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Reference - APA Style

This document provides guidelines for citing sources and formatting references in APA style. It discusses when and how to cite sources, including in-text citations for direct quotes, paraphrasing, and secondary sources. It also covers citing different types of sources like books, journal articles, online resources, and more. Specific guidelines are provided for citing works by multiple authors, groups as authors, and sources without pagination. The document concludes with abbreviations commonly used in APA style references.

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APA Style of Referencing Sidra Akhtar
Contents • General APA Guide lines • When to cite How to cite/ reference material • In text citation • Citing a source within a source (secondary sources) • Books • Conference Papers, Theses and Reports • Periodicals (Journals, Magazines and News Papers) • Online resources ( WebPages, Encyclopedia, Dictionary, etc.)
When to cite • Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories, or research have directly influenced your work. • Citation of an article implies that you have personally read the cited work. • Crediting the ideas of others that are used in building thesis. • To avoid charges of Plagiarism and Self- Plagiarism.
In Text Citations Quoting and Paraphrasing • Direct Quotation of sources • Reproduce word for word material directly quoted from another’s work or from your previously published work. • Short Quotation • If the quotation comprises fewer than 40 words incorporate it into text and enclose the quotation with double quotation marks. • According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). •
Cont…… • If the quotation appears in mid sentence, • end the passage with quotation marks, and continue the sentence. • Interpreting these results, Robbins (2003) suggested that the “therapist…………………………………to the adolescent’s needs or concerns” (p.541), contributing to an overall climate of negativity. • If the quotation appears at the end of a sentence, closed the passage with quotation marks and cite the source in parentheses • Eg: confusing this issue is the overlapping nature .., whereby “ medical needs are met by those…………..on the team” (Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).
Cont…. • Long quotation • If the quotation comprises 40 or more words • Start such a block quotation on a newline and indent the block about a ½ inch from the left margin. Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199) • If there are additional paragraphs within the quotation, indent the first line of each an additional half inch. Give double space cite the source at the end include page or paragraph number.
Work with two, three and six authors • According to Sothern and Gordon (2003), Environmental factors …….. childhood obesity” (p. 104). • In 2003, Berkowitz, Wadden, Tershakovec, and Cronquist concluded, “Sibutramine . . . . to control increases in [blood pressure] and pulse rate” (p. 1811). • If there 5 authors • As Berkowitz et al. (2003) advised, “Until …. only on an experimental basis for adolescents” (p. 1811).
Cont… • If the year is same of same surnames • E.g., Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet, & Kim, 2001, and Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet, & Silver, 2001, shorten to Ireys et al., 2001), • Cite the surnames of the first authors as necessary to distinguish the two references • Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet, et al. (2001) and Ireys, Chernoff, Stein, et al. (2001) • If there are 6 or more authors • When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italized) • To distinguish the two references with six or more subsequent authors • Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, Cave, Tang, and Gabrieli (1996) • Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, Tang, Marsolek, and Daly (1996) • Text citation would be • Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1996) and Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al. (1996)
Cont… • Groups as Authors • Groups (readily identified through abbreviation) as authors  National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH,2003)  University of Pittsburgh (2005) (with no abbreviation) With an Anonymous Author • Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry and the year. • Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter, or a web page • italicize the title of a periodical, a book, a brochure or a report: • “Study Finds,”2007) • the book College Bound Senior (2008) (Anonymous, 1998) • If no date is provided, use “n.d.” in place of the date e.g. Murphy (n.d.) shows… • In text citations • (The Australian Oxford dictionary, 1999)
Authors with the Same Surname • If the surnames are same then include the first author’s initials. • Light, I. (2006). Deflecting immigration: Networks, markets, and regulation in Los Angeles. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. • Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the United States and its implications for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8, 73-82. • Text Cites: • Among studies, we review M. A Light and Light (2008) and I. Light (2006).
