This study compared the nutrient and mineral content of two grass species, Andropogon gayanus and Pennisetum pedicellatum, grown in Sokoto, Nigeria. The results showed that P. pedicellatum had higher crude protein and crude fiber content than A. gayanus, likely due to its leafier nature and stemmy growth. A. gayanus contained more ether extract and ash. In terms of minerals, A. gayanus contained higher levels of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc, while P. pedicellatum contained more calcium and sodium. Overall, the higher nutrient and mineral content indicates that A. gayanus is more useful as livestock
Adaptation Trial of Improved Perennial Grass Varieties/Accessions at the High...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with an objective of adapting, see the yield, quality and recommend improved perennial grass accessions to the highland of Guji Zone, Ethiopia in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks. Accessions were (Phalaris aquatica Sirossa Phalaris aquatica Sirocco, ILCA 14983, ILCA 14984 and variety X (Holeta local). Broadcasting method for Phalaris and 0.5meter between plant and 1meter between row spacing for Napier grass was applied at planting time each plot measuring 4meter x 6meter. Yield parameters were analyzed using statistical analysis software (SAS) and the means of quality parameters were compared with standards. Accordingly, Napier variety X was significant in survival rate, number of shoot, date of first harvest and harvesting frequency at (P<0.05) and highest in crude protein (CP) content. ILCA 14983 were also significant in survival rate and number of shoot and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Phalaris aquatica Sirossa was significant in green forage yield and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Generally, considering most parameters, Variety X and ILCA 14983 from Napier grass, Phalaris aquatica Sirossa from Phalaris were selected and recommended to the area and has to be evaluated under farmers’ conditions.
Current applications of biotechnology to forestry are modest, especially when compared to agriculture or pharmaceuticals. However, the potential for application of biotechnology to forestry and forest plantations is great.
Adaptation Trial of Improved Perennial Grass Varieties/Accessions at the High...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with an objective of adapting, see the yield, quality and recommend improved perennial grass accessions to the highland of Guji Zone, Ethiopia in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks. Accessions were (Phalaris aquatica Sirossa Phalaris aquatica Sirocco, ILCA 14983, ILCA 14984 and variety X (Holeta local). Broadcasting method for Phalaris and 0.5meter between plant and 1meter between row spacing for Napier grass was applied at planting time each plot measuring 4meter x 6meter. Yield parameters were analyzed using statistical analysis software (SAS) and the means of quality parameters were compared with standards. Accordingly, Napier variety X was significant in survival rate, number of shoot, date of first harvest and harvesting frequency at (P<0.05) and highest in crude protein (CP) content. ILCA 14983 were also significant in survival rate and number of shoot and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Phalaris aquatica Sirossa was significant in green forage yield and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Generally, considering most parameters, Variety X and ILCA 14983 from Napier grass, Phalaris aquatica Sirossa from Phalaris were selected and recommended to the area and has to be evaluated under farmers’ conditions.
Current applications of biotechnology to forestry are modest, especially when compared to agriculture or pharmaceuticals. However, the potential for application of biotechnology to forestry and forest plantations is great.
The comparative efficiency of organic and synthetic fertilizers were studied on maize and cowpea, two staple
Nigerian crops. Chemical fertilizer did not support yield as much as poultry manure (PM) or arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi(AMF), individual or in a combined state. The combination of PM and AMF was the best application expressing
yield in form of shoot productivity. Glomus clarum was a good fertilizing candidate in this study
Stem Height and Yield Response of Four Potato Varieties to Planting Density a...Premier Publishers
Field trials were conducted at Tambul in the High Altitude Research Centre in Papua New Guinea Highlands. The trials evaluated four varieties of potato, two of which are resistant to Potato Late Blight disease and bred by the International Potato Centre (E2, E24), Kumdi and PNG industry variety, Sequoia against three planting densities (PD) and three fertilizer rates (FR) in a 4x3x3 factorial design. Trials were replicated three times and repeated in three seasons at three different sites. Stem height of E24 was significantly (P<0.05) higher followed by E2, Kumdi then Sequoia respectively. Marketable and total tuber number plant-1 was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by varieties and treatments especially PD. All varieties performed high marketable and total tuber number plant-1 at moderate to low PD. Optimum marketable and total tuber yield (t ha-1) of E2, Kumdi, Sequoia and E24 were observed at high PD and moderate to high FR. High seed tubers were observed at high density and low to moderate FR. E2 and Kumdi had appropriate genetic traits resistant to PLB disease and natural aptitude to influence tall stem height cultivated using high PD and moderated to high FR resulted in healthy crop development and high yield performance.
