Receptors
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This document discusses different types of receptors and their mechanisms of action. It defines a receptor as a specific binding site on a cell that triggers a pharmacological response. Receptors can be ionotropic, G-protein coupled, enzymatic, or nuclear. G-protein coupled receptors are the most common and activate secondary messenger systems like the cAMP or phosphoinositol pathways. Examples of different receptor types and their associated G-proteins and secondary messengers are provided.
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TYPES OF RECEPTORS
This document discusses different types of receptors and how they transmit signals. It describes two main domains of receptors - a recognition domain that binds hormones and a coupling domain that generates an intracellular signal. It also discusses three types of cell surface receptors - ion channel receptors, transmembrane receptors, and receptors that are kinases or bind kinases. Steroid hormones can directly activate genes by diffusing into the cell and binding intracellular receptors, which then bind DNA and activate transcription.
Receptors
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins that interact with extracellular signaling molecules and activate intracellular signaling pathways. There are over 1000 known GPCRs that are classified into three main families based on sequence homology. Upon agonist binding, GPCRs activate heterotrimeric G proteins located on the intracellular side of the cell membrane, initiating downstream signaling cascades such as the cAMP pathway or phospholipase C pathway. GPCRs play key roles in many physiological processes and are the targets of about 40% of all modern medicinal drugs.
Receptors 1
This document provides information about a receptor pharmacology course taught by Professor Dr. Md. Shah Amran at the University of Dhaka. It was prepared by 5 students and contains an introduction to receptors, classifications of different receptor types including ligand gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme linked receptors, and nuclear receptors. It also discusses receptor-drug interactions, affinity, intrinsic activity, and mechanisms of cell surface and intracellular receptors.
G protein coupled receptor
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors and the target of many drugs. They have seven transmembrane domains and signal through G proteins and second messengers like cAMP or IP3. Upon ligand binding, the GPCR activates a G protein that then activates or inhibits downstream effectors to produce a cellular response. GPCRs regulate many physiological functions and half of all drugs target these receptors. Recent research focuses on deorphaning orphan GPCRs and understanding how GPCR mutations can cause disease.
GABA, glutamate receptors and their modulation
This document provides an overview of glutamate and GABA, their receptors and therapeutic applications. It discusses the synthesis, storage, release and termination of glutamate and GABA in the central nervous system. It describes the ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors and GABAA and GABAB receptors. It also discusses conditions associated with glutamate like seizures, neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Finally, it outlines current and upcoming therapeutic agents that target glutamate and GABA receptors and their uses, mechanisms and adverse effects.
Drug receptors in pharmacology
The document summarizes different types of receptors and their classification. It discusses four main types of receptors: ligand gated ion channel receptors (inotropic), G-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic), kinase linked receptors, and nuclear receptors. It provides details about their molecular structure, signaling mechanisms, examples, and comparisons between receptor types. In summary, the document provides an overview of receptor pharmacology, classification of receptors, and their role in drug action and signaling pathways.
neurotransmitter gaba
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It is synthesized in neurons and stored in synaptic vesicles until released into the synaptic cleft via calcium-dependent exocytosis. Upon binding to GABA receptors on postsynaptic neurons, GABA elicits inhibitory responses by increasing chloride ion conductance through ionotropic GABA-A receptors or by decreasing calcium conductance and increasing potassium conductance through metabotropic GABA-B receptors. GABA is then removed from the synaptic cleft via reuptake into presynaptic neurons and glial cells to terminate its action.
Receptors
Introduction - receptor
Drug – receptor interactions
Ligand gated ion channel receptors
G – protein coupled receptors
Kinase liked receptors
Nuclear receptors
Comparison of receptor types
Conclusion
References
Recommended
TYPES OF RECEPTORS
This document discusses different types of receptors and how they transmit signals. It describes two main domains of receptors - a recognition domain that binds hormones and a coupling domain that generates an intracellular signal. It also discusses three types of cell surface receptors - ion channel receptors, transmembrane receptors, and receptors that are kinases or bind kinases. Steroid hormones can directly activate genes by diffusing into the cell and binding intracellular receptors, which then bind DNA and activate transcription.
