Reconstructing Polynesian
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This document summarizes the comparative reconstruction method used to determine the Proto Polynesian language from which modern Polynesian languages like Tongan, Samoan, Hawaiian, and Rarotongan descended. It outlines the consonant inventory and phonological rules of Proto Polynesian and describes comparing cognates across the languages to reconstruct proto forms, giving examples of reconstructing the proto forms for 'forbidden', 'navel', and 'blow'.
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g
"i,':
.§
~
_;;
Sounds
l--- --L-..-.
~
~'------........-'
=
j
_;;
..... = = "' @
Intonation
Word stress
Rhythm
Features of
connected speech
Figure S.1. Phonology.
-[ill-
A uniYersal concept across languages is the phone, or sound, as represe:-.?.:: ::-- .:. ..=~ o:::- 0::.~er 5;-::-.::... "
between brackets, such as [p ]. Note that [pl between brackets represents ti-.E s.:::. ~ 2..:'".i ~~ 'p ' in si.-.~
quotation marks represents the letter. The concept of phone is a uni\·ersal o:-.e: a _e::cr or other syrr.x_
in brackets indicates thatit is part ofa system that includes all the world's languages. The Intemationa..
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) includes all these phones using a unique symbol for each sound.
The sound of [p] in English actually has three different variants, the aspirated [p] in 'pit', fr.:c
unaspirated [p] in 'shopping' and the unreleased [p] in 'stop'. Even though English has these ya::
ants, called allophones, of [p ], they are still the same phoneme. That is, the same symbol is used.::
represent all the variants of [p] for English. A phoneme is represented by a symbol that includes L
possible variants (allophones) of a particular sound in a particular language, and is written ben..,·ee:
slashes, as in / p /. Aspiration o.
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pronunciation at word and phrasal levels. An examination of the learning processes involved when
a learner encounters a new language is presented along with activities to support educators and
students in discovering the characteristics of how the sound systems function, as well as ways to
apply knowledge of phonology to help students overcome difficulties. See Figure 5.1.
g
"i,':
.§
~
_;;
Sounds
l--- --L-..-.
~
~'------........-'
=
j
_;;
..... = = "' @
Intonation
Word stress
Rhythm
Features of
connected speech
Figure S.1. Phonology.
-[ill-
A uniYersal concept across languages is the phone, or sound, as represe:-.?.:: ::-- .:. ..=~ o:::- 0::.~er 5;-::-.::... "
between brackets, such as [p ]. Note that [pl between brackets represents ti-.E s.:::. ~ 2..:'".i ~~ 'p ' in si.-.~
quotation marks represents the letter. The concept of phone is a uni\·ersal o:-.e: a _e::cr or other syrr.x_
in brackets indicates thatit is part ofa system that includes all the world's languages. The Intemationa..
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) includes all these phones using a unique symbol for each sound.
The sound of [p] in English actually has three different variants, the aspirated [p] in 'pit', fr.:c
unaspirated [p] in 'shopping' and the unreleased [p] in 'stop'. Even though English has these ya::
ants, called allophones, of [p ], they are still the same phoneme. That is, the same symbol is used.::
represent all the variants of [p] for English. A phoneme is represented by a symbol that includes L
possible variants (allophones) of a particular sound in a particular language, and is written ben..,·ee:
slashes, as in / p /. Aspiration o.
Phonics power point
Phonics involves teaching students the relationships between letters and sounds. It builds upon phonological awareness by connecting sounds to letters. Phonics can be difficult for students to learn due to inconsistencies in English spelling rules. Teachers can help students learn phonics through activities like name puzzles, interactive writing, teaching consonant blends and digraphs. As students progress, teachers focus more on phonics instruction and less on phonological awareness. Phonics is assessed through measures like TPRI, anecdotal records, student work samples, and phonics worksheets. The overall goal is for students to gain reading proficiency through regular phonics practice.