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
Genotype by Environment Interaction on Yield Components and Stability Analysi...Premier Publishers
Newly developed varieties can only contribute to increased productivity if high producing varieties are released in production niches they are adapted to. In order to enhance adoption of new improved cassava varieties in western Kenya, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) on agronomic and farmer preferred traits of cassava and to asses yield stability of 16 cassava genotypes. The study was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications across five different environments of western Kenya. AMMI analysis of variance identified highly significant (P= 0.001) GEI effects for plant height, height at first branching, and fresh root yield. Generally, GEI effects accounted for 14.98%, 24.64% and 28.3% variability in PH, HB, and FRY respectively. GGE biplot analysis shows that MM06/0138, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, MM98/3567, MM06/0074, MM96/4271 were high yielding and stable genotypes. AMMI stability value revealed that genotype MM06/0143 combined high stability for plant height, height at first branching, number of storage roots and fresh root yield. Genotypes MM06/0138, MM98/3567, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, and MM06/0074 outperformed the check in storage roots yield exhibited high yields in farmer preferred traits and were classified as stable genotypes. Therefore, recommended for release to farmers.
Genetic Studies of Grain Yield and other Agronomic Traits of Low-N Maize (Zea...Premier Publishers
Ten low-N open pollinated maize varieties were converted to inbred line after six generations of selfing and used to study the genetic effects of grain yield and other agronomic traits. The 10 inbred lines were crossed in all possible combinations to generate 90 F1 hybrids (45 crosses and 45 reciprocals). The 90 F1 along with their parents were evaluated at the Teaching and Research Farms of Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti and Osun State University, Ejigbo in 2017, using two environments created by levels of N (low and high). The design at each location was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two replicates. Data were collected on plant height, ear height, days to 50% anthesis, days to 50% silking, incidence of curvularia leaf spot, blight, plant aspect, ear aspect, ear rot, stay green, cob per plant, ear weight, grain moisture content and grain yield. All data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. Specific combining ability (SCA) and general combing ability (GCA) were obtained for the traits. The mean yield of the hybrids (6,444.42 t/ha) and reciprocal (5,971.64 t/ha) were significantly higher than their parents (2,212.84 t/ha). Significant GCA, SCA and reciprocal were recorded for all traits. Hybrids showed better performance compared with parental lines demonstrating heterotic effect. The ratio of GCA/SCA mean square revealed that non-additive gene action was more important for all the traits except ear height, blight, stay green and cob per plant. The estimate of GCA and SCA in this study provides the maize breeder with information to determine which lines to select to improve elite varieties and which parent lines should be used for making hybrids with greater grain yield under condition of low soil N.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.19
ABSTRACT- By using gamma rays (physical) & EMS (chemical) mutagens the various genetic variability parameters
were estimated of two soybean cultivars i.e. PKV-1 & JS-335. Characters studied i.e. Plant height, no. of branches per
plant, no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per plant, yield per plant, 100 grain wt. shows that genotypic coefficient of
variation (G.C.V.) & phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability was significantly high. In both the varieties, all
the mutagenic treatments were effective in inducing genetic variability.
Key-words- Gamma rays, EMS, Mutagens, Genetic Variability
seeds potentialities of medicks in sub humid area to be used in steppe zoneIJEAB
New pulse crops varieties more productive as medics should be made available to breeders located in semi-arid region of Algeria. So, and through two years of testing, pods yield and seeds production of twenty populations belonging to species M.intertexta , M.ciliaris, M.polymorpha , M.Truncatula and an introduced population M.muricoleptis is an Australian cultivar (Jemalong) are appreciated.Pods’ yields of year 2013 vary between 78,66g/m² with poly27 and 3637,33g/m² with I107. Values of the second essay (2015) are different, they vary between 40,89g /m² with Poly236 and 464,36 g/m² with I11.The cultivar Jemalong offers a yield of 172,4 g/m². The corresponding seed yields also show a low production in year 2015. The ratio leaf / stem varies between 1,03 and 5. The average of yields in dry matter of 27 populations in 2013 was of 457,79g/m2 against 127,41 g/m² in 18 populations in 2015. Jemalong cultivar records a yield of 12,8g/m². For the same dose of seed, number of plants by square meter varies between 44 and 112. Number of stems by square meter varies between 136 in C204 and 420 in I52..The average width of population’s ramifications varies between 13cm in Tr334 and 44 cm in I52, The Jemalong cultivar offers an average of 17cm. So, production results of medicks depend of weather conditions in littoral zone of lower altitude than 600-700m. In steppe zones, we recommend to make tests in situ with these same populations.
