The document presents an extensive overview of receptors, detailing their types, mechanisms, and interactions with drugs. It discusses various receptor classifications such as ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, and nuclear receptors, alongside their roles in pharmacology. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of receptor pharmacology in drug discovery and treatment of diseases, highlighting the need for further research.

1. RECEPTORS
Presented by
VENKAT SANNAPU(11AB1R0057)
Under the guidance of
Mrs.B.DEEPTHI M.Pharm (PhD)
VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE
(Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada Approved by PCI & AICTE, New Delhi)
Vadlamudi , Guntur, Andhra Pradesh

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction - receptor
 Drug – receptor interactions
 Ligand gated ion channel receptors
 G – protein coupled receptors
 Kinase liked receptors
 Nuclear receptors
 Comparison of receptor types
 Conclusion
 References
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3. WHAT IS A RECEPTOR?
o Specialized areas of cell to which drugs get bound.
 They are regulatory protein macro molecules .
 Drug should have –selectivity to a receptor ; receptor should have
ligand specificity to elicit action.
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4. DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS
 Effect of drug attributed to two factors
1. Affinity : tendency of the drug to bind to receptor and form D-R
complex .
2. Efficacy or intrinsic activity : ability of the drug to trigger
pharmacological responses after forming D-R complex .
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5. CONTD…
 Based on affinity and intrinsic activity :
 Full agonist : high affinity
high intrinsic activity(=1)
Eg. Methacholine on acetylcholine receptors
 Antagonist : only affinity
no intrinsic activity (=0)
Eg. Atropine on muscarinic receptors
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6. RECEPTORS @ VPC
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7. RECEPTOR CLASSIFICATION
Cell surface Intracellular
1. Inotropic.
2. Metabotropic.
3. Ligand regulated trans
membrane.
1. Nuclear receptors .
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8.  Also called ionotropic receptors.
 Involved mainly in fast synaptic transmission.
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Eg: nAchR, GABAA, and glutamate receptors of the NMDA, AMPA and
kainate types.
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9. FEATURES – ION CHANNELS
 Protein molecules form water filled
pores that span the membrane.
 Switch between open and closed states.
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 Rate and Direction of movement depends on electrochemical gradient of
the ions
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10. MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
 ligand binding site in extracellular domain.
 4 subunits α, β, γ and δ.
 α2, β, γ - pentameric str - 2 ligand binding sites
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 Each subunit spans the membrane 4 times; all subunits form a central
pore.
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11. Ligand binding
site
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12. RECEPTORS @ VPC
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13. Mechanism of
receptor action
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14. RECEPTORS @ VPC
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15. CONTD…
 Due to the concentration changes of different ions the following effects are
seen.
 Increase in Na+ and Ca+ levels- excitatory
 Decrease in Na+ and Ca+ levels- inhibitory
 Increase in K+ levels – inhibitory
 Decrease in K+ levels – excitatory
 Increase in Cl- levels – inhibitory
 Decrease in Cl- levels- excitatory
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16. ION CHANNELS - IMPORTANCE
 Generation , propagation of nerve impulse.
 Synaptic transmission of neurons.
 Muscle contraction.
 Salt balance.
 Hormone release.
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 Muscle relaxants , anti-arrhythmatics ,anesthetics – act by blocking ion channels.

