The document discusses plant transformation techniques including molecular breeding and genetic modification. It provides examples of using these techniques to develop submergence-tolerant rice, insect-resistant peanut plants expressing Bt toxin, herbicide-resistant crops, and disease-resistant banana. The document also discusses developing biofortified crops with enhanced nutrients through GM or conventional breeding. It covers challenges in African agriculture and efforts to develop drought-tolerant maize varieties optimized for sub-Saharan Africa through public-private partnerships.
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Genetic Engineering - Chris Leaverb4fa
Introduction to genetic engineering technologies and principles at B4FA 2013 Accra media fellowship workshop
For more information please see www.b4fa.org
brief presentation about the environmental and health issues associated with transgenic crops
or
impact of transgenic crops or GMO crops on environment and health
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Genetic Engineering - Chris Leaverb4fa
Introduction to genetic engineering technologies and principles at B4FA 2013 Accra media fellowship workshop
For more information please see www.b4fa.org
brief presentation about the environmental and health issues associated with transgenic crops
or
impact of transgenic crops or GMO crops on environment and health
28. Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses – drought resistance – mechanisms of drought resistance (drought escape, avoidance, tolerance, and resistance) – features associated with drought resistance – sources of drought resistance – breeding methods for drought resistance – limitations – achievements; breeding for resistance to water logging – effects of water logging mechanism of tolerance – ideotype for flooded areas – breeding methods.
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Plant breeding and GM technology - Chris Leaverb4fa
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Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
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Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
Mutagenesis is the process by which the genetic information
of an organism is changed in a stable manner.
The term ‘mutation breeding’ has become popular as it
draws attention to deliberate efforts of breeders and
the specific techniques they have used in creating and
harnessing desired variation in developing elite breeding
lines and cultivated varieties.
Marker assisted breeding of biotic stress resistance in Rice Senthil Natesan
A marker is a DNA sequence which serves as a signpost/flag post
linked to the trait/gene of interest and is co-inherited along with
the trait
Presence of specific allele of marker = Presence of specific allele of target gene based on the concept the MAS practiced -R.M. Sundaram
Directorate Rice of Research, Hydrabad , July 3rd 2009, CPMB&B, TNAU presentation
Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of severe infection, total crop may be lost.
Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields of all crops is -14%.
In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50% (Bray EA 1997)
Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
In light of the 'Soils and pulses: symbiosis for life – A contribution to the Agenda 2030' event that took place at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), Bioversity International's researcher Paola De Santis highlighted the importance of pulse diversity in managing pests and diseases in farmers' fields. Planting diverse pulse varieties can reduce the farm’s vulnerability to pests and diseases, and is a risk management strategy for unpredictability in rainfall and temperatures.
Learn more about Bioversity International's research on managing pests and diseases: http://bit.ly/23ZWtBW
Poster describing a global occurrence database of over 5 million records of the distributions of crops and their wild relatives, including taxonomic and geographic information.
Applying agricultural biotechnology tools and capabilities to enhance food se...ExternalEvents
Applying agricultural biotechnology tools and capabilities to enhance food security and nutrition from local food crops to stimulate sustainable income opportunities for small holder farmers to reduce poverty presentation by "Howard-Yana Shapiro, Mars Incorporated, Dranesville and
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Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in riceAshish Tiwari
With resources such as land being limited, increasing yield potential holds an important place for feeding the growing population. Stress is one of the main reasons for hindering the full flourish potential of any crop. Thus, breeding for increasing yield potential as well as stress adaptability goes hand in hand. Various conventional as well as advanced breeding methods along with the understanding of crop physiology can help us achieve the goal
28. Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses – drought resistance – mechanisms of drought resistance (drought escape, avoidance, tolerance, and resistance) – features associated with drought resistance – sources of drought resistance – breeding methods for drought resistance – limitations – achievements; breeding for resistance to water logging – effects of water logging mechanism of tolerance – ideotype for flooded areas – breeding methods.
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Plant breeding and GM technology - Chris Leaverb4fa
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
Breeding Approaches Towards Disease Resistance In LivestocksSharadindu Shil
a detailed description of instances & methodologies used in livestock breeding for developing disease resistant breeds world wide.specially helpful for veterinary post graduate students for their seminars.
Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
Mutagenesis is the process by which the genetic information
of an organism is changed in a stable manner.
The term ‘mutation breeding’ has become popular as it
draws attention to deliberate efforts of breeders and
the specific techniques they have used in creating and
harnessing desired variation in developing elite breeding
lines and cultivated varieties.
Marker assisted breeding of biotic stress resistance in Rice Senthil Natesan
A marker is a DNA sequence which serves as a signpost/flag post
linked to the trait/gene of interest and is co-inherited along with
the trait
Presence of specific allele of marker = Presence of specific allele of target gene based on the concept the MAS practiced -R.M. Sundaram
Directorate Rice of Research, Hydrabad , July 3rd 2009, CPMB&B, TNAU presentation
Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of severe infection, total crop may be lost.
Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields of all crops is -14%.
In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50% (Bray EA 1997)
Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
In light of the 'Soils and pulses: symbiosis for life – A contribution to the Agenda 2030' event that took place at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), Bioversity International's researcher Paola De Santis highlighted the importance of pulse diversity in managing pests and diseases in farmers' fields. Planting diverse pulse varieties can reduce the farm’s vulnerability to pests and diseases, and is a risk management strategy for unpredictability in rainfall and temperatures.
Learn more about Bioversity International's research on managing pests and diseases: http://bit.ly/23ZWtBW
Poster describing a global occurrence database of over 5 million records of the distributions of crops and their wild relatives, including taxonomic and geographic information.