protein maize (QPM) production. A field trial was therefore conducted to compare the performance of
six hybrids (three each of QPM and normal endosperm) at three population densities using a split-plot
design at the sub-station of the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Oke-Oyi, in the
southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. Plant population
densities (53,333, 66,666, and 88,888 plants ha
-1
) constituted the main plots and the six hybrids were
assigned to the subplots, replicated three times. Our results showed a differential response of maize
hybrids to high densities, with plant populations above 53,333 plants ha
-1
reduced grain yield, and this is
more pronounced in QPM than normal endosperm hybrids. This is contrary to the results observed in
many other countries. This might be that the hybrids were selected in low yield potential area at low
plant densities, and hence not tolerant to plant density stress. It may also be due to low yield potential
of the experimental site, which does not allow yield increases at high plant densities. Though normal
endosperm hybrids 0103-11 and 0103-15 as well as QPM Dada-ba were superior for grain yield among
the hybrids at 53,333 plants ha
-1
, hybrid 0103-11 was most outstanding. Therefore, genetic
improvement of QPM and normal endosperm hybrids for superior stress tolerance and high yield could
be enhanced by selection at higher plant population densities.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken’s feed during laying.
The comparative efficiency of organic and synthetic fertilizers were studied on maize and cowpea, two staple
Nigerian crops. Chemical fertilizer did not support yield as much as poultry manure (PM) or arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi(AMF), individual or in a combined state. The combination of PM and AMF was the best application expressing
yield in form of shoot productivity. Glomus clarum was a good fertilizing candidate in this study
Stem Height and Yield Response of Four Potato Varieties to Planting Density a...Premier Publishers
Field trials were conducted at Tambul in the High Altitude Research Centre in Papua New Guinea Highlands. The trials evaluated four varieties of potato, two of which are resistant to Potato Late Blight disease and bred by the International Potato Centre (E2, E24), Kumdi and PNG industry variety, Sequoia against three planting densities (PD) and three fertilizer rates (FR) in a 4x3x3 factorial design. Trials were replicated three times and repeated in three seasons at three different sites. Stem height of E24 was significantly (P<0.05) higher followed by E2, Kumdi then Sequoia respectively. Marketable and total tuber number plant-1 was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by varieties and treatments especially PD. All varieties performed high marketable and total tuber number plant-1 at moderate to low PD. Optimum marketable and total tuber yield (t ha-1) of E2, Kumdi, Sequoia and E24 were observed at high PD and moderate to high FR. High seed tubers were observed at high density and low to moderate FR. E2 and Kumdi had appropriate genetic traits resistant to PLB disease and natural aptitude to influence tall stem height cultivated using high PD and moderated to high FR resulted in healthy crop development and high yield performance.
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
Genotype by Environment Interaction on Yield Components and Stability Analysi...Premier Publishers
Newly developed varieties can only contribute to increased productivity if high producing varieties are released in production niches they are adapted to. In order to enhance adoption of new improved cassava varieties in western Kenya, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) on agronomic and farmer preferred traits of cassava and to asses yield stability of 16 cassava genotypes. The study was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications across five different environments of western Kenya. AMMI analysis of variance identified highly significant (P= 0.001) GEI effects for plant height, height at first branching, and fresh root yield. Generally, GEI effects accounted for 14.98%, 24.64% and 28.3% variability in PH, HB, and FRY respectively. GGE biplot analysis shows that MM06/0138, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, MM98/3567, MM06/0074, MM96/4271 were high yielding and stable genotypes. AMMI stability value revealed that genotype MM06/0143 combined high stability for plant height, height at first branching, number of storage roots and fresh root yield. Genotypes MM06/0138, MM98/3567, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, and MM06/0074 outperformed the check in storage roots yield exhibited high yields in farmer preferred traits and were classified as stable genotypes. Therefore, recommended for release to farmers.