Receptors
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins that interact with extracellular signaling molecules and activate intracellular signaling pathways. There are over 1000 known GPCRs that are classified into three main families based on sequence homology. Upon agonist binding, GPCRs activate heterotrimeric G proteins located on the intracellular side of the cell membrane, initiating downstream signaling cascades such as the cAMP pathway or phospholipase C pathway. GPCRs play key roles in many physiological processes and are the targets of about 40% of all modern medicinal drugs.
Receptors 1
This document provides information about a receptor pharmacology course taught by Professor Dr. Md. Shah Amran at the University of Dhaka. It was prepared by 5 students and contains an introduction to receptors, classifications of different receptor types including ligand gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme linked receptors, and nuclear receptors. It also discusses receptor-drug interactions, affinity, intrinsic activity, and mechanisms of cell surface and intracellular receptors.
G protein coupled receptor
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors and the target of many drugs. They have seven transmembrane domains and signal through G proteins and second messengers like cAMP or IP3. Upon ligand binding, the GPCR activates a G protein that then activates or inhibits downstream effectors to produce a cellular response. GPCRs regulate many physiological functions and half of all drugs target these receptors. Recent research focuses on deorphaning orphan GPCRs and understanding how GPCR mutations can cause disease.
GABA, glutamate receptors and their modulation
This document provides an overview of glutamate and GABA, their receptors and therapeutic applications. It discusses the synthesis, storage, release and termination of glutamate and GABA in the central nervous system. It describes the ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors and GABAA and GABAB receptors. It also discusses conditions associated with glutamate like seizures, neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Finally, it outlines current and upcoming therapeutic agents that target glutamate and GABA receptors and their uses, mechanisms and adverse effects.
Drug receptors in pharmacology
The document summarizes different types of receptors and their classification. It discusses four main types of receptors: ligand gated ion channel receptors (inotropic), G-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic), kinase linked receptors, and nuclear receptors. It provides details about their molecular structure, signaling mechanisms, examples, and comparisons between receptor types. In summary, the document provides an overview of receptor pharmacology, classification of receptors, and their role in drug action and signaling pathways.
neurotransmitter gaba
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It is synthesized in neurons and stored in synaptic vesicles until released into the synaptic cleft via calcium-dependent exocytosis. Upon binding to GABA receptors on postsynaptic neurons, GABA elicits inhibitory responses by increasing chloride ion conductance through ionotropic GABA-A receptors or by decreasing calcium conductance and increasing potassium conductance through metabotropic GABA-B receptors. GABA is then removed from the synaptic cleft via reuptake into presynaptic neurons and glial cells to terminate its action.
Receptors
Introduction - receptor
Drug – receptor interactions
Ligand gated ion channel receptors
G – protein coupled receptors
Kinase liked receptors
Nuclear receptors
Comparison of receptor types
Conclusion
References
Genetic variations in gpcr
Genetic variations in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can alter receptor function and cause diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and other mutations have been linked to impaired or enhanced receptor signaling. For example, a mutation in the vasopressin V2 receptor causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by decreasing ligand binding and receptor expression. Similarly, mutations in chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR2 impact HIV infection by altering receptor function or interaction with other coreceptors. Overall, GPCR polymorphisms are associated with diseases by changing ligand binding, receptor activation, trafficking, and coupling to downstream signaling pathways.
Receptors and receptors classification
Definition
Classification and description of each class.
Description of individual receptor.
Forces affecting the drug receptor binding.
Binding of drug receptor affect drug action.
Agonist and antagonist.
Disease due to malfunctioning of receptors.
New drug design based on structure of receptors
Receptor as target for drug discovery.
Drug action not mediated by receptor.
G protein coupled receptor(gpcr)
This document discusses G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs):
- GPCRs are the largest family of transmembrane receptors and play important roles in human senses and physiology. They respond to a wide range of ligands.
- GPCRs are classified into families based on sequence homology and functional similarity. The largest family is rhodopsin-like receptors which have 7 transmembrane domains.
- GPCRs are activated via conformational changes in the transmembrane domains, primarily involving movements of "microswitches" that allow the receptor to activate associated G proteins and downstream signaling.