Applying agricultural biotechnology tools and capabilities to enhance food se...ExternalEvents
Applying agricultural biotechnology tools and capabilities to enhance food security and nutrition from local food crops to stimulate sustainable income opportunities for small holder farmers to reduce poverty presentation by "Howard-Yana Shapiro, Mars Incorporated, Dranesville and
University of California Davis, Davis, United States of America"
Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in riceAshish Tiwari
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This slides briefly summarize some of my research studies, which include studies on oomycetes, biological controls and plant growth-promoting bacteria, and pathogenic nematodes. The overall goal of the seminar was to show how our understanding of the various plant associating microbes can facilitate better crop production to ensure more food security.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.19
ABSTRACT- By using gamma rays (physical) & EMS (chemical) mutagens the various genetic variability parameters
were estimated of two soybean cultivars i.e. PKV-1 & JS-335. Characters studied i.e. Plant height, no. of branches per
plant, no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per plant, yield per plant, 100 grain wt. shows that genotypic coefficient of
variation (G.C.V.) & phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability was significantly high. In both the varieties, all
the mutagenic treatments were effective in inducing genetic variability.
Key-words- Gamma rays, EMS, Mutagens, Genetic Variability
Whole Genome Sequence of two different finger millet genotypes were released recently. This will help to design many high resolution studies like those performed in other model plants such as rice and A. thaliana and WGS may change the course of finger millet research in future. The new genomic resource is expected to enrich the finger millet research in many spheres including dissection of key traits involved in nutrient enrichment and drought tolerance using Genome Wide Association Studies, genetic diversity analysis based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, characterization of genes by reverse genetic studies using precise mutants using genome editing techniques like CRISPR/Cas9, accelerated functional genomics studies such as promoter fusion of key genes with reporters like GFP for localisation and spatial expression analysis, tissues specific transcriptome analysis to identify key regulatory genes of nutrient signalling and high throughput proteomics research to identify the proteins associated with key agronomical functions. Overall, the recently released WGS of finger millet is expected to augment the finger millet research for its breeding and improvement.
the presentation explains the most important disadvantages of genetically modified organisms and the risk they present against our life and the environment, the presentation has been presented in a debate about GMO's in the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania-Crete-Greece. 08/11/2019
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2015. ming tsair chan. the application of plant transformation
1. The Application of Plant Transformation
Ming-Tsair Chan
Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan
Academia Sinica
Life Science Program for Senior High School
Jun 6, 2015
2. Submergence-tolerant rice can
survive floods as long as 17 days
Sensitive rice – cannot
survive prolonged flooding
Submergence-tolerant
Sub1 rice – growth arrests
during flooding, enhancing
survival
FLOODING Water
retreats
3. Production of Swarna–Sub1:
Cross Swarna with Sub1 donor
After several
generations,
Swarna-Sub1
Swarna
Sub1
Swarna is a high-yielding
rice variety but sensitive
to flooding
4. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd. (NATURE) Xu, K., Xu, X., Fukao, T., Canlas, P., Maghirang-Rodriguez, R.,
Heuer, S., Ismail, A.M., Bailey-Serres, J., Ronald, P.C., and Mackill, D.J. (2006). Sub1A is an ethylene-response-factor-like gene that
confers submergence tolerance to rice. Nature 442: 705-708. Photo couresy of Adam Barclay CPS, IRRI Photo.
Swarna –
high
yielding,
flooding
sensitive
Submergence
tolerant parent
Swarna-Sub1
MAS allowed the Sub-1 trait to
be rapidly introgressed into
Swarna. The Swarna-Sub1 rice
accounted for over ¼ of the rice
planted in India in 2010.
5. Advances in genomics technologies
facilitate breeding for complex traits
•Genome sequence data are
available for more than 20
plant species
•Molecular breeding and
mapping tools are developed
for many species
•Genome-wide association
studies help match genes to
traits
Anderson, L.K., Lai, A., Stack, S.M., Rizzon, C. and Gaut, B.S. (2006). Uneven distribution of
expressed sequence tag loci on maize pachytene chromosomes. Genome Research. 16: 115-122.
7. Phenotype analysis
Genotype analysis
Genome-wide methods
make it possible to identify
genes associated with
complex traits, like yield or
water use efficiency
Association analysis
Gene
discovery
8. This approach allows hundreds of genes with
small effects to be identified
Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Tian, F., Bradbury, P.J., Brown, P.J., Hung, H., Sun, Q., Flint-Garcia, S., Rocheford, T.R., McMullen, M.D.,
Holland, J.B., and Buckler, E.S. (2011). Genome-wide association study of leaf architecture in the maize nested association mapping population. Nat Genet 43: 159-162.
In maize, grain yields are correlated
with leaf angle and size. A genome-
wide association survey (GWAS)
revealed hundreds of single-
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
associated with these traits, providing
invaluable information for breeders.
9. GWAS reveals SNPs that
contribute to disease resistance
Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd Kump, K.L., Bradbury, P.J., Wisser, R.J., Buckler, E.S., Belcher, A.R., Oropeza-Rosas,
M.A., Zwonitzer, J.C., Kresovich, S., McMullen, M.D., Ware, D., Balint-Kurti, P.J., and Holland, J.B. (2011). Genome-wide association study of
quantitative resistance to southern leaf blight in the maize nested association mapping population. Nat Genet 43: 163-168.
Similar studies have
led to the
identification of
genes contributing
to other
agronomically
important traits
including drought
tolerance
10. Genetic Modification (GM) is
another breeding method
Elite tomato Poor tomato but
disease resistant
Elite, disease resistant tomato
Recombinant DNA (or
GM) allows a single