Genetic Studies of Grain Yield and other Agronomic Traits of Low-N Maize (Zea...Premier Publishers
Ten low-N open pollinated maize varieties were converted to inbred line after six generations of selfing and used to study the genetic effects of grain yield and other agronomic traits. The 10 inbred lines were crossed in all possible combinations to generate 90 F1 hybrids (45 crosses and 45 reciprocals). The 90 F1 along with their parents were evaluated at the Teaching and Research Farms of Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti and Osun State University, Ejigbo in 2017, using two environments created by levels of N (low and high). The design at each location was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two replicates. Data were collected on plant height, ear height, days to 50% anthesis, days to 50% silking, incidence of curvularia leaf spot, blight, plant aspect, ear aspect, ear rot, stay green, cob per plant, ear weight, grain moisture content and grain yield. All data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. Specific combining ability (SCA) and general combing ability (GCA) were obtained for the traits. The mean yield of the hybrids (6,444.42 t/ha) and reciprocal (5,971.64 t/ha) were significantly higher than their parents (2,212.84 t/ha). Significant GCA, SCA and reciprocal were recorded for all traits. Hybrids showed better performance compared with parental lines demonstrating heterotic effect. The ratio of GCA/SCA mean square revealed that non-additive gene action was more important for all the traits except ear height, blight, stay green and cob per plant. The estimate of GCA and SCA in this study provides the maize breeder with information to determine which lines to select to improve elite varieties and which parent lines should be used for making hybrids with greater grain yield under condition of low soil N.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.19
ABSTRACT- By using gamma rays (physical) & EMS (chemical) mutagens the various genetic variability parameters
were estimated of two soybean cultivars i.e. PKV-1 & JS-335. Characters studied i.e. Plant height, no. of branches per
plant, no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per plant, yield per plant, 100 grain wt. shows that genotypic coefficient of
variation (G.C.V.) & phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability was significantly high. In both the varieties, all
the mutagenic treatments were effective in inducing genetic variability.
Key-words- Gamma rays, EMS, Mutagens, Genetic Variability
seeds potentialities of medicks in sub humid area to be used in steppe zoneIJEAB
New pulse crops varieties more productive as medics should be made available to breeders located in semi-arid region of Algeria. So, and through two years of testing, pods yield and seeds production of twenty populations belonging to species M.intertexta , M.ciliaris, M.polymorpha , M.Truncatula and an introduced population M.muricoleptis is an Australian cultivar (Jemalong) are appreciated.Pods’ yields of year 2013 vary between 78,66g/m² with poly27 and 3637,33g/m² with I107. Values of the second essay (2015) are different, they vary between 40,89g /m² with Poly236 and 464,36 g/m² with I11.The cultivar Jemalong offers a yield of 172,4 g/m². The corresponding seed yields also show a low production in year 2015. The ratio leaf / stem varies between 1,03 and 5. The average of yields in dry matter of 27 populations in 2013 was of 457,79g/m2 against 127,41 g/m² in 18 populations in 2015. Jemalong cultivar records a yield of 12,8g/m². For the same dose of seed, number of plants by square meter varies between 44 and 112. Number of stems by square meter varies between 136 in C204 and 420 in I52..The average width of population’s ramifications varies between 13cm in Tr334 and 44 cm in I52, The Jemalong cultivar offers an average of 17cm. So, production results of medicks depend of weather conditions in littoral zone of lower altitude than 600-700m. In steppe zones, we recommend to make tests in situ with these same populations.
protein maize (QPM) production. A field trial was therefore conducted to compare the performance of
six hybrids (three each of QPM and normal endosperm) at three population densities using a split-plot
design at the sub-station of the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Oke-Oyi, in the
southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. Plant population
densities (53,333, 66,666, and 88,888 plants ha
-1
) constituted the main plots and the six hybrids were
assigned to the subplots, replicated three times. Our results showed a differential response of maize
hybrids to high densities, with plant populations above 53,333 plants ha
-1
reduced grain yield, and this is
more pronounced in QPM than normal endosperm hybrids. This is contrary to the results observed in
many other countries. This might be that the hybrids were selected in low yield potential area at low
plant densities, and hence not tolerant to plant density stress. It may also be due to low yield potential
of the experimental site, which does not allow yield increases at high plant densities. Though normal
endosperm hybrids 0103-11 and 0103-15 as well as QPM Dada-ba were superior for grain yield among
the hybrids at 53,333 plants ha
-1
, hybrid 0103-11 was most outstanding. Therefore, genetic
improvement of QPM and normal endosperm hybrids for superior stress tolerance and high yield could
be enhanced by selection at higher plant population densities.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken’s feed during laying.