Phonology -- The Sound Patterns of Language Made Easy
1) Phonology is the study of speech sounds and how they are organized in languages. It examines units of sound like phonemes, morphemes, and their patterns.
2) Speech sounds can be classified as either consonants or vowels. Consonants involve restricting air flow while vowels allow free flow of air to create different sounds.
3) The relationship between phonemic representations of words and their phonetic pronunciations is governed by rules of phonology. These rules include assimilation, dissimilation, and epenthesis.
English is Stupid, Students are Not
This keynote for the TESL Niagara Conference 2014 was teacher training lesson on a quick and dirty method for teaching anyone to speak English with the Thompson Vowel Chart from the back of a business card and an elastic band. First, participants had to throw out (or at least relegate to a back burner) everything they thought they knew about English and how to teach it. We started from scratch using only features of English that are always true and the information students already know - their name, the alphabet and colors. The 1 hour presentation trotted out a system for teaching speaking to students of all levels and provides students with the tools they need to figure out pronunciation without a teacher present.
A good time was had by all!
Phonetic 4 zhian
The document discusses phonemes, allophones, complementary distribution, and free variation in phonology. It defines phonemes as the smallest units that distinguish meaning, while allophones are predictable variants of phonemes. Complementary distribution occurs when similar phones only occur in different environments without changing meaning. Free variation means two sounds can be used interchangeably without altering meaning. The document also examines the syllable structure of English and defines syllables as consisting of an optional onset, obligatory nucleus, and optional coda, with consonants acting as the nucleus in some cases.
WHAT ARE PHONEMES
Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language that are used to distinguish meaning. In English there are approximately 44 phonemes represented by 26 letters and letter combinations. Phonemes can vary phonetically as allophones without changing the meaning, such as the "p" sound in "pin" and "spin" both being allophones of the phoneme "p". To identify the phonemes in a word, it must be segmented, or broken down, into its individual sounds.
English Phonology Guide: 10 Concepts in Phonology That You Should Know
English Phonology Guide: 10 Concepts in Phonology That You Should KnowEngmates - Best English & Public Speaking institute
Language is not just a means of communication; it’s a complex system of sounds, structures, and meanings. Within this system, phonology plays a crucial role in shaping how we perceive and produce speech. English, with its rich variety of accents and dialects, offers a fascinating study of phonological phenomena.
https://engmates.com/blog/spoken-english/english-phonology-guide-10-concepts-phonology-you-should-know/Phonology to be used
Phonology is the study of the sounds of human language and their patterns. It includes the study of phonemes, or distinctive sounds, and allophones, or predictable variants of phonemes. Phonotactics examines permissible sound combinations in a language. Morphophonemics describes how sounds change due to neighboring sounds or morphology. For example, the plural morpheme in English can be /s/, /z/, or /əz/ depending on preceding sounds.
second language acquisition
The document discusses several key aspects of second language acquisition, including:
- It occurs after a first language is established
- Factors that influence it include the language spoken at home, opportunities to practice the second language, and motivation
- Children acquiring a second language bring different skills than when acquiring their first language
- The linguistic environment is usually different for second language acquisition compared to acquiring a first language
It then provides examples of phonological rules and development in a primary-school aged child learning a second language.
An interesting talk over language sounds
abk_ksr_mh.863/2016
An interesting talk over language sounds
maqsood hasni
Abuzar Barqi kutab'khana
Oct.2016
2 phonetics slides final
This document provides an introduction to phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). It discusses the objectives of studying phonetics, which include understanding the relationship between sound and spelling and learning how speech sounds are produced in the vocal tract. The key topics covered are the branches of phonetics, articulatory phonetics and describing language sounds. It also outlines the characteristics of a good phonetic alphabet, describes the categories of consonants and vowels, and provides examples of phonetic transcription and the English consonant and vowel systems using IPA symbols.
