The document discusses various applications of measurement systems in instrumentation and control, including devices for monitoring temperature, pressure, shaft speed, fluid flow, and robotic arm positioning. It highlights the significance of feedback systems in controlling various parameters across diverse industries. Specific measuring devices like thermocouples, pressure gauges, tachometers, and the pitot-static tube system are described for their roles in accurate measurements.

1. Instrumentation and Control Systems
Applications of Measuring Systems

2. Here the measuring device is being used to keep track of
some quantity. Certain applications of measuring
instruments may be characterized as having essentially a
monitoring function, e.g., thermometers, barometers, and
water, gas, and electric meters, automotive speedometer
and fuel gage, and compass.
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Introduction

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Since feed back systems are used in literally millions
of applications for controlling temperature, pressure,
shaft speed, fluid flow, robot arm position, aircraft
speed and altitude. etc., these control applications are
one of the most important uses of measurement
systems.

4. Measuring system for Controlling temperature
Thermocouple sensors are
commonly used and available in
a variety of types and
configurations to handle almost
any application. Proven through
decades of industrial service,
thermocouple sensors are
economical and physically
rugged devices that provide
accurate measurements for
wide temperature sensing ranges.
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5. Measuring system for Controlling Pressure
Pressure measurement is the
analysis of an applied force by a
fluid (liquid or gas) on a surface.
Pressure is typically measured in
units of force per unit of surface
area. Many techniques have been
developed for the measurement
of pressure and vacuum.
Instruments used to measure and
display pressure in an integral
unit are called pressure meters or
pressure gauges or vacuum
gauges.
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6. Measuring system for Shaft Speed
Tachometers. A tachometer is an
instrument designed to measure
the rotation speed of a shaft or
disk. Tachometers generally
measure rotations per minute
(RPM) though some models also
serve as rate meters and/or
totalizers. Measuring the
rotational speed of a spinning
object is important for a number
of reasons.
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7. Measuring system for Fluid Flow
A common device for flow
measurement is the convergent-
divergent nozzle or Venturi
meter. This device involves the
contraction of the fluid and
subsequent expansion.
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8. Measuring system for Robotic Arm
A method to measure the position
of the end of a robot arm using an
inertial measurement system was
designed and tested. Traditionally
large robots determine their
positions in the work space by
means of sensors affixed to the
joints of the arm segments.
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9. Measuring system for Aircraft Speed
Airspeed is a measurement of the
plane's speed relative to the air
around it. The pitot (pronounced
pee-toe) static tube system is an
ingenious device used by
airplanes and boats for measuring
forward speed. The device is
really a differential pressure
gauge
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