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Animal performance mainly depends on the quantity and quality of forage available as feed and animal feed represents one of the major cost in animal production. Consequently, a research was conducted to investigate the effect of seasonal changes on nutrients composition, and in vitro gas assessment of Cajanus cajan as a fodder crop. Cajanus cajan foliage was harvested from the pasture unit of the University farm after cut back was done and samples were collected every 28 days of every month from July to March of the following year and each month serve as a treatment and T1 July…March T9. The samples were oven dried to determine chemical composition, minerals, secondary metabolites and in vitro gas evaluation using standard techniques. The results of chemical composition showed that crude protein CP and crude fibre varied from 17.12 to 19.44 and 21.57 to 24.83 respectfully. Similarly, all the minerals composition calcium Ca , phosphorus P , magnesium Mg , potassium K , sodium Na , manganese Mn , copper Cu zinc Zn , iron Fe and secondary metabolites phenols, phytates, oxalates, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and lectins were significantly P 0.05 different across the treatments. All other parameters such as dry matter DM , ash, ether extract EE , nitrogen free extract NFE , non fibre carbohydrates NFC and carbohydrates CHO were varied significantly P 0.05 except the organic matter OM that was similar across the treatments. Fibre fractions Neutral Detergent Fibre NDF , Acid Detergent Fibre ADF , Acid Detergent Lignin ADL , Hemicellulose and Cellulose showed significant P 0.05 differences except ADL that was similar throughout the season. In vitro fermentation study revealed that methane CH4 , total gas volume TGV , dry matter degradability DMD , organic matter digestibility OMD , metabolisable energy ME , short chain fatty acids SCFA , and fermentation efficiency FE ranged between 3.00 and 7.50ml, 7.00 and 14.00ml, 44.37 and 56.79 , 37.56 and 43.48 , 4.25 and 5.12MJ KgDM, 0.11 and 0.28µmol, 4.00 and 6.78 respectively. Significant differences P 0.05 occurred among the months regarding the in vitro gas parameters. evaluated. The CP levels, CF and ADF indicated that Cajanus cajan would be digestible. In vitro fermentation results showed that CH4 ranged value was very low, an indication of low loss of energy feed if fed to ruminants. Dry matter degradability DMD and organic matter digestibility OMD of Cajanus cajan as affected by season change were relative low owing to relative high level of ADF, NDF and some secondary metabolites. However seasonal variation had significant P 0.05 effects on the chemical composition except for Ash, OM and ADL composition that were similar across the seasons. Similarly, the results of in vitro gas assessment showed that seasonal change had significant influence on the parameters measured. Amuda, A. J. | Okunlola, D. O "Effects of Seasonal Changes on Nutrients Composition and in Vitro Gas Assessment of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus C
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The substrate paddy straw has recorded maximum yield of fresh mushroom.Among the substrates newspaper substrate exhibited highest biological efficiency of more than 95 per cent. Among the varieties CO (OM) 2 has recorded early spawn run and maximum yield performance.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus amendment on the yield of a Chlorella sp. s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
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A study on growth performance of Spirulina platensis in different concentrati...AbdullaAlAsif1
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Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food WastesPremier Publishers
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Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
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Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AI
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1. ISSN 0794-5698
A Comparative Analysis of Nutrients and Mineral Elements Content of Andropogon gayanus Kunth
and Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin
*A.F. Waziri, S.A. Anka, A.Y. Bala and H. Shehu
Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
[*Corresponding author: Email ; aminubala2001@yahoo.com. : +2348035989824]
ABSTRACT: Comparative studies on the nutrients and mineral elements content of the two grass species was
conducted at Gangam Rangeland, Shagari L.G.A., Sokoto state. Sokoto lies on latitude 12.000 and 13.600N and
longitude 4.800 and 6.500E and altitude 350m above sea level. The result show that P. pedicellatum had high
crude protein (Cp) ad crude fibre (Cf) content than A. gayanus. The high Cp content was attributed to its leafy
nature (having abundant leaves) as Cp is more concentrated in leaves, whereas the high Cf content was possibly
due to its stemmy nature particularly at the end of the growing period. However, in terms of Ether extract (Ee) and
Ash content, A. gayanus had more. The high Ash content was probably as a result of high mineral elements
content of the grass species. On the other hand, A. gayanus had high Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium
(Mg), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) content, while P. pedicellatum has high Calcium (Ca) and Sodium (Na)
content. The high mineral elements content of A. gayanus made the grass more useful for grazing and feeding of
livestock. The high Ca content of P. pedicellatum may account for its high Cf content as Ca forms structural
components of cell walls and membranes.
Keywords: Nutrients content, Andropogon gayanus, Pennisetum pedicellatum, Shagari LGA.
INTRODUCTION
The fodder given to animals is supposed to serve some
specific purposes. Therefore, the value of any fodder
crop depends on its nutritional content and palatability.
