DMK), Punjab (SAD) and West Bengal (CPI(M)),
Assam (AGP) meant that non-congress governments were formed at 7 of the 10 most populous
states in India (3 exceptions were AP, Karnataka and Maharashtra).
Even this government could not last long since Chandra Shekar broke away from the Janata Dal
with 64 MPs and formed the Samajwadi Janata Party in 1990, and became 11th PM of India
with the outside support of Congress. He had to resign later since Congress again played a
spoilsport and withdrew its support alleging the government that it was spying on Rajiv Gandhi.
By this time almost all the major parties that are ruling in various states had established their
vote base among the vibrant voters. Some parties through religion (BJP), some on caste and
backward classes (Bahujan Samaj Party ), some on cultural and linguistic chauvinism ( Shiv
Sena, TDP, SAD, Jharkhand Mukti Morcha etc), some on minorities (AIMIN, Indian union
Muslim League) etc.
The parties that were formed after 1990 are either rebel groups of already established parties (
JD(s)) or the parties that are formed by the leaders of the existing parties parting their ways (
Samajwadi Party).
1. The Samata Party is a political party in India. Initially formed as an offshoot of the
Janata Dal in 1994 by Nitish Kumar and George Fernandes. The reason given was that
the Janata Dal had shifted to casteism.
5. 2. Samajwadi Party (literally, Socialist Party) based in the state of Uttar Pradesh founded
on October 4, 1992 was one of several parties that emerged when the Janata Dal
fragmented. It describes itself as a democratic socialist party and is mainly representing
the interests of a caste grouping called Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
3. The Janata Dal (United) was formed before the 1999 General Elections when a faction
led by then Karnataka Chief Minister J H Patel lent support to the National
Democratic Alliance led by BJP. This led to the split in the Janata Dal leading to the
formation of Janata Dal (Secular) under H. D. Deve Gowda, who wanted to remain equi-
distant from both national parties; and Janata Dal under Sharad Yadav. On October 30,
2003, the Samata Party led by George Fernandes and Nitish Kumar merged with the
Janata Dal (United). The merged entity was called Janata Dal (United) with the arrow
symbol of Janata Dal (United) and the green and white flag of the Samata Party.
4. The Biju Janata Dal (BJD) is a state political party of Orissa led by Naveen Patnaik, son
of former state chief minister Biju Patnaik. It was founded on 27 December 1997 due to
the split from Janata Dal over its failure to ally with the BJP.
5. The Trinamool Congress (TMC) was formed by the former Congress leader Mamata
Banerjee.
The Samajwadi Party formed the government in UP for the first time under Mulayam Singh
Yadav in 1993–1995 and later in 2003–2007 and presently his son Akhilesh Yadav leads the SP
government in UP.
The Bahujan Samaj Party though formed the government 4 times (3 Jun 1995-18 Oct 1995 , 21
Mar 1997-21 Sep 1997, 3 May 2002-29 Aug 2003, 13 May 2007-7 March 2012) under
Mayawati it was only once did she managed to complete the 5 year term successfully.
The combined might of both these local parties, one with minority support and the other with
backward-class vote base has made it difficult for the national parties like BJP and INC to win a
clear mandate in UP, the largest Indian state. The victory in UP is very decisive for forming the
government at the centre.
The Janata Dal (Secular) party succeeded in forming a coalition government with BJP in
Karnataka in 2004. It had a very good chance of winning the next election had they not resolved
to petty politics and let the BJP leader become CM after 2.5 years as agreed upon.
The Biju Janata Dal (BJD) is successfully forming the governments with the help of BJP under
the leadership of Naveen Patnaik since 2000 elections, the first it had ever contested.
The TMC overthrew the Communist rule in the West Bengal under the leadership of Mamata
Banerjee and formed the government with support from congress. The victory is attributed to the
Singur and Nandigram movement (both against illegal acquisition of land for development
activities).
The Asom Gana Parishad (AGP) party since its formation fighting against illegal infiltration of
foreigners from Bangladesh into Assam, led by All Assam Students Union in 1985, has
6. succeeded in giving stiff opposition to INC. These are the only two parties that have formed
governments in Assam.
The provenance of these local and regional parties has changed the dynamics of Indian politics
and resulted in the transformation of One-Party system(Congress- for all the practical purposes)
to multi-party system. As it goes with every act or event, this transformation has both advantages
and well as disadvantages. Careful analysis of these pros and cons is necessary for the
understanding of dynamism of Indian political system vis-à-vis its diversity.
Advantages:
1. Emergence of local/regional politics has succeeded in the greater representation of local
peoples aspirations at the national level. India is a very diversified country and it is
almost impossible for any government to uphold the aspirations, emotions and beliefs of
all its people.