Two or more works within the same parenthesis • Arrange two or more works by the same authors (in same order) by year of publication. Place in-press citations last. • For subsequent work, give only the date, • Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press) Two or more same authors • Several Studies Derryberry & Reed, 2005a, 2005b, in press-a; Rothbart, 2003a, 2003b) • Exception • (Minor, 2001; see also Adams, 1999; Storandt, 2007)
Direct Quotations of Online Material Without Pagination • In the absence of page numbers, use the abbreviation of para. • (para.4). • If the document includes headings and neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the paragraph. • In their study author A, (2008) found that “the level of …………condition”( Discussion section, para. 1).
Cont…. • If no page or paragraph numbers are visible, use a short title enclosed in quotation marks for the parenthetical citation: • Empirical studies have found……………behavior” (Golan, Kuchler, & Krissof, 2007, “Mandatory Labelling Has Targeted,” para.4). • Changes From the Source Requiring Explanation • Omitting material: use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) within a sentence • Omission b/w two sentences: Use four points • Do not use ellipsis in beginning or end of any quotation in order to prevent misinterpretation.
Cont…. • Inserting material. Use brackets, not parenthesis shows that addition is inserted by other person. “they are studying, from an evolutionary perspective, to what extent [children’s] play……brain”(Henig, 2008, p.40). • Adding Emphasis • Italicize the word or words in a quotation and insert [emphasis added] • Citation Within Quotations • Do not omit citations embedded within the material. • In the United States, the American Cancer Society (2007) estimated…….8,110 deaths”(Miller et al., 2009, p.209).
Permission to Quote, Reprint, or Adapt • In case of lengthy quotations, permission should be taken • If there are more than 400 words extract from an article or a book chapter, or more than 800 words from book. • APA policy permits authors to use a maximum of three figures or tables from a journal article or book chapter • Permission should be taken for Reprinting or Adaptation
Indirect quotation / Paraphrasing • Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although authors are encouraged to include them, especially when it assists the reader to locate the reference in long pieces of text. • Giving meaning to specific symbols such as sounds and marks is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p. 188).
Secondary Sources • When the original work is not available use secondary source • Allport’s dairy (as cited in Nicholson, 2003) • To cite a personal
Abbreviations Abbreviation Book or publication part ed. edition Rev. ed. Revised edition 2nd ed. Second edition Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors) Trans. Translator n.d. No date p. (pp.) page (pages) Vol. Volume (as in Vol. 4) Vols Volumes (as in Vols. 1-4) No. Number Pt. Part Tech. Rep Technical Report Suppl. Supplement
Type of reference Example of references Book Each reference should include four elements: (1) Author/Editor/Producer (2) Date (3) Title of the work and (4) Publication Information. Author, A. (2005). Title of work. Location: Publisher Glanz, J. (2009). Teaching 101: Classroom strategies for the beginning teacher (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Book chapter in edited book Article Author. (Year). Title of article. In Editor's name (Ed.), Title of book (pp. page numbers). Location: Publisher.