Thus, the knowledge of constituents of animal feed is
central to animal production and productivity. Nutrients
are feed components that are utilized by animals after
digestion and absorption have taken place (McDonald
et al., 1998). They are also substances that are
required for the nourishment of an organism, providing
a source of energy and structural components. In
animals, they form part of the diet and include major
nutrients such as crude protein, ether extract crude
fibre and mineral elements. These nutrients must be
bio-available to the animals (Hotchkiss and Potter,
1996). Livestock must therefore be fed appropriately
throughout the year as the nutrients from fodder are
converted into animal proteins that served as human
food. Umunna and Orji (1991), stated that the low
nutrient content of many forages is the most critical
constraint to livestock production in Nigeria. The
nutritional value of forage is individually and collectively
affected by various factors, including genetic, edaphic,
climatic, type and level of utilization, management and
stage of growth. Nutrients composition of forages also
varies from time to time and location to location (De
Leeuw, 1979). Mineral elements are inorganic
substances derived by plants through their roots which
are the contact points with the soil. The mineral
elements absorbed by plants are then converted into
plant products. The latter are then fed to livestock for
conversion into animal products (Payne, 1994, Martin
and Roberts, 2000). These mineral elements are
believed to have one or more catalytic functions in the
cell (Biswas and Mukherjee, 1995).
Andropogon gayanus Kunth belongs to the family
Poaceae and tribe Andropogoneae. It is indigenous and
widely distributed throughout the Savanna areas of
Nigeria and the rest of Tropical Africa. It is commonly
known as Gamba grass and locally called Gombol in
Fulfude. It is a tall, perennial grass, erect, tufted/tussock
with stems 2-4 metres high. It has various tillers and
abundant foliage especially during the rainy season
(Akubundu, 1987; Chlleda and Crowder, 1982; Pagot,
1993). It is propagated by seeds, which are
broadcasted or planted in rows and vegetatively by
splitting the tufts. It is relatively free of major pests and
diseases and is resistant to grazing and burning. These
make it a useful grass for supporting large number of
ruminant animals in Northern Nigeria. It is also one of
the high yielding grasses in West Africa (Bogdan, 1977;
Pagot, 1993).
Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin, belongs to the Poaceae
family and tribe Paniceae. It is annual and commonly
60
Full Length Research Article
Available online at http://www.ajol.info/index.php/njbas/index
Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science (March, 2013), 21(1): 60-64
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v21i1.9
2. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science (March, 2013), 21(1): 60-64
each sub-plot, 5 quadrats of 1 M2 each were
demarcated with one of them centrally placed and the
remaining ones placed around it in the four directions of
East, West, North and South.
known as Kyasuwa grass. It is also indigenous and
occurs naturally in tropical and subtropical Africa
(Bogdan, 1977). The stem height ranges from 40 – 150
cm or more and in some cases may have up to 10
nodes. The stem is smooth, cylindrical, jointed and
encircled by the leaf sheath. The leaves are borne on
sheaths which arise at the nodes. This study was
designed to compare the nutrient and mineral elements
of A. gayanus and P. Pedicellatum with the hope of
enhancing animal feed efficiency and productivity.
Three quadrats of M2 each were randomly selected and
harvested at ground level using knife and secateurs,
after 6 weeks of growth. The samples were brought to
the laboratory, mixed and chopped together. The
samples were then dried in plus II Galen Kamp oven at
60OC to a constant weight using Mettler pm 16-k
balance. This procedure continued at 2 weeks interval
up to the end of the growing period as described by
Krishna and Ranghan (1980) and Payne (1994), to
determine the crude protein, Ether, Ash and Crude fibre
and mineral elements Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, and
Zn, contents. The results were subjected to analysis of
variance (ANOVA), using statistical analysis system
(SAS, 2003). The results obtained from A. gayanus and
P. pedicellatum were compared as presented in tables
1 and 2.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted at Gangam rangeland,
Shagari LGA, Sokoto state. Sokoto is located on
latitude 12:000 and 13.600N and longitude 4.080 and
6.500E. It lies at an altitude of 350m above sea level
(Kowal and Knabe, 2002). The research determined the
nutrients and mineral elements content of A. gayanus
Kunth and P. Pedicellatum Trin. The study involved two
plot of 100 M2 each of the rangeland demarcated using
100m measuring tape and ranging poles. The study
plots were sub-divided into 5 sub-plots of 10 M2. In
1m2
1m2
1m2
1m2
10m
10m
1m2
1m2
1m2
1m2
1m2
1m2
10m
10m
A. gayanus and P. pedicellatum Study Plot
Source: Gilbertson et al., (1990).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results in Table 1 reveal that P. pedicelatum had
Cp content of 7.12 as against 4.19% of A. gayanus.