Biased agonism
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G protein coupled receptor and pharmacotherapeutics
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Gaba modulators
This document discusses GABA modulators. It begins by introducing GABA as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It then discusses the three main types of GABA receptors: GABAA, GABAB, and GABAC. The GABAA receptor is an ionotropic receptor that opens chloride channels, while the GABAB receptor is a metabotropic G protein-coupled receptor. The document outlines the biosynthesis and mechanism of action of the different GABA receptor subtypes. It also discusses several drugs that act on GABA receptors, including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, baclofen, vigabatrin, tiagabine, valproate
Receptors
This document discusses different types of receptors. It describes G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in detail, including that they are the largest group of receptors, mediate many physiological processes, and are targets for around 45% of drugs. It provides examples of specific GPCRs like muscarinic, adrenergic, histamine, dopamine, opioid, and serotonin receptors and discusses their functions. The document also briefly summarizes ligand-gated ion channels, enzymatic receptors, and nuclear receptors. In summary, it provides an overview of the main receptor types, with a focus on GPCRs, their examples, signaling pathways, and physiological roles.
Serotonin agonist &antagonist
Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is synthesized from tryptophan. It acts through multiple receptor subtypes. Serotonin is found primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets, and central nervous system. It plays important roles in mood, cognition, sleep, and other physiological processes. Dysregulation of the serotonin system is implicated in depression, anxiety, migraine, nausea/vomiting, and other conditions treated with drugs that enhance serotonin signaling or block certain receptor subtypes.
Autonomic nervous system
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system, specifically focusing on the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. It describes that the parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine at both ganglionic and organ synapses, with preganglionic neurons being long and postganglionic neurons being short. The sympathetic system uses acetylcholine at ganglionic synapses and norepinephrine at organ synapses, with preganglionic neurons being short and postganglionic neurons being long. It also briefly discusses general principles of neurotransmission including Dale's principle, denervation supersensitivity, and pre-synaptic modulation.
GABA.pptx
This document discusses GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It covers GABA's synthesis, receptors (GABA-A and GABA-B), and role in neuropsychiatric conditions like anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. Specifically, it notes that GABA serves an important regulatory role by reducing neuronal activity in areas like the amygdala and cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loop. Dysfunction of GABA signaling has been linked to these conditions.
Glutamate receptors
This document discusses glutamate receptors, including their history, types, roles, and drugs that act on them. It notes that glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. There are two main types of glutamate receptors: ionotropic receptors which are ligand-gated ion channels including NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors, and metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors divided into groups 1, 2, and 3. The roles of glutamate receptors include synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and excitotoxicity. Many drugs have been developed that act as agonists or antagonists at glutamate receptors and are being investigated for conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson
Receptors
Receptors are macromolecules that recognize signal molecules and initiate a response. There are four main receptor families: G-protein coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, enzymatic receptors, and receptors that regulate gene expression. G-protein coupled receptors are the largest family and activate downstream effectors like adenylyl cyclase through G proteins. Ion channel receptors open ion channels upon agonist binding. Enzymatic receptors activate intracellular kinases upon ligand binding. Receptors regulating gene expression translocate to the nucleus and regulate transcription of target genes.
L-Glutamate
My presentation on neurotransmitter glutamate. References from Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry 9th edition and Stahl's essential psychopharmacology 4th edition.
Serotonin receptors
Serotonin receptors, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, are found in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets, and central nervous system. There are 7 main classes of serotonin receptors (5-HT1 to 5-HT7) with multiple subtypes. The receptors have various functions like regulating mood, appetite, sleep, intestinal movements, vasoconstriction, and hemostasis. The biosynthesis of serotonin begins with the amino acid tryptophan being converted into 5-hydroxytryptamine in serotonergic neurons. Future research aims to better understand the specific roles of the different serotonin receptor subtypes to help develop more targeted drugs.
G protein coupled receptors
Dr. Pavani discusses G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are integral membrane proteins that sense molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and cellular responses. There are over 800 GPCRs in humans that detect a wide range of ligands and are involved in many physiological processes. GPCRs work by coupling to G proteins, which activate various intracellular effectors like adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, and ion channels. Dysregulation of GPCR signaling can lead to many human diseases. Martin Rodbell and Alfred Gilman were awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries related to G proteins and GPCR signal transduction.
