APA Style of Writtinng PRN Post RN .pptx

APA (American Psychological Association) writing-style
Prepared & Presented By: SADIA KHAN
Lecturer English, INS,KMU
PRN 1st , English I
12/12/2023
1

Contents
 Difference between References and Citations
 Types of Citations
 APA(American Psychological Association)
 Basic info of APA writing style
 Quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing
 APA Format for One Author
 One work by two Authors
 One work by multiple authors(3-5)
 Cite two or more references within the same parentheses
 Citing personal Communications in the text
 Citing a specific part of a source:
Email:sadiiiktk09@gmail.com
2

Citation References
 A citation is a reference to the source of
information used in research.
It gives your readers the information necessary
to find that sources again, including:
 Information about the author
 The title of the work
 The name and location of the company that
published your copy of the source
 The date your copy was published
 The page numbers of the materials you are
using
 This is a list of the sources you have cited.
The references come at the end of your
paper.
 In APA style, this is not a list of “works
consulted”. Every source that is listed in
your references also needs to be cited in the
body of your paper.
 Every source listed in your references
should be accessible by others who read
your work.
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Types of Citation Style
1. MLA (Modern language
Association)
Used by
 English
 Humanities & Literature
 Foreign language
 Communications
2. Chicago Citation
 History
 Art History
 Fine Arts
 Anthropology
 Philosophy
 Religious Studies
3. APA (American
Psychological Association)
 Psychology
 Education
 Business/Economics
 Nursing
 Linguistics Studies
4. IEEE
 Engineering
 Computer science
 Information Science
5. CSE
 Biology
 Physics
 Chemistry
 Geology
6. MHRA (Modern Humanity
Research association)
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APA (American Psychological Association)
 Origin:1929
 Used by: Education, Psychology, and Sciences
 Latest Edition:7th
 Uses In-text citation/references
 Uses sentences style capitalization for titles of books(only first word capital)
 Uses page number on upper right corner while the title appears on the left.
 Uses only initials of first and middle name of the author to avoid gender biasness.
 For more than one author : use ampersand(&) before the name of last author.
 For more than 6 authors: Only use First author’s name and (et al) for the rest.
 The year is specifically mentioned along with the author’s name.
 Book reference name should be in Italics.
Email: sadiiiktk09@gmail.com
5

BASIC INFO APA Writing style
1. All pages must be typed on ONE side of the
paper.
2. Uniform margins must be kept of 1” at the top,
bottom, left and right of every page.
3. Double spacing must be used throughout the
entire paper – even the abstract!
4. The order of pages is as follows:
a. Title page (includes: running head --flush left –
all uppercase) (Numbered page 1)
b. Abstract (Numbered page 2)
c. Text (Numbered page 3, etc.) – includes
introduction, body of paper, and conclusion.
d. Don’t forget to type the title of the paper at the
top (and centered) of page 3 before you
begin the text.
e. References (Start on a separate page) – Type the
word References at the top of the page,
centered
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b. Abstract (Numbered page 2)
10/19/2023
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TEXT CITATIONS:
The last names only of the author or authors and date of publication for general information.
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REFERENCES
Your reference list should appear at the end of your
paper.
Your references should begin on a new page separate
from the text of the essay; label this page "References"
centered at the top of the page (do NOT bold, underline,
or use quotation marks for the title). Continue the
header from the rest of the paper. All text should be
double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.
All lines after the first line of each entry in your
reference list should be indented one-half inch from the
left margin.
Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last
name of the first author of each work.
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APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials; publication year goes
between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence case, meaning only
the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and
is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized or underlined.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
number(issue number), pages.
Using et al.,
 When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are included every time the source is cited.
 When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited. When
that source is cited again, the first author's surname and "et al." are used. Consider the following examples:
1. Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to
higher levels of physical and mental health (Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991).
2. Payne et al. (1991) showed that ...
3. Bradley, Ramirez and Soo (1999) stated that…..
Then later in the paper you state:
 This study found that …. (Bradley, et al., 2006)
 When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first author's surname and "et al." are used every time the
source is cited (including the first time). Email:sadiiiktk09@gmail.com
10

Quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing
 Quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing are similar in that they allow a writer to incorporate another writer's
work into his or her own work. However, they are different in the methods of application.
 Quotations are identical in every way to the original. To quote a source, write out the exact words in the
original document and put those words in quotation marks (" "). After the quotation, there will always be an
in-text citation attributing it to the original source. Quotations are at their most effective when you use them
to comment on the specific wording of the original text. For example:
According to Jones(2004), “Students often had a difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first
time”(p.199)
 For long Quotes more than 40 words use double space and do not use inverted commas “ ” and use
dots(…….) to indicate omitted words
We agree with who concluded that Students often had a difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their
first time but rather…………..(Jones, 2004, p.92)
 Reference at the end of your paper: Author name, year of study, title of study, location and then
publication.
 Jones.K (2004) Neurofeedback practice. New York: McGraw-Hill
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Quotation Paraphrase Summary
1. Match the source word for a word.
2. You use the source’s words.
3. Exact same length unless you
follow the rules for adding or
deleting some material from a
quote.
4. Provide credibility for what you are
saying.
5. You support your point by quoting
an authority
1. Matching the source in term of meaning.
2. You use your own words.
3. Approximately the same length though
often shorter than the source.
4. To shorten a section from the source that
is too long to quote.
1. Sum up the central point of the
source.
2. You use your own words.
3. Much shorter than the source.
4. To avoided unnecessary details
when the main point is all of you
need.
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APA Format for One Author
Works by a single author should list the author's
last name and initials. Year of the study
conducted, title of the study, Books and journal
titles should be listed in italic, volume, edition
and then page number.
 If there is date or month given in the reference
put it after the year in the parentheses)
 One-author in-text citations should include
the surname without any suffixes (Jr.) and the
date of publication in parenthesis.
 In Text Citations Cite by author and year only
even when reference includes month or date.
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One work by two Authors
Work by two authors should list the last names and first initials
separated by an ampersand (&). These names should be
followed by the date of publication enclosed in parentheses.If
the work is a journal article, the title of the article should
immediately follow the publication date. Next, the title of the
book or journal should be listed in italics. If the reference is a
journal article, provide the volume number, issue number, and
page numbers. For books, list the name of the publisher.
For example:
 Kanfer, F. H., & Busemeyer, J. R. (1982). The use of
problem-solving and decision-making in behavior
therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 2(2), 239-266.
 Buss, A. H., & Pomin, R. (1975). A temperament theory of
personality development. Erlbaum.
 Two authors In-text citations
 In-text citations of works by two authors should include the
surnames of both authors separated by the word "and" or by
an ampersand if using parenthesis.
 For example: Studies by Buss and Pomin (1975) support...
or
 ………………(Buss & Pomin, 1975).
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One work by multiple authors(3-5)
 Reference at the end of your paper: Authors names, year of the study, title of the study, Journal or book
work been published in ,then volume and page number.
Example:
Skinner,M.E,Cornell,R,C,Sun,K.F,& Harlow,R.P(1993).Small Group Learning, Psychological Bulletin,26,57-63
 Multiple authors In-text citations:
When you are referencing for the is time in the text name all the authors and then comma and year of study
Skinner,Cornell,Sun, and Harlow,1993 found…….
 Second time citation:
Name the first author and et al dot year of the study
Skinner et al.(1993) found…………
 Third time Citation and onward:
Omit year of the study also
Skinner et al.also found……….
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Cite two or more references within the same
parentheses
Two or more work in the same parentheses:
When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them alphabetically,
separated by a semi-colon.
Example:
Several research studies (Miller, 1999; Shafranske & Mahoney, 1998) reported that the result
revealed……….
Authors with the same last names:
Use initials with last name
(T.Adams,2011; J.Adams,2003)
Two or more works of the same author in the same parentheses:
The same author has two or more papers to support the same points.
Past studies (Bass,2005,2006) showed……….
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Citing personal Communications in the text
 Because readers cannot retrieve the information
in personal communications, personal
communications are not included in the
reference list; they are cited in the text only.
Give the initial(s) and surname of the
communicator, and provide as exact a date as
possible, using the following formats:
 Narrative citation: E.-M. Paradis (personal
communication, August 8, 2019)
 Parenthetical citation: (T. Nguyen, personal
communication, February 24, 2020)
 Citing a specific part of a source: To
cite a specific part of source provide an author-
date-citation for the work plus information
about the specific part. A part might be page,
chapter, table.
 Examples:
1. (World Health Organization, 2019,p.202)
2. (Merenda,2018, Chapter 3)
3. (Basie & Meagher, 2020, paras. 4-5)
4. (Laser, 2019, Table 3)
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APA Style of Writtinng PRN Post RN .pptx

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