The high Cp content of this grass species may be due
to its nature of growth in which leaves were produced in
abundance. Haggar and Ahmed (1992) reported that
Cp is more concentrated in leaves. This could have
enhanced the absorptive capacity of nitrogen element
from the soil and subsequent formation of crude
protein. This gives an indication of relatively high quality
of this grass species as livestock feed than its
counterpart. Proteins play an important role in Carbon-
dioxide fixation during photosynthesis in plants. Grass
proteins are particularly rich, have high biological value
for growth and serve as structural element in all plant
tissues. In the animal’s body, they are utilized for
growth, replacement of old, damaged or worn-out
cells/tissues and formation of milk. They are particularly
of great value to young growing animals and lactating
ruminants. Similar findings were also reported by
Chesworth (1992) and Payne (1994). On the other
hand, A. gayanus had a little high Ee content of 9.20%
when compared with 8.53% of P. pedicellatum. The
difference was however not significant. Ether extract
61
3. Waziri et al.: A Comparative Analysis of Nutrients and Mineral Elements Content of Andropogon gayanus Kunth and...
found mainly in the leaves of plants assists in the
formation of protective layers, constituent of many
membranes and major source of stored energy. These
made the plant more energy efficient as animal feed.
transportation in plant cells. These also made the plant
vital for its energy value and proper bone/teeth
formation when fed to the farm animals. Potassium
helps in regulating permeability of cell membranes and
the stem length. It also influences plants resistance
against fungal and bacterial diseases. This grass
species is also free from major pests and diseases. In
the animal’s body, it ensured correct maintenance of
dissolved materials and pH equilibrium. Magnesium is a
constituent of chlorophyll, chromosomes and helps in
carbohydrates metabolism. This element is vital to farm
animals because it prevents nervousness, staggering
and hypo-magnesia as observed by Payne (1994) and
Mc Donald et al., (1998).
The results further indicate that P. pedicellatum
accumulated more Cf (32.72%) in contrast with 24.68%
obtained from A. gayanus. This may be due to early
production of stems and consolidation of fibrous tissues
to support the plants when they are taller in advanced
stage. The higher Cf content of P. pedicellatum was
also reported by Mclloy 1976), Bogdan (1977); Duke
(1983) and Payne (1994). The crude fibre makes the
plants to be tensile, strong, stand erect for exposure to
needed sunlight, maturation of seeds and easy
harvesting. The roughage substances in Cf such as
cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin hold water, soften
stool, ensure proper working of the digestive system
and reduce the incidence of colon cancer. It is required
mainly by ruminants, and may also bind mineral
elements in addition to increasing heat output of
animals. These were also reported by Chesworth
(1992), Payne (1994) and Hotchkiss and Potter (1996).
In terms of Ash content, there was no significant (P >
0.05) difference through A. gayanus had more. The
difference could be due to high absorptive capacity of
mineral elements from the soil by the plant and its
perennial nature. The Ash content was within the range
of 7 -12% as observed by AFRIS (1980) and Duke
(1983).
Table 1: Proximate Composition of A.gayanus Kunth
and P. pedicelletum Trin
Parameter (%) Andropogon Pennisetum Standard
Error
gayanus
pedicellatum
Crude protein
4.19b
7.12a
0.42
(Cp)
Ether extract
9.20a
8.53a
1.03
(Ee)
Crude fibre (Cf)
24.68b
32.72a
2.40
a
Ash
9.00
8.87a
0.53
Table 2: Mineral Content of A. gayanus and P.
pedicellatum
Standard
Mineral(ppm)
A.
P.
Error
gayanus pedicellatum
Ca
0.64
0.67
0.06
P
136.80a
133.20b
1.35
K
735.38
677.33
66.89
Na
69.85b
76.72a
1.50
Mg
2.74
2.70
0.24
Fe
69.50a
28.33b
2.97
Cu
7.95
7.89
0.42
Zn
5.38a
3.71b
0.63
The mineral elements content of fodder is variable,
depending on species type, stage of growth and soil.
The result in Table 2 showed that P. pedicellatum had
high calcium and this possibly made the plant to have
more Cf as it is an important constituent of cell wall
structure. It is also essential for growth of meristems
and root hairs in pants and vital component of bones,
teeth and plays a major role in coagulation of blood in
animals (Hotchkiss and Potter 1996). The plant had
also significantly high Sodium content which made the
plant a useful livestock feed as it assists in controlling
nerve impulses, normal absorption of sugars and amino
acids from the digestive tract.