Book chapter in edited book Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: John Wiley. Include the page numbers of the chapter after the book title. Book: Different editions Volume of a Book Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2008). Introduction to research methods in psychology (2nd ed.). Harlow, England: FT Prentice Hall. Eisenberg, N. (Ed.). (2006). Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., Vol. 3). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Electronic book Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the work. Retrieved from http://... Penney, D. (2002). Gender and physical education. Retrieved from http://www.taylorandfrancis.com DOI refers to Digital Object Identifier Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the work. doi: xx- xxxxxxx DOI is a unique set of characters assigned to identify an intellectual
reference Translated Book Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. (A.A. Translator, Trans.). Location: Publisher. (Original work published xxxx). Freud, S. (1960). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. (J. Strachey, Trans.). London, England: Routledge & K. Paul. (Original work published 1905). Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed (M. F. Ramos, Trans.). New York, NY: Continuum. (Original work published 1972) Book: Different editions Volume of a Book Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2008). Introduction to research methods in psychology (2nd ed.). Harlow, England: FT Prentice Hall. Eisenberg, N. (Ed.). (2006). Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., Vol. 3). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Book with no author The Australian Oxford dictionary (3rd ed.). (1999). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Type of reference Example of references Electronic version of book chapter in a volume in a series Strong, E. K., Jr., & Uhrbrock, R. S. (1923). Bibliography on job analysis. In L. Outhwaite (Series Ed.), Personnel Research Series: Vol. 1. Job analysis and the curriculum (pp. 140-146). Doi:10.1037/100.762-000 Electronic version of print book Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency.[DX Reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp Book chapter, English translation, reprinted from another source Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget’s theory (G. Gellerier & J. Langer, Trans.). In K Richardson & S. Sheldon (Eds.), Cognitive development to adolescence: A reader(pp. 3-18). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of child psychology, pp. 703- 732, by P. H. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York, NY:Wiley). Reference book VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
Type of Reference Examples Conference Paper online Bochner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher education: Issues to be addressed in developing a mentoring program. Paper presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education Conference, Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt Symposium contribution Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (year, month). Title of controbution. In E. E. Chairperson (Chair), Title of symposium. Symposium conducted at the meeting Organization Name, Location Muellbauer, J. (2007, September). Housing, credit, and consumer expenditure. In S. C. Ludvigson (Chair), Housing and consumer behavior. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole, WY. Proceedings published online Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., & Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 12593-12598. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805417105
Doctoral Dissertations and Master’s Theses • For online doctoral dissertation or master’s theses Author, A. A. (2003). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s theses. Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession or Order No) Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. • Reports • Author, A. A. (1998). Title of work (Report No.xxx). Location:Publisher.
Type of Reference Examples Journal article - academic/ scholarly (print version) Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), pages. Kozma, A., & Stones, M. J. (1983). Re-validation of the Memorial University of Newfoundland scale of happiness. Canadian Journal on Aging, 2(1), 27-29. Gibbs, M. (2005). The right to development and indigenous peoples: Lessons from New Zealand. World Development, 33(8), 1365-1378. Journal Article (8 or more authors Use ellipses after the name of the sixth author, and then list the last author named. Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., . . . Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and
Type of Reference Examples Journals (online) Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. c. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, vol (issue number), pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Journal article – academic/scholarly (electronic version) with DOI Hohepa, M., Schofield, G., & Kolt, G. S. (2006). Physical activity: What do high school students think? Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(3), 328- 336. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.024 A capital letter is used for key words in the journal title. The journal title and volume number are italicized, followed by the issue number in brackets (not italicized ). Journal Article (online, no doi): Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), pages. Retrieved from http://journal homepage address Martin, R. (2001). Educational psychology in Newfoundland and Labrador: A thirty-year history. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 16(2), 5-17. Retrieved from: http://cjs.sagepub.com/
Type of Reference Examples In press article Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Retrieved from http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf Magazine article popular/trade/ general interest Goodwin, D. K. (2002, February 4). How I caused that story. Time, 159(5), 69. Newspaper article – (Print version) Killick, D. (2012, June 25). Housing is a problem beyond politics. The Press, p. 17. Newspaper article (Database like Newztext Plus) Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from Newztext Plus database.
Type of Reference Examples Webpage Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the webpage. Retrieved from http://... Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the webpage. Retrieved from ...website: http://... Author, A., & Author, B. (Year, Month Day). Title of the webpage [Description of form]. Retrieved Year, Month Day from http://... World Health Organization. (2010). Diabetes: Fact sheet No. 312. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/index.html PAMPHLET / BROCHURE Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.
Type of Reference Examples One author Brown, W. P. Two authors Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. Three to five authors Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. Six or seven authors Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. Eight or more authors Chiappini, E., Principi, N., Longhi, R., Tovo, P. A., Becherucci, P., Bonsignori, F., ... de Martino, M. Corporate / group author Ministry of Education. No author Use Anonymous only if this is used in the publication.

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Reference - APA Style

  • 1.
    APA Style ofReferencing Sidra Akhtar
  • 2.