Receptors as Drug Targets
This document discusses drug receptors and their role in mediating drug action. It describes the four main types of receptors: ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and nuclear receptors. Ligand-gated ion channels directly open ion channels, while G-protein coupled receptors signal through G-proteins. Enzyme-linked receptors have intracellular enzyme domains, and nuclear receptors enter the nucleus to regulate gene transcription. Understanding receptors is important for rational drug design and determining mechanisms of drug action and selectivity.
Gaba ppt
This document discusses GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It outlines GABA's mechanism of action via GABA-A and GABA-B receptors, synthesis, functions in relieving anxiety and improving mood, and relationship to health conditions like insomnia, depression, seizures, and panic disorders when deficient. The conclusion states that GABA functions to inhibit nerve impulses by blocking them, preventing nerve cells from firing too often or easily.
Receptor - Pharmacology
This powerpoint basically used for better understanding of different types of receptors and various terminology in pharmacology.
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This power point presentation deals with the definition of prodrug design its objectives, requirements, rationale and the practical considerations ..
Receptors
The document provides an overview of drug receptor interactions and classification of receptors. It discusses the four main classes of receptors: ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked receptors, and nuclear receptors. For each class, it describes the receptor structure, mechanism of action, examples, and key signaling pathways. The document concludes that further research is needed to discover new receptor types and mechanisms, develop receptor crystallization techniques, and better understand nuclear receptors to aid in disease treatment.
Receptors-1
This document provides information about a receptor pharmacology course taught by Professor Dr. Md. Shah Amran at the University of Dhaka. It was prepared by 5 students and contains contents on different types of receptors including ligand gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme linked receptors, nuclear receptors, and a comparison of receptor types. Receptors are important macromolecules that bind drugs and mediate their effects in the body.
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Genetic variations in gpcr
Genetic variations in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can alter receptor function and cause diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and other mutations have been linked to impaired or enhanced receptor signaling. For example, a mutation in the vasopressin V2 receptor causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by decreasing ligand binding and receptor expression. Similarly, mutations in chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR2 impact HIV infection by altering receptor function or interaction with other coreceptors. Overall, GPCR polymorphisms are associated with diseases by changing ligand binding, receptor activation, trafficking, and coupling to downstream signaling pathways.
Receptors and receptors classification
Definition
Classification and description of each class.
Description of individual receptor.
Forces affecting the drug receptor binding.
Binding of drug receptor affect drug action.
Agonist and antagonist.
Disease due to malfunctioning of receptors.
New drug design based on structure of receptors
Receptor as target for drug discovery.
Drug action not mediated by receptor.
G protein coupled receptor(gpcr)
This document discusses G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs):
- GPCRs are the largest family of transmembrane receptors and play important roles in human senses and physiology. They respond to a wide range of ligands.
- GPCRs are classified into families based on sequence homology and functional similarity. The largest family is rhodopsin-like receptors which have 7 transmembrane domains.
- GPCRs are activated via conformational changes in the transmembrane domains, primarily involving movements of "microswitches" that allow the receptor to activate associated G proteins and downstream signaling.
Biased agonism
A concise overview of biased agonism, mechanism, beta arrestin pathway, types, examples, GPCR, pros and cons of biased agonism, beta blockers and angiostensin receptor in biased agonism.
G protein coupled receptor and pharmacotherapeutics
This document provides an overview of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their role in cell signaling. It discusses the history and structure of GPCRs, how they interact with G-proteins and secondary messengers like cAMP and IP3 to activate intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways regulate key cellular processes and are targets for drug development to treat diseases. The document also categorizes different classes of GPCRs and summarizes the mechanisms and physiological roles of various secondary messenger systems like cAMP, IP3, and ion channels in signal transduction.