17.  metabotropic or 7-transmembrane-spanning (heptahelical) receptors.
 coupled to intracellular effector systems via a G-protein.
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 mAChRs, adrenoceptors, dopamine, 5-HT, opiate, peptide, purinoceptors,
orphans .
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18. MOLECULAR
STRUCTURE
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19. FAMILIES OF GPCR
3 families:
 A – rhodopsin family
eg. Amine NT, purines , cannabinoids
 B - secretin/glucagon receptor family Eg. Peptide hormones.
 C - metabotropic glutamate receptor/calcium sensor family.
Eg. GABAB , Glutamate.
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20. G-PROTEIN -ROLE
 Membrane resident proteins – recognize activated GPCRs- pass message to
effector system.
 Occurs in interaction with guanine nucleotides ; freely moving in cytoplasm.
 α, β and γ subunits – trimer in resting state.
 3 subunits attached to GPCR through fatty acid chain – reaction called
prenylation.
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21. G-PROTEIN SUBTYPES
G-PROTEIN RECEPTOR FOR SIGNALLING
PATHWAY
GS Beta adrenergic amines,
glucagon histamine,
serotonin
Adenylyl cyclase
CAMP
•Excitatory effects
Gi1, Gi2, Gi3 Alpha2 adrenergic amines,
mAchR, opioid,
serotonin
adenylyl cyclase
CAMP
Cardiac K+ channel
open- heart
rate
Golf Olfactory epithelium Adenylyl cyclase –
CAMP
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22. G-PROTEIN RECEPTOR FOR SIGNALLING PATHWAY
GO NT ,Opioid
cannabinoid
Not clear
Gq mAchR, serotonin
5HT1C
PLC
IP3 , DAG
Cytoplasmic Ca
Gt1 , Gt2 Rhodopsin and colour
opsins in retinal rod
and cone cells
cGMP
phosphodiesterase-cGMP
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23. SECONDARY MESSENGER SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION
 The adenyly cyclase / cAMP system
 The Phospholipase C / inositol phosphate system
 The Ion channels
 The Rho A /Rho kinase system
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24. ADENYLYL CYCLASE/ CAMP SYSTEM
 c AMP –nucleotide synthesized from ATP - by adenylyl cyclase,
metabolized by PDE.
 Regulate enzymes of metabolism, growth, contractile proteins of muscle.
 NT - acts on GPCR –Gs/Gi activated - produce effects – by inc or dec.
activity of adenylyl cylase-and cAMP.
 c AMP- activate - Protein kinases-activate/inactivate enzymes by
phosphorylation – cellular events.
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25. PHOSPHOLIPASE C-INOSITOL SYSTEM
 Phospholipase C : Cleaves membrane phospholipids - phosphoinositides.
 PLC beta – cleaves phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bis Phosphate PIP2 - into DAG
and IP3.
 DAG and IP3 - Secondary messenegers – elicit cellular responses.
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26. ION CHANNELS
 GPCR- directly control ion channel-without secondary messenger.
Eg. mAchR in heart – activate K+ channel.
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27.  Involved in growth, proliferation, differentiation or survival-called growth
factors.
 Mediate actions of protein mediators- GF, cytokines , harmones - insulin and
leptin.
 Slow – require the expression of new genes.
 Single membrane spanning helix - extracellular ligand binding domain -
intracellular domain.
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28. Structure of Kinases linked receptors
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Extracellular domain
Binds to the ligand (growth factor)
Trans membrane domain
Intracellular domain
Endogenous kinases bind
and get phosphorlated
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29. TYPES
 receptor tyrosine kinases
Eg. EGF , NGF , insulin receptor
 serine/ threonine kinases
Eg. TGF
 cytokine receptors
Eg. Cytokines , CSF
 guanylyl cyclase receptors
Eg. ANP
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30. Gene Kinase cascade
transcription
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31.  Important pathways activated :
1. The Ras/Raf/mitogen- activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway
- activated by tyrosine kinases.
- important in cell division, growth, differentiation.
2. The Jak/Stat pathway
- activated by cytokines.
-controls synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators.
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32.  Ligand activated transcription factors.
 Present in soluble form – either in cytoplasm or nucleus – freely diffusable.
 Transduce signals by- modifying gene transcription.
 Eg: steroid hormones, glucocorticoids, vit D and A, orphan receptors
 Play vital role in endocrine signaling and metabolic regulation.
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33. Zn fingers;hor
response elements
-Binds with corepressor
coactivator ptns
AF1
AF2
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34. CONCLUSION
 Extensive research done on Receptor pharmacology -lead to discovery of
new drug targets for treatment of several diseases.
 Still requires discovery of new receptor types and the mechanisms of many
orphan receptors that can result in effective treatment of many diseases.
 Requires development of receptor crystallization etc.
 Much to be discovered about the nuclear receptors.
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35. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I would like to thank my guide, Mrs. B. Deepthi for her
constant guidance and support .
 I would also like to thank our principal, Mr. P. Srinivasa
Babu and the seminar committee for giving me this
opportunity.
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36. REFERENCES
 Rang , Dale, Ritter ,Flower :Rang and Dale’s,
pharmacology;6th edition, Churchill Livingstone;2008,
9-52.
 Bertram G. Katzung , Basic and clinical pharmacology;
10th edition ; 2006 , 197-209
 KD Tripati , essentials of medical pharmacology ; 6th
edition; 2008, 40-52.
 RICHARD’s LIPPINCOTT’s illustrated reviews of
PHARMACOLOGY , 4th edition , Page no 25 – 34.
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