Means followed by similar letters within a row are not
significantly different at 5% level using LSD
The study found out that A. gayanus had high Iron,
Copper and Zinc. Iron is essential for chlorophyll
formation and activates a number of important enzymes
in plants. It is also well distributed in plants tissues. It
assists proper development of spleen, marrow and
kidney in farm animals. The high Copper and Zinc
content may have accounted for tallness of this species
as these elements are necessary for the formation of
growth promoting substance Auxin and stem elongation
(Wild, 1996). Copper encourages reproductive capacity,
On the other hand, A. gayanus was found to be high in
Phosphorus, Potassium and Magnesium content. This
was attributed to its inherent absorptive capacity of
these elements from the soil and their availability.
Phosphorus is part of structural components of cell
walls, membranes and plays a role in energy
62
4. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science (March, 2013), 21(1): 60-64
bone and blood formation while Zinc is vital in
maintaining normal skin colour, bone and liver
development in farm animals. The high elements
content of A. gayanus may be responsible for its high
Ash content because Ash is the approximation of total
mineral elements in fodder.
Chlleda, H.R. and Crowder, L.V. (1982). Tropical
Grassland Husbandry, First edition, Longman,
London, pp. 278-3359, 346-367.
De Leeuw, P.N. (1979). A Review of the Ecology and
Fodder Resources of the Sub-Humid Zone ,
NAPRI. Symposium on Livestock production in
sub-humid zone of West Africa, No. 32, Kaduna,
Nigeria. Pp. 17-19.
Duke, A.J. (1983). Hand Book of Energy Crops,
Unpublished. Pp. 1 – 4.
Martin E. and Roberts, S.H. (2000). Oxford Dictionary
of Biology 4th Edition. Oxford Uni. Press, London.
Pp. 214, 377.
Gilbertson, D.D., Kent, M. and Pyatt, F.B. (1990).
Practical Ecology: Survey: Mapping and Data
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U.K., pp. 75 – 83.
Haggar R.J. and Ahmed, M.B. (1992). Seasonal
Production of A. Gayanus: Changes in Crude
Protein content and digestibility of leaf and stem
portions. Samaru Research Bulletin. 145: 48 – 52.
Hotchkiss, H.J. and Potter, N.N. (1996). Food Science
5th edition. Chapman and Hall Inc. New York,
USA, pp. 30 – 63.
Kowal, J.M and Knabe, D.T. (2002). An Agro
Climatological Atlas of the Northern State of
Nigeria. ABU Press, ABU Zaria, p. 128.
Krishna, G. and Ranjhan, S.K. (1980). Laboratory
Manual for Nutrition Research, Vikas Publishing
House, Sahitated, India, pp. 22-63.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A. and Green Hagh J.F.D.
(1998). Animal Nutrition, 5st edition Longman
Group Ltd, London. Pp 434-444.
McLloy, R.J. (1976). An introduction to tropical
grassland husbandry 2nd edition. Oxford University
Press, London; pp. 3 -113.
Pagot, J. (1993). Animal Production in the Tropics, 1st
edition, Macmillan Press, London, pp. 163 -181;
224 -225.
Payne, W.J.A. (1994). An Introduction to Animal
Husbandry in the Tropics. 4th edition, London
Scientific and Technical, London. Pp. 87-112.
SAS (2003). Statistical Analysis System (SAS/STAT).
Institute Inc. Guide for Personal Computers,
Version 6th edition, Carry N.C., U.S.A. pp. 967978.
Umunna, N.N. and Orji, P.A. (1993). The natural feed
resources in Nigeria. In: Adamu, A.M., A. Mani,
O.A. Osinowo, K.B. Adeoye and E.O. Ajileye
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In conclusion, P. pedicellatum was found to contain
higher Cp and Cf whereas A. gayanus had relatively
high Ash and Ee Similarly, A. gayanus had high amount
of all the elements investigated except Ca and Na in
which P. pedicellatum had more. It is important
therefore, that these elements be readily available to
plants in sufficient quantities for normal growth and
development. The deficiency of these elements leads to
retarded growth, chlorosis, weakening, poor root
development, poor seed production, delayed maturity
and low yield among others.
It is recommended that P. Pedicellatum be utilized for
its high Crude protein, Crude fibre, Calcium and
Sodium content while A. gayanus should be used for its
Ether and mineral elements such as Phosphorus,
Potassium, Magnesium, Iron, Copper and Zinc
contents. The combination of these two grass species
as animal feed will enable the farm animals to, a certain
extent, meet their nutritional requirements. There is also
the need to ensure that that all the essential mineral
elements required by plants are available in the soil in
sufficient quantities for enhanced fodder production and
sustainable animal production particularly in Sokoto
state and Nigeria in general.
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