References

1. REFERENCE, INFERENCE,
PRESUPPOSITION, AND IMPLICATURE
NAME – SANJIDA KHAN
ID - 02053003

2. REFERENCE
• Reference – is an act
• Referring Expressions -
Nouns
Pronouns
Definate Noun Phrases
Indefinate Noun Phrases
Noun – Laura
Pronoun – Her
Definate Noun
Phrase - The
Birthday Girl
Indefinate Noun
Phrase - A Child

3. TYPES
Exophora - First mention
Ex- A boy was washing the car. He was 15 years old.
Endophora - Avoids unnecessary repetition.
Anaphora - Referring back
Cataphora - Begins with pronoun
Reveals information later
Ex. – It looks beautiful, a large bouquet of red roses.

4. INFERENCE
• Inference - additional information

5. PRESUPPOSITION
• Presupposition – assumption
Sometimes true, sometimes not.
Ex. - Did you enjoy "Halloween Ends”?
Types of Presupposition –
• Existential Presupposition
• Factive Presupposition
• Non Factive Presupposition
• Lexical Presupposition
• Structural Presupposition
• Counterfactual Presupposition

6. CONTINUES
Existential Presupposition - Assumption of existence.
Ex. - Your car.
Factive Presupposition - Assumption of information being true, due to the presence of some verbs.
Ex. - I didn't realize, the door was open.
Non Factive Presupposition - Assumption of information being not true, due to the presence of some vebs.
Ex. She pretended to have a car.
Lexical Presupposition - Assumption of unstated concept, because of particular words.
Ex. - Are you still a bad driver?
Structural Presupposition - Assumption of information being true, due to sentence structure.
Ex. When did you bought the car?
Counterfactual Presupposition - Assumption of information is not only true, but is the opposite of what's true.
Ex. If they had money, they would go on a vacation.

7. IMPLICATURE
Implicature - Saying something indirectly, instead of being direct.

8. TYPES OF IMPLICATURE
Conversational Implicature - Depends on contextual information.
Ex. – A : I hope you brought the bread and the cheese.
B : Ah, I brought the bread.
Generalized Conversational Imicature - More predictable and less context dependent.
Ex. - A : Did you drink all the bottles of milk?
B: I drank some.
Particularized Conversational Implicature - Entirely context dependent.
Ex- A : Can I borrow $10?
B : My purse is in the hall.
Conventional Implicature - Associated with specific words, and results in additional conveyed meanings.
Ex- "He is a soldier, therefore, brave"