    Contents • General APAGuide lines • When to cite How to cite/ reference material • In text citation • Citing a source within a source (secondary sources) • Books • Conference Papers, Theses and Reports • Periodicals (Journals, Magazines and News Papers) • Online resources ( WebPages, Encyclopedia, Dictionary, etc.)
  • 3.
    When to cite •Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories, or research have directly influenced your work. • Citation of an article implies that you have personally read the cited work. • Crediting the ideas of others that are used in building thesis. • To avoid charges of Plagiarism and Self- Plagiarism.
  • 4.
    In Text Citations Quotingand Paraphrasing • Direct Quotation of sources • Reproduce word for word material directly quoted from another’s work or from your previously published work. • Short Quotation • If the quotation comprises fewer than 40 words incorporate it into text and enclose the quotation with double quotation marks. • According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). •
  • 5.
    Cont…… • If thequotation appears in mid sentence, • end the passage with quotation marks, and continue the sentence. • Interpreting these results, Robbins (2003) suggested that the “therapist…………………………………to the adolescent’s needs or concerns” (p.541), contributing to an overall climate of negativity. • If the quotation appears at the end of a sentence, closed the passage with quotation marks and cite the source in parentheses • Eg: confusing this issue is the overlapping nature .., whereby “ medical needs are met by those…………..on the team” (Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).
  • 6.
    Cont…. • Long quotation •If the quotation comprises 40 or more words • Start such a block quotation on a newline and indent the block about a ½ inch from the left margin. Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199) • If there are additional paragraphs within the quotation, indent the first line of each an additional half inch. Give double space cite the source at the end include page or paragraph number.
  • 7.
    Work with two,three and six authors • According to Sothern and Gordon (2003), Environmental factors …….. childhood obesity” (p. 104). • In 2003, Berkowitz, Wadden, Tershakovec, and Cronquist concluded, “Sibutramine . . . . to control increases in [blood pressure] and pulse rate” (p. 1811). • If there 5 authors • As Berkowitz et al. (2003) advised, “Until …. only on an experimental basis for adolescents” (p. 1811).
  • 8.
    Cont… • If theyear is same of same surnames • E.g., Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet, & Kim, 2001, and Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet, & Silver, 2001, shorten to Ireys et al., 2001), • Cite the surnames of the first authors as necessary to distinguish the two references • Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet, et al. (2001) and Ireys, Chernoff, Stein, et al. (2001) • If there are 6 or more authors • When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italized) • To distinguish the two references with six or more subsequent authors • Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, Cave, Tang, and Gabrieli (1996) • Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, Tang, Marsolek, and Daly (1996) • Text citation would be • Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1996) and Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al. (1996)
  • 9.
    Cont… • Groups asAuthors • Groups (readily identified through abbreviation) as authors  National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH,2003)  University of Pittsburgh (2005) (with no abbreviation) With an Anonymous Author • Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry and the year. • Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter, or a web page • italicize the title of a periodical, a book, a brochure or a report: • “Study Finds,”2007) • the book College Bound Senior (2008) (Anonymous, 1998) • If no date is provided, use “n.d.” in place of the date e.g. Murphy (n.d.) shows… • In text citations • (The Australian Oxford dictionary, 1999)
  • 10.
    Authors with theSame Surname • If the surnames are same then include the first author’s initials. • Light, I. (2006). Deflecting immigration: Networks, markets, and regulation in Los Angeles. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. • Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the United States and its implications for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8, 73-82. • Text Cites: • Among studies, we review M. A Light and Light (2008) and I. Light (2006).
  • 11.
    Two or moreworks within the same parenthesis • Arrange two or more works by the same authors (in same order) by year of publication. Place in-press citations last. • For subsequent work, give only the date, • Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press) Two or more same authors • Several Studies Derryberry & Reed, 2005a, 2005b, in press-a; Rothbart, 2003a, 2003b) • Exception • (Minor, 2001; see also Adams, 1999; Storandt, 2007)
  • 12.