2. Though Federal Structure of the Constitution ensures that every state and its people are
properly represented, more often than not, the overwhelming popularity of one party with
strong Central leadership remains insensitive to the local leadership’s demands. The local
parties overcome these problems and help in establishing true Federal structure.
3. Multi-Party system protects the Constitution and the democracy by preventing the
authoritarian intentions of the single party dominance. The constitutional amendments
need the ratification of at least half the states, hence multi-party systems prevents the
central government from exploiting the powers conferred to them.
4. The coalition government which is most of the times inevitable due to Multi-party
system, helps those states in which the ally parties head the government to get more funds
for their state and hence their development.
5. The allies of coalition government help to overcome the lethargy of the government and
always keep the government on its toes. It also keeps in check, any irresponsible acts of
governance. The fights between the ally parties by the way of threatening each other to
bring down the government sometimes help in upholding the democratic principles.
6. In the instances of disputes between the central and the state governments, the provision
of Union, State and Concurrent lists will be of little use if the State leadership is impotent
to challenge the Central authority against the interests of its people. The regional parties
on the contrary will oppose any move by the central government which they believe is
against the interests of its people, sometimes even though they are part of the coalition
government.
7. The regional parties which are formed in most cases on the basis of upholding their
people dignity, culture, beliefs, language etc are more sensitive to these issues than a
national party and they help in preserving and promoting the Culture and traditions of
their land.
Disadvantages:
1. The local parties which are part of the coalition government at the centre use their power
to stall the development activities of the Centre that are genuinely intended for the growth
of the country. E.g. TMC opposition to FDI in retail, aviation and insurance sector.
7. 2. The local parties for their political benefits divide the people of different states on the
lines of language, culture, traditions etc. This affects the overall unity and integrity of the
country.E.g. DMK, AIADMK, Shiv Sena, Shiromani Akali Dal, Jharkhand Mukti
Morcha etc.
3. Sometimes serious issues like “India’s foreign policy” will be influenced and
compromised by the “coalition dharma”.This will affect India’s credibility in the global
front and portray India as unreliable in terms of sticking to its long-held policies.
E.g. By voting against Sri Lanka in UN resolution on war crimes against Tamils owing
to pressure from DMK, India broke away from a long held tradition of not voting for
country-specific resolutions.This has significantly affected Indo-Srilanka relations.
4. The local parties that are part of the ruling coalition government will influence the
government to divert more annual budget funds to their states at the expense of other
states that are ruled by the Opposition parties.
5. The local parties in the small states like in North-Eastern India will not get much support
from the Centre in terms of development and security of its people even if they are part of
the coalition, since they send only a handful of members to the parliament. The fact that
they doesn’t affect the national politics as much as the larger states result in such states
getting smaller aid in terms of funds and other development activities.
6. Disputes between the states that are ruled by the local parties becomes difficult to settle
since they raise the dispute from administrative and governance level to political and
personal level by exploiting the sentiments of the people of the individual states. This
often culminates in violence through strikes, bandh and in the worst case, attack on the
other state people. E.g. Cauvery dispute between Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu,Maharashtra political groups intolerance towards people from other states.
7. The state governments that get more funds can use these funds for subsidising more and
more basic necessities thereby making the people lethargic and killing the motivation to
work hard. Subsidising the scant resources in particular state can impact the prices in
other states.
Conclusion
By weighing the advantages and disadvantages, we can clearly say that multi-party system does
more good than harm.
Though the multi-party system has some problems of its own, most of them can be avoided by
non-partisan and responsible Central government. Some disadvantages like transfer of more
funds to a particular state are actually advantages in disguise since it results in the rapid
development of those states. Regarding the unfair treatment of the other states, either the
powerful government in the state should demand the Central government for fair treatment even
if it’s not part of the coalition government or one just have to hope that it will get its turn.
The major concern emerging from the multi-party system is its inherent threat to the unity and
security of the country. This can be curbed only through banning of those parties and other
extremist outfits which incite communal and regional hatred or propagate the secession
ideals.But the authority to ban a particular party or an organisation should be vested in Supreme
Court and even SC should carry out the process meticulously by consulting the major political
8. parties, Election Commission and President. This banning of Political Parties is not new in India,
CPI and RSS were banned in the past.
People are the masters in Democracy, they decide how they want to be governed. The Congress
monolpoly for first 30years after independence proves that as long as the party had good
intentions they supported it, it was only after Emergency that they seriously contemplated for an
alternative party. Emergency proved that over popularity of single party will place wide powers
in narrow minded people who will exploit the power for personal deeds.
Every system will have the loopholes, it’s the number and the pluggability of loopholes that
distinguish each system from the other in terms of efficiency. Surely, the multi-party system
fares well in both the requirements compared to single-party system.