Phonetics For The Comparative Method
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The document discusses phonetics and consonant sounds. It explains that stops involve a complete block followed by release, fricatives involve continuous noisy friction, and nasals involve sound passing through the nostrils. It notes that voiced consonants involve vocal cord vibration while voiceless consonants sound lighter. Typical Polynesian consonants include stops like p, t, k, nasals like m, n, ng, fricatives like f, v, s, h, liquids like l or r, and w. Phonetic similarity exists between stops as they share the stop manner, and between t and s as they are both alveolar. L and r are also similar as they are both liquids made in the same
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New Zealand English has developed as a unique variety of English with its own vocabulary, accent, and history. It originated from a mixing of dialects including Cockney English and other British regional accents. NZE is distinguished by its pronunciation of vowels, with shifts in vowel space and the development of new diphthongs not found in other varieties like Received Pronunciation. One such new diphthong is the pronunciation of 'me' as a two-part vowel, differing from other forms of English.
He said, she said part 2
1) The document discusses debates around gender differences in language use and dominance. It describes views that see men's language as assertive and dominant in public spheres while women's language is seen as passive and focused on private matters.
2) Alternative views see gender differences in language as socially constructed rather than innate. Differences may reflect how men and women are socialized rather than fixed biological traits.
3) More recent research calls for understanding gender as a dynamic social performance rather than a fixed category, and examining how language is used to both construct and deconstruct notions of masculinity and femininity in interaction.
He said she_saidwell[1]23
This document discusses research on gender differences in language. It examines how some languages grammatically mark gender in pronouns and how some have gender-exclusive vocabularies. It also discusses gender-preferential language and how gender has been studied from a variationist linguistic perspective. A key topic is Robin Lakoff's 1975 characterization of "women's language" as tentative, uncertain, and weak. This characterization is critiqued as proposing a deficit view of women's language based on a perceived male norm. Explanations for observed gender differences in language use are examined.
Greetings from aulua
This document discusses greetings and politeness in Aulua culture. It outlines different types of greetings including time-referenced greetings, small talk, and honorific greetings. It also discusses farewell greetings and notes they are an important part of stereotyping neighbors. Additionally, it examines who requires politeness based on social structure including higher chiefs, cross-generational in-laws, parallel and cross in-laws, and joking relationships between kin.
Te reo maaori 1
- Te reo Māori is the Māori language of New Zealand. It originated from the Polynesian languages brought by the Māori people's ancestors who migrated to New Zealand around 700 years ago.
- After European contact, use of te reo Māori declined dramatically as English became dominant in education, religion, and government. By the late 19th century most Māori were monolingual English speakers.
- In the 20th century te reo Māori nearly became extinct as the language of the home and community as urbanization separated Māori from their traditional lands and cultures. However, the 1970s saw a Māori renaissance and revitalization movement
A e i o u
The document discusses vowels in Polynesian languages. It explains that vowels are made by shaping the mouth using the jaw, lips, and tongue. It presents diagrams showing the positions of vowels in the mouth. Key terms are introduced to describe vowels, such as high vs low, front vs back, and round vs spread. The five vowels of Polynesian languages /i, u, e, o, a/ are then labeled according to these terms.
Catherine
This document appears to be a collection of random words, phrases, and messages between various individuals. It includes references to people named Catherine, George, Enid, Justin, Ruth, Kiriana, and Matt Johnston. A broken lightbulb and an embarrassing movie moment are also briefly mentioned. Electrical voltages and drinking corona with lemon are discussed in a conversation between Peter Jamieson and Matt Johnston about someone named Carl dancing at a location called 4-6 volts upstairs.
The dp2
1. The document discusses the DP hypothesis, which proposes that determiners are more important than just specifier elements and that DP is a functional projection above NP.
2. It follows X-bar theory and gives NP functional architecture.
3. Evidence for functional projections above NP comes from Tok Pisin pronouns, which have functional projections between NP and DP with a morpheme head, and the pronoun moves up through these projections.
Next year
This document lists linguistics papers offered at the School of Language Studies in 2011, including paper codes, titles, prerequisites, locations, and whether they can be taken as a BA or BC. There are 11 papers listed ranging from 100 to 300 level, covering topics like language and communication, language and society, forensic linguistics, phonology, and languages of the Pacific. Most papers are offered at the MAN campus and via distance learning, and have prerequisites of other linguistics papers.
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Stori blong man we hemi sutum mun - a Bislama tale
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