    Direct Quotations ofOnline Material Without Pagination • In the absence of page numbers, use the abbreviation of para. • (para.4). • If the document includes headings and neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the paragraph. • In their study author A, (2008) found that “the level of …………condition”( Discussion section, para. 1).
  • 13.
    Cont…. • If nopage or paragraph numbers are visible, use a short title enclosed in quotation marks for the parenthetical citation: • Empirical studies have found……………behavior” (Golan, Kuchler, & Krissof, 2007, “Mandatory Labelling Has Targeted,” para.4). • Changes From the Source Requiring Explanation • Omitting material: use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) within a sentence • Omission b/w two sentences: Use four points • Do not use ellipsis in beginning or end of any quotation in order to prevent misinterpretation.
  • 14.
    Cont…. • Inserting material.Use brackets, not parenthesis shows that addition is inserted by other person. “they are studying, from an evolutionary perspective, to what extent [children’s] play……brain”(Henig, 2008, p.40). • Adding Emphasis • Italicize the word or words in a quotation and insert [emphasis added] • Citation Within Quotations • Do not omit citations embedded within the material. • In the United States, the American Cancer Society (2007) estimated…….8,110 deaths”(Miller et al., 2009, p.209).
  • 15.
    Permission to Quote,Reprint, or Adapt • In case of lengthy quotations, permission should be taken • If there are more than 400 words extract from an article or a book chapter, or more than 800 words from book. • APA policy permits authors to use a maximum of three figures or tables from a journal article or book chapter • Permission should be taken for Reprinting or Adaptation
  • 16.
    Indirect quotation /Paraphrasing • Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although authors are encouraged to include them, especially when it assists the reader to locate the reference in long pieces of text. • Giving meaning to specific symbols such as sounds and marks is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p. 188).
  • 17.
    Secondary Sources • Whenthe original work is not available use secondary source • Allport’s dairy (as cited in Nicholson, 2003) • To cite a personal
  • 18.
    Abbreviations Abbreviation Book orpublication part ed. edition Rev. ed. Revised edition 2nd ed. Second edition Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors) Trans. Translator n.d. No date p. (pp.) page (pages) Vol. Volume (as in Vol. 4) Vols Volumes (as in Vols. 1-4) No. Number Pt. Part Tech. Rep Technical Report Suppl. Supplement
  • 19.
    Type of referenceExample of references Book Each reference should include four elements: (1) Author/Editor/Producer (2) Date (3) Title of the work and (4) Publication Information. Author, A. (2005). Title of work. Location: Publisher Glanz, J. (2009). Teaching 101: Classroom strategies for the beginning teacher (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Book chapter in edited book Article Author. (Year). Title of article. In Editor's name (Ed.), Title of book (pp. page numbers). Location: Publisher.
  • 20.
    Book chapter inedited book Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: John Wiley. Include the page numbers of the chapter after the book title. Book: Different editions Volume of a Book Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2008). Introduction to research methods in psychology (2nd ed.). Harlow, England: FT Prentice Hall. Eisenberg, N. (Ed.). (2006). Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., Vol. 3). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Electronic book Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the work. Retrieved from http://... Penney, D. (2002). Gender and physical education. Retrieved from http://www.taylorandfrancis.com DOI refers to Digital Object Identifier Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the work. doi: xx- xxxxxxx DOI is a unique set of characters assigned to identify an intellectual
  • 21.
    reference Translated Book Author,A. A. (Year). Title of book. (A.A. Translator, Trans.). Location: Publisher. (Original work published xxxx). Freud, S. (1960). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. (J. Strachey, Trans.). London, England: Routledge & K. Paul. (Original work published 1905). Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed (M. F. Ramos, Trans.). New York, NY: Continuum. (Original work published 1972) Book: Different editions Volume of a Book Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2008). Introduction to research methods in psychology (2nd ed.). Harlow, England: FT Prentice Hall. Eisenberg, N. (Ed.). (2006). Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., Vol. 3). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Book with no author The Australian Oxford dictionary (3rd ed.). (1999). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
  • 22.
