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- 1. COURSE INSTRUCTOR MAM RAMISH NAZIR PRESENTORS : SUNDAS ANSAR ANSA ASHRAF HAMZA AHMAD M.ABDULLAH
- 2. Phrase Fragments Phrase fragments are incomplete phrases or clauses that lack either a subject or a predicate or both. They are incomplete thoughts that do not form a complete sentence on their own. Here are some examples of phrase fragments... 1:After finishing my homework. 2:In the park. 3:On the other hand. 4:In my opinion. 5:At the top of the mountain.
- 3. ADJECTIVE PHRASE An Adjective phrase is a group of words that function as an adjective to modify or describe a noun or pronoun in a sentence . Adjective phrase can be used to provide more specific details about a noun , such as its size, color, shape or other characteristics. Here are examples of sentences with adjective phrases... 1:The big, fluffy dog was wagging in tail. 2:The sleek, modern car caught everyone's eye 3:She wore a bright sparkling necklace to the party. 4:The delicious aroma of freshly baked bread filled the room. 5:The bright red apple is juicy.6:The women with the bright smile is my best friend.
- 4. NOUN PHRASE A noun phrase is a group of words that functions as a noun in a sentence. It typically consists of a noun (or pronoun) and any modifiers, determiners, or complements that accompany it. Noun phrases can serve as subjects, objects, or complements in a sentence. For example: The black cat crossed the road. - Noun phrase: “The black cat" - Function: subject of the sentence She bought a beautiful necklace. - Noun phrase: "a beautiful necklace" - Function: direct object of the verb "bought"
- 5. NOUN PHRASE My brother's car is parked outside. - Noun phrase: “My brother’s car” - Function: subject of the sentence I saw several children playing in the park. - Noun phrase: “several children” - Function: the object of the verb "saw“ The tall man with the beard is my professor. - Noun phrase: "the tall man with the beard" - Function: subject of the sentence They visited an ancient castle during their vacation. - Noun phrase: "an ancient castle" - Function: direct object of the verb "visited“
- 6. NOUN PHRASE The book on the table belongs to me. - Noun phrase: “The book on the table" - Function: subject of the sentence I need some fresh air. - Noun phrase: "some fresh air" - Function: direct object of the verb "need“ In each of these examples, the noun phrase is underlined for clarity, and its function in the sentence is described. Remember that a noun phrase can contain additional words such as articles (a, an, the), adjectives, possessives, prepositions, or other modifiers to provide more detail or context.
- 7. ADVERB PHRASE An adverb phrase is a group of words that function as an adverb in a sentence. Like an adverb, it modifies or adds more information to a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Adverb phrases can be formed in different ways. They can consist of a single adverb, such as "often" or "never," or they can include multiple words such as prepositions, articles, or adjectives.Here are some examples of adverb phrases : She walked to the store slowly.In this sentence, "slowly" is an adverb that modifies the verb "walked." The adverb phrase is "to the store slowly," which includes the prepositional phrase "to the store.
- 8. He ate the sandwich with great pleasure. In this sentence, "with great pleasure" is an adverb phrase that modifies the verb "ate." It includes the preposition "with" and the noun phrase "great pleasure. Adverb phrases can add detail and shade to a sentence, and they can be used to convey a wide range of meanings and emotions. "The dog barked at the mailman ferociously.In this sentence, "ferociously" is an adverb that modifies the verb "barked." The adverb phrase is "at the mailman ferociously," which includes the prepositional phrase "at the mailman.
- 9. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. The preposition shows the relationship between its object and other elements in the sentence . For example : In the sentence "The book is on the table," the prepositional phrase is "on the table," which begins with the preposition "on" and ends with the noun "table." The preposition "on" shows the relationship between the book and the table.
- 10. 1.In the morning 2.Under the table 3.By the river 4.On top of the world 5.With a smile 6.Without any hesitation 7.At the park 8.From my perspective 9.To the store 10.Across the street
- 11. CLAUSE FRAGMENTATION A clause fragment is a group of words that resembles a clause in structure but does not form a complete sentence on its own. A clause fragment may be missing a subject, a predicate, or both, or it may not have a clear relationship to the rest of the sentence. For example, "Because he was tired" is a clause fragment because it contains a subordinate conjunction ("because") and a subject ("he"), but it lacks a predicate and cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
- 12. CLAUSE FRAGMENTATION "After the movie ended." (This lacks a subject and a verb. It is a dependent clause without an independent clause.) "Because she was tired and hungry." (This lacks a main verb. It is a dependent clause without an independent clause.) "Running down the street." (This lacks a subject and a verb. It is a phrase rather than a complete clause.) "Without any hesitation." (This lacks a subject and a verb. It is a phrase rather than a complete clause.)
- 13. CLAUSE FRAGMENTATION "In the middle of the room, where the light was brightest." (This lacks a main verb. It is a dependent clause without an independent clause.) To correct these fragments, you would need to add a subject, a verb, or both, and connect them to an independent clause to form a complete sentence.
- 14. NOUN CLAUSE A noun clause is a type of subordinate clause that functions as a noun within a sentence. It typically begins with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun and answers questions like "what?" or "who?“. For example: I don't know [what he wants]. [Whoever arrives first] will get a prize. [That she loves him] Is obvious to everyone. In these sentences, the noun clauses are in brackets and act as the subject, object, or predicate nominative of the sentence. Noun clauses can also function as indirect objects, objects of prepositions, and appositives.