Gaba modulators
This document discusses GABA modulators. It begins by introducing GABA as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It then discusses the three main types of GABA receptors: GABAA, GABAB, and GABAC. The GABAA receptor is an ionotropic receptor that opens chloride channels, while the GABAB receptor is a metabotropic G protein-coupled receptor. The document outlines the biosynthesis and mechanism of action of the different GABA receptor subtypes. It also discusses several drugs that act on GABA receptors, including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, baclofen, vigabatrin, tiagabine, valproate
Receptors
This document discusses different types of receptors. It describes G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in detail, including that they are the largest group of receptors, mediate many physiological processes, and are targets for around 45% of drugs. It provides examples of specific GPCRs like muscarinic, adrenergic, histamine, dopamine, opioid, and serotonin receptors and discusses their functions. The document also briefly summarizes ligand-gated ion channels, enzymatic receptors, and nuclear receptors. In summary, it provides an overview of the main receptor types, with a focus on GPCRs, their examples, signaling pathways, and physiological roles.
Serotonin agonist &antagonist
Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is synthesized from tryptophan. It acts through multiple receptor subtypes. Serotonin is found primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets, and central nervous system. It plays important roles in mood, cognition, sleep, and other physiological processes. Dysregulation of the serotonin system is implicated in depression, anxiety, migraine, nausea/vomiting, and other conditions treated with drugs that enhance serotonin signaling or block certain receptor subtypes.
Autonomic nervous system
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system, specifically focusing on the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. It describes that the parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine at both ganglionic and organ synapses, with preganglionic neurons being long and postganglionic neurons being short. The sympathetic system uses acetylcholine at ganglionic synapses and norepinephrine at organ synapses, with preganglionic neurons being short and postganglionic neurons being long. It also briefly discusses general principles of neurotransmission including Dale's principle, denervation supersensitivity, and pre-synaptic modulation.
GABA.pptx
This document discusses GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It covers GABA's synthesis, receptors (GABA-A and GABA-B), and role in neuropsychiatric conditions like anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. Specifically, it notes that GABA serves an important regulatory role by reducing neuronal activity in areas like the amygdala and cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loop. Dysfunction of GABA signaling has been linked to these conditions.
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This document discusses glutamate receptors, including their history, types, roles, and drugs that act on them. It notes that glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. There are two main types of glutamate receptors: ionotropic receptors which are ligand-gated ion channels including NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors, and metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors divided into groups 1, 2, and 3. The roles of glutamate receptors include synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and excitotoxicity. Many drugs have been developed that act as agonists or antagonists at glutamate receptors and are being investigated for conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson
Receptors
Receptors are macromolecules that recognize signal molecules and initiate a response. There are four main receptor families: G-protein coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, enzymatic receptors, and receptors that regulate gene expression. G-protein coupled receptors are the largest family and activate downstream effectors like adenylyl cyclase through G proteins. Ion channel receptors open ion channels upon agonist binding. Enzymatic receptors activate intracellular kinases upon ligand binding. Receptors regulating gene expression translocate to the nucleus and regulate transcription of target genes.
L-Glutamate
My presentation on neurotransmitter glutamate. References from Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry 9th edition and Stahl's essential psychopharmacology 4th edition.
Serotonin receptors
Serotonin receptors, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, are found in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets, and central nervous system. There are 7 main classes of serotonin receptors (5-HT1 to 5-HT7) with multiple subtypes. The receptors have various functions like regulating mood, appetite, sleep, intestinal movements, vasoconstriction, and hemostasis. The biosynthesis of serotonin begins with the amino acid tryptophan being converted into 5-hydroxytryptamine in serotonergic neurons. Future research aims to better understand the specific roles of the different serotonin receptor subtypes to help develop more targeted drugs.
G protein coupled receptors
Dr. Pavani discusses G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are integral membrane proteins that sense molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and cellular responses. There are over 800 GPCRs in humans that detect a wide range of ligands and are involved in many physiological processes. GPCRs work by coupling to G proteins, which activate various intracellular effectors like adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, and ion channels. Dysregulation of GPCR signaling can lead to many human diseases. Martin Rodbell and Alfred Gilman were awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries related to G proteins and GPCR signal transduction.
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what ways are quorum sensing and the two component signaling system in bacteria similar?