Phonology333
Phonology is the study of sound patterns in language. It examines how speech sounds are organized and interact within and across words. Phonology analyzes phonological processes such as assimilation, deletion, and stress assignment. It also considers phonological units like phonemes, allophones, and phonotactic constraints. Phonological knowledge allows speakers to produce and understand the sounds of their language.
335 chpt 7 summary
This document discusses phonemic analysis and the differences between phonemes and allophones. It explains that phonemes are abstract underlying units that can have multiple allophones, which are the predictable surface variants that realize the phoneme. Allophones are in complementary distribution based on their context, such as the aspirated [ph] only occurring at the beginning of words. The document also discusses minimal pairs, which differ by one phoneme, and how phonemic features are used to determine the underlying form that connects similar allophones.
3 phonology slides
This document provides an introduction to phonology, the study of sound patterns in language. It defines key phonological concepts including phonemes, phones, and allophones. Phonemes are the smallest units that distinguish meaning, while phones are actual speech sounds and allophones are variant pronunciations of the same phoneme. The document uses examples from English and other languages to illustrate these concepts and how they are identified, particularly through finding minimal pairs. It also discusses other phonological topics like phonotactics, syllables, and phonological processes.
3 phonology slides
The document discusses phonology, the sound patterns of language, including phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables and clusters, and phonological processes. It provides examples of how sounds are organized differently across languages and how phonologists determine what sounds are phonemes versus allophones in a given language by looking for minimal pairs. The goal is to understand the system of sounds in a language and which sounds can distinguish words.
The English Phonetic Alphabet_JudyThompson_Appi2013
Judy Thompson gave a presentation on the problems with teaching English pronunciation and proposed a new framework using color-coded vowels. She explained that English spelling does not represent sounds accurately and students need tools to learn pronunciation. Her framework uses colors to represent the 40 sounds in English - 24 consonants and 16 vowels. Students learn that every word has a color based on its stressed syllable. This approach teaches pronunciation without relying on spelling and gives students tools to improve their speaking ability independently.
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docx
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what extent do we need to be inclusive of others? Be sure to reference at least one philosopher or ethical framework as support for your reasoning (200-250 words)
https://inclusion.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Ethics-of-Inclusion.pdf
2. Choose one of your representatives (U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate) and write a letter to him or her advocating for a particular policy position. You may include personal information and arguments ("As a lifelong hunter..." "As a mother of small children...") but you should also use some facts and figures drawn from your own research. Your letter should make at least two specific arguments, backed up with some sort of data, and be at least 300 words in length.
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operate according to certain rules and are
: manifested as patterns.The word used for individual speech sounds is phones, and the study of the
; characteristics, or features, of phones of all languages is called phonetics (Yule, 2010). Although the
I focus is on the English sound system, it is important to note that each language is systematic in its
patterning, and that although similarities exist across all languages, differences abound.
Phonology
The study of the sound system of languages, called phonology, helps teachers understand many
challenges English learners (ELs) face, both in hearing and producing the sounds of a new language.
This knowledge also assists teachers in diagnosing errors second language (L2) readers typically
make when reading aloud and in predicting how this affects comprehension, accuracy, and fluency.
This section is fundamental to an understanding of linguistics because it introduces a number of
important concepts that are revisited at other levels of language. The first section is on the basic con
cepts of phonology; the second is about the consonants of English; the third provides an overview of
the English vowels; and the fourth is about suprasegmentals, the phonological phenomena affecting
pronunciation at word and phrasal levels. An examination of the learning processes involved when
a learner encounters a new language is presented along with activities to support educators and
students in discovering the characteristics of how the sound systems function, as well as ways to
apply knowledge of phonology to help students overcome difficulties. See Figure 5.1.
g
"i,':
.§
~
_;;
Sounds
l--- --L-..-.
~
~'------........-'
=
j
_;;
..... = = "' @
Intonation
Word stress
Rhythm
Features of
connected speech
Figure S.1. Phonology.