    Type of referenceExample of references Electronic version of book chapter in a volume in a series Strong, E. K., Jr., & Uhrbrock, R. S. (1923). Bibliography on job analysis. In L. Outhwaite (Series Ed.), Personnel Research Series: Vol. 1. Job analysis and the curriculum (pp. 140-146). Doi:10.1037/100.762-000 Electronic version of print book Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency.[DX Reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp Book chapter, English translation, reprinted from another source Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget’s theory (G. Gellerier & J. Langer, Trans.). In K Richardson & S. Sheldon (Eds.), Cognitive development to adolescence: A reader(pp. 3-18). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of child psychology, pp. 703- 732, by P. H. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York, NY:Wiley). Reference book VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
  • 23.
    Type of ReferenceExamples Conference Paper online Bochner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher education: Issues to be addressed in developing a mentoring program. Paper presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education Conference, Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt Symposium contribution Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (year, month). Title of controbution. In E. E. Chairperson (Chair), Title of symposium. Symposium conducted at the meeting Organization Name, Location Muellbauer, J. (2007, September). Housing, credit, and consumer expenditure. In S. C. Ludvigson (Chair), Housing and consumer behavior. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole, WY. Proceedings published online Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., & Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 12593-12598. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805417105
  • 24.
    Doctoral Dissertations andMaster’s Theses • For online doctoral dissertation or master’s theses Author, A. A. (2003). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s theses. Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession or Order No) Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. • Reports • Author, A. A. (1998). Title of work (Report No.xxx). Location:Publisher.
  • 25.
    Type of ReferenceExamples Journal article - academic/ scholarly (print version) Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), pages. Kozma, A., & Stones, M. J. (1983). Re-validation of the Memorial University of Newfoundland scale of happiness. Canadian Journal on Aging, 2(1), 27-29. Gibbs, M. (2005). The right to development and indigenous peoples: Lessons from New Zealand. World Development, 33(8), 1365-1378. Journal Article (8 or more authors Use ellipses after the name of the sixth author, and then list the last author named. Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., . . . Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and
  • 26.
    Type of ReferenceExamples Journals (online) Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. c. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, vol (issue number), pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Journal article – academic/scholarly (electronic version) with DOI Hohepa, M., Schofield, G., & Kolt, G. S. (2006). Physical activity: What do high school students think? Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(3), 328- 336. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.024 A capital letter is used for key words in the journal title. The journal title and volume number are italicized, followed by the issue number in brackets (not italicized ). Journal Article (online, no doi): Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), pages. Retrieved from http://journal homepage address Martin, R. (2001). Educational psychology in Newfoundland and Labrador: A thirty-year history. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 16(2), 5-17. Retrieved from: http://cjs.sagepub.com/
  • 27.
    Type of ReferenceExamples In press article Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Retrieved from http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf Magazine article popular/trade/ general interest Goodwin, D. K. (2002, February 4). How I caused that story. Time, 159(5), 69. Newspaper article – (Print version) Killick, D. (2012, June 25). Housing is a problem beyond politics. The Press, p. 17. Newspaper article (Database like Newztext Plus) Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from Newztext Plus database.
  • 28.
    Type of ReferenceExamples Webpage Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the webpage. Retrieved from http://... Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the webpage. Retrieved from ...website: http://... Author, A., & Author, B. (Year, Month Day). Title of the webpage [Description of form]. Retrieved Year, Month Day from http://... World Health Organization. (2010). Diabetes: Fact sheet No. 312. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/index.html PAMPHLET / BROCHURE Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.
  • 29.
    Type of ReferenceExamples One author Brown, W. P. Two authors Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. Three to five authors Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. Six or seven authors Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. Eight or more authors Chiappini, E., Principi, N., Longhi, R., Tovo, P. A., Becherucci, P., Bonsignori, F., ... de Martino, M. Corporate / group author Ministry of Education. No author Use Anonymous only if this is used in the publication.