First we will see What is quorum sensing (QS). QS is a cell to cell communication in bacteria
that involve signaling molecules or autoinducers (AIs).
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cytoplasm.
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cell-density- or growth-phase-dependent manner in Gram-positive bacteria. Examples of such
quorum-sensing modes in Gram-positive bacteria are the development of genetic competence in
Bacillus subtilis andStreptococcus pneumoniae, the virulence response in Staphylococcus aureus,
and the production of antimicrobial peptides by several species of Gram-positive bacteria
including lactic acid bacteria. Cell-density-dependent regulatory modes in these systems appear
to follow a common theme, in which the signal molecule is a post-translationally processed
peptide that is secreted by a dedicated ATP-binding-cassette exporter. This secreted peptide
pheromone functions as the input signal for a specific sensor component of a two-component
signal-transduction system. Moreover, genetic linkage of the common elements involved results
in autoregulation of peptide-pheromone production.
What advantages would an enzyme coupled receptor have over a G-coupled receptor?
To understand the advantage of Enzyme-linked receptors over G-Protein Linked Receptors, we
have to see how these both types of receptors function in cellular level.
G-Protein Linked Receptors
G-protein-linked receptors bind a ligand and activate a membrane protein called a G-protein. The
activated G-protein then interacts with either an ion channel or an enzyme in the membrane. All
G-protein-linked receptors have seven transmembrane domains, but each receptor has its own
specific extracellular domain and G-protein-binding site.
Cell signaling using G.
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Recently uploaded
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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6:个人职称评审加20分
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
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Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
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Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
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Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
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the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
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were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
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photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
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Receptors
- 1. RECEPTORS Vaheeda rahman, (PhD),. Dept of pharmacology. VISTAS
- 2. WHAT IS A RECEPTOR
- 3. RECEPTOR: It is a specific binding site on the cell which exhibits some functional groups which trigger the pharmacological action
- 4. AFFINITY: Ability of agent to combine with receptor INTRINSIC ACTIVITY: Ability of agent to activate the receptor (efficacy) AGONIST: maximum affinity and efficacy ANTAGONIST: having affinity but no efficacy INVERSE AGONIST: having affinity and negative efficacy
- 6. Types of receptors: Iono tropic receptors G-protein coupled receptors Enzymatic receptors Nuclear receptors
- 8. G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS: General Structure of receptors:
- 10. G protein coupled with receptors:
- 13. Step by step mechanism of G protein coupling and enzyme activation
- 15. Second messengers: cAMP system Phosphoinositol system Arachidonic acid system cGMP system Tyrosine kinase system receptor α2,β1,β2 M2 α1 M1,M3 Histamine - - Transducer Gs(β1,β2) Gi(α2, M2) Gq Unknown G- protein - - Primary effector AC Phospholipase C Phospholipase A Guanylate cyclase Tyrosine kinase Secondary messenger cAMP IP3,DAG Arachidonic acid cGMP Protein phosphatase Secondary effector Protein kinase A Ca++ release 5-lipoxygenase Protein kinase G -
- 16. Examples of G-protein receptors: Muscarnic receptors (cholinergic) Adrenergic receptors (α,β) Histamine receptors Dopamine receptors Opiate receptors Serotonin receptors (all except 5-HT3) GABAB receptors
- 19. Examples of nuclear receptors: Glucocorticoid receptors Minero corticoid receptors Oestrogen receptors Progestero receptors Androgen receptors Vit A and vit B receptors Thyroid hormone receptors
- 20. Other receptors: Spare receptors: Maximum response is observed even though when all the receptors of tissues are not occupied by drug moiety Orphan receptors: Receptors with no endogenous ligand Eg: PPAR-α receptors (peroxysomal proliferated activated receptors) Silent receptors: Biologically silent even though stimulations of receptors taking place no biological response Normal receptors: Response observed when all the receptors of the tissue occupied by drug moiety
- 21. REFERENCE: Pharmacology by RANG and DALE Integrated pharmacology by WALKER pharmacology by LIPPINCOTT pharmacology by BERTRUM www.wikkipedia.org www.winona.edu www.pharmacologycorner.com www.psychopharmacologyinstitute.com