The document discusses the autonomic nervous system, specifically focusing on the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. It describes that the parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine at both ganglionic and organ synapses, with preganglionic neurons being long and postganglionic neurons being short. The sympathetic system uses acetylcholine at ganglionic synapses and norepinephrine at organ synapses, with preganglionic neurons being short and postganglionic neurons being long. It also briefly discusses general principles of neurotransmission including Dale's principle, denervation supersensitivity, and pre-synaptic modulation.
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS ,special emphasis on importance of various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin and dopamine
Learn the nor adrenergic transmission in ANS. Synthesis, storage ,release, uptake,metabolism of nor-adrenaline. Types of adrenoceptors. Agonist and antagonist of adrenoceptors.
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS-
The term neurohumoral transmission designates the transfer of a nerve impulse from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic neuron by means of a humoral agent e.g. a biogenic amine, an amino acid or a peptide.
The parasympathetic division typically acts in opposition to the sympathetic autonomic nervous system through negative feedback control.
This action is a complementary response, causing a balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic responses.
Overall, the parasympathetic outflow results in the conservation and restoration of energy, reduction in heart rate and blood pressure, facilitation of digestion and absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste products.
These are drugs that produce actions similar to that of Acetylcholine hence known as parasympathomimetics.
They act either by directly interacting with cholinergic receptors or by increasing the availability of Acetylcholine at these sites.
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS ,special emphasis on importance of various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin and dopamine
Learn the nor adrenergic transmission in ANS. Synthesis, storage ,release, uptake,metabolism of nor-adrenaline. Types of adrenoceptors. Agonist and antagonist of adrenoceptors.
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS-
The term neurohumoral transmission designates the transfer of a nerve impulse from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic neuron by means of a humoral agent e.g. a biogenic amine, an amino acid or a peptide.
The parasympathetic division typically acts in opposition to the sympathetic autonomic nervous system through negative feedback control.
This action is a complementary response, causing a balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic responses.
Overall, the parasympathetic outflow results in the conservation and restoration of energy, reduction in heart rate and blood pressure, facilitation of digestion and absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste products.
These are drugs that produce actions similar to that of Acetylcholine hence known as parasympathomimetics.
They act either by directly interacting with cholinergic receptors or by increasing the availability of Acetylcholine at these sites.
5-Hydroxytryptamine & it’s Antagonist is a Topic in Pharmacology which will defiantly Help You in pharmacy field All information is related to pharmacology drug acting and it's effect on body. it is collage project given by our department i would like to share with you.
Introduction to Physiological and pathological role of serotonin
Autocoids, Classification, synthesis ,Serotonergic receptors, Physiological actions, Pathophysiological role
Presented by
K.Firdous banu
Department of Pharmacology
5-Hydroxytryptamine & it’s Antagonist is a Topic in Pharmacology which will defiantly Help You in pharmacy field All information is related to pharmacology drug acting and it's effect on body. it is collage project given by our department i would like to share with you.
Introduction to Physiological and pathological role of serotonin
Autocoids, Classification, synthesis ,Serotonergic receptors, Physiological actions, Pathophysiological role
Presented by
K.Firdous banu
Department of Pharmacology
7 кроків щоб зробити наступний рік особливимUnivero
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Ці питання направлені на аналіз ваших досягнень минулого року і визначення цілей на майбутній рік. Відповідь на них дасть вам можливість зазирнути у новий рік, завершити справи минулого року і відпустити його з легкістю. Можливо, ця робота, вплине на події вашого наступного року.
Suggestive improvements in navigation systemDhawal Singhal
Have you ever faced problem when navigator gave wrong directions to you and you stuck somewhere? If yes, this presentation gives an idea how the navigator performance can be evaluated and made more efficient by the service providers.
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Refurbishment of Japanese Style wooden house for a middle age couple. Requests: Open Kitchen, Display ideas for their collection of pottery and crockery, Unique window treatment.
Neurotransmission (Latin: transmission "passage, crossing" from transmitter "send, let through"), is the process by which signalling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron
Various neurotransmitters, mechanism of action and their physiological functions are explained and is useful for ug and pg students of medicine, neurology, psychiatry branches.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
7. Summary of parasympathetic neurons
and synapses
Preganglionic neurons
Long
Synapse with postganglionic neurons at or near organ
Release acetylcholine (ACH) to activate nicotinic receptors
on postganglionic neurons
Postganglionic neurons
Short
Synapse on the target organ
Release acetylcholine (ACH) to activate muscarinic
receptors on the target organ
10. Summary of sympathetic neurons
and synapses
Preganglionic neurons
Short
Synapse with postganglionic neurons near spinal cord
Release acetylcholine (ACH) to activate nicotinic
receptors on postganglionic neurons
Postganglionic neurons
Long
Synapse on the target organ
Release norepinephrine to activate adrenergic
receptors on target organs
11. General principles of chemical
transmission
Dale’s principle
Its unlikely that a single neuron can store and release
different transmitters at different nerve terminals of the
same neuron.
Denervation super sensitivity
• Proliferation of receptors
• Loss of mechanisms for transmitter removal
• Increased post junctional responsiveness
Pre-synaptic modulation
• Heterotropic interaction
• Homotrotropic interaction
12. MODULATION OF NEUROTRANSMISSION
Modulation of
Neurotransmisson
Presynaptic
Modulation
Postsynaptic
Modulation
Presynaptic
Inhibition
Presynaptic
Facilitation
Postsynaptic
InhibitionPostsynaptic
Facilitation
15. COTRANSMISSION
Release of More Than One
Neurotransmitter from the Same
Nerve Terminal
Cotransmitter A Cotransmitter B
Synergistic or Opposite Actions