-[ill-
A uniYersal concept across languages is the phone, or sound, as represe:-.?.:: ::-- .:. ..=~ o:::- 0::.~er 5;-::-.::... "
between brackets, such as [p ]. Note that [pl between brackets represents ti-.E s.:::. ~ 2..:'".i ~~ 'p ' in si.-.~
quotation marks represents the letter. The concept of phone is a uni\·er.
Phonetic
Phonemes are the smallest units that distinguish meaning in a language. They are abstract and contrastive. Phones are concrete speech sounds that are realizations of phonemes. Allophones are variant phones that are predictable realizations of a single phoneme. Complementary distribution occurs when similar phones cannot appear in the same context and are considered allophones. Free variation occurs when phones can be substituted without changing meaning. The document also discusses syllable structure in English and features of consonant distribution and realization.
REpresentation of Speech Sound.pptx
This document discusses the representation of speech sounds in three paragraphs:
1) It defines a phonological representation as the mental representation of sounds and combinations of sounds in a spoken language, which can be described at the acoustic, linguistic, or cognitive level.
2) It describes speech sounds as the vocal sounds used to form words, differentiated from letters, and notes that understanding speech sounds benefits speech development.
3) It outlines three levels of phonological structure: constituent structure, melodic structure, and A-structure, and discusses symbolic phonetic representation forms which represent sounds with symbols and diacritics.
The sound patterns of language
This file is created for English literature students in universities especially for BA students. It is adapted from The study of language by George Yule. I hope this will help you
Similar to Reconstructing Polynesian (20)
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operat.docx
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operat.docx
Phonology -- The Sound Patterns of Language Made Easy
Phonology -- The Sound Patterns of Language Made Easy
English Phonology Guide: 10 Concepts in Phonology That You Should Know
English Phonology Guide: 10 Concepts in Phonology That You Should Know
The English Phonetic Alphabet_JudyThompson_Appi2013
The English Phonetic Alphabet_JudyThompson_Appi2013
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docx
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docx
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Working on the phonology of your field language
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Visual texts as mediated communication
War memorials serve as collective memories that shape national identities and convey messages about war. They contain visual and textual elements that tell the stories of those who sacrificed their lives in conflict. The summaries provide examples of memorials in Leningrad honoring citizens who died defending the city during World War II, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC featuring names of soldiers killed in the Vietnam War etched in stone, and Atatürk memorials in New Zealand and Australia commemorating the Gallipoli campaign and promoting peace between former enemies.
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Hello my name is ...
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Reading passages 2
The document contains 5 passages about various everyday situations and events occurring in New Zealand:
1) Preparations for a party including decorations and food and drink and expecting guests to arrive by ferry in the evening.
2) Details about the location of Auckland airport being away from the city to reduce noise complaints and its underground parking facility.
3) An incident where a boy spilled a chocolate milkshake at a mall and was given a free replacement drink after cleaning it up.
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N z vowels
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He said, she said part 2
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3) More recent research calls for understanding gender as a dynamic social performance rather than a fixed category, and examining how language is used to both construct and deconstruct notions of masculinity and femininity in interaction.
He said she_saidwell[1]23
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Te reo maaori 1
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A e i o u
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The dp2
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2. It follows X-bar theory and gives NP functional architecture.
3. Evidence for functional projections above NP comes from Tok Pisin pronouns, which have functional projections between NP and DP with a morpheme head, and the pronoun moves up through these projections.
Next year
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I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
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- 6. Correspondences in item 1 and 2 Can you find other items with either of these correspondences? 1,2 1,2 Data no *p p p p p *t k t t t Proto form Ha Ra Sa Tg
- 7. K and glottal stop in Tongan Ø means there is no corresponding consonant in this position 13 uhi u?i ufi ? ufi 9 ?alo karo ?alo k alo No, Ha Ra Sa Tg 13 9 No. *? Ø Ø Ø ? *k ? k ? k Proto form Ha Ra Sa Tg