- 15. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE An adjective clause, also known as a relative clause, is a type of dependent clause that functions as an adjective within a sentence. It typically begins with a relative pronoun (such as "who," "whom," "whose," "which," or "that") or a relative adverb (such as "when," "where," or "why") and provides additional information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause. EXAPMLES are as follows : The woman [who lives next door] is a doctor. The book [that I am reading] is very interesting. The restaurant [where we had dinner] was very expensive.
- 16. In these sentences, the adjective clauses are in brackets and modify the nouns "woman," "book," and "restaurant," respectively. Adjective clauses can provide information about a noun's identity, characteristics, or location, and they can be essential (restrictive) or nonessential (nonrestrictive) to the sentence's meaning. Essential adjective clauses are not set off by commas, while nonessential adjective clauses are set off by commas.
- 17. RELATIVE CLAUSE A relative clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun, providing additional information about it. It is called a "relative" clause because it relates to the noun or pronoun that it modifies. A relative clause typically begins with a relative pronoun, such as "who," "whom," "whose," "which," or "that," and functions as an adjective in the sentence. The relative pronoun serves as the subject or object of the verb in the relative clause. A relative clause typically begins with a relative pronoun, such as "who," "whom," "whose," "which," or "that," and functions as an adjective in the sentence. The relative pronoun serves as the subject or object of the verb in the relative clause.
- 18. EXAMPLES : The man who is wearing a hat is my uncle. The book that I borrowed from the library is overdue My friend, who is a doctor, recommended this book
- 19. ADVERB CLAUSE Adverb clauses are subordinate clauses that function as adverbs in a sentence. They modify or describe the verb in the main clause and provide additional information about the time, place, manner, condition, or reason of the action in the main clause . An adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction such as "after," "although," "because," "if," "since," "unless," "until, "when," "where," or "while." For example:
- 20. After I finish my work, I'll go to the gym. (The adverb clause "After I finish my work" modifies the verb "go.") Although it was raining, we still went for a walk. (The adverb clause "Although it was raining" modifies the verb "went.") Because she was tired, she went to bed early. (The adverb clause "Because she was tired" modifies the verb "went.")
- 21. ADVERB CLAUSE AND IT’S TYPES Adverb clauses are dependent clauses that function as adverbs, modifying the main verb of the sentence. There are several types of adverb clauses, including: Time adverb clauses: These clauses express when or for how long something happens. Example: "After I finish my homework, I will watch TV. "Place adverb clauses: These clauses express where something happens. Example: "Wherever you go, I will follow. "Manner adverb clauses: These clauses express how something is done. Example: "She sings as if she were an angel."
- 22. Reason adverb clauses: These clauses express why something happens. Example: "Since it's raining, we should stay indoors. "Condition adverb clauses: These clauses express a condition under which something happens. Example: "If I have time, I will go to the gym. "Contrast adverb clauses: These clauses express a contrast with the main clause. Example: "Although it's raining, we will go for a walk. "Purpose adverb clauses: These clauses express the purpose for which something is done. Example: "I am studying hard so that I can get a good grade."
- 23. EXERCISE The cat jumped __ the fence __ ease. The train arrived __ the station __ time. The bird flew high __ the clouds. She walked slowly __ the street. The kids played __ the park __ school. He sang the song __ passion and enthusiasm. The car drove __ the winding road __ the forest. The dog chased the cat __ the table. The team won the championship __ great effort. The boy ran __ the hill to catch the ball.
- 24. Answers 1.over,with 2.at ,on 3.above 4.down 5.in ,after 6.with 7.along,through 8.under 9.with 10.up
- 25. She said that ____ was her favorite color. I don't know ____ we should go for dinner tonight The teacher asked the students ____ they had finished their homework. My dad told me ____ I needed to be home by 10 PM. The doctor asked the patient ____ he was experiencing any pain
- 26. The car, ____ had been parked on the street, was stolen last night. I need to buy a new phone, ____ should have a good camera. The woman, ____ lives next door, is a doctor. The book, ____ I read last night, was really interesting The movie, ____ we saw last week, won several awards.
- 28. Which Clause is this? The man ____ you met at the party is a famous actor. ___you finish your work early, we can go out for dinner. The dog, ____ is very friendly, loves to play fetch. ____ you eat too much junk food, you may gain weight. The book ____ I bought yesterday is a bestseller. the weather is nice, we'll go for a picnic. The girl ____ won the race is my sister. He arrived, _____ the party had already started. The car, ____ was parked illegally, was towed away by the police. ____ you study hard, you'll do well on the test.
- 30. We walked to the park _____ the sun was shining. _____ the rain stopped, we decided to go for a walk. She is always happy _____ she gets to see her friends. I missed the bus. _____ you eat your vegetables, you won't get dessert. We went to the beach _____ the weather was nice. She sings beautifully _____ she has had a lot of practice _____ he arrived, we started the meeting. _____ she studies hard, she will do well on the exam.
- 31. Once (Time) Because (Reason) If (Condition) Whenever (Cause) Since (Reason) If (Condition) Because (Reason) Because (Cause) As soon as (Time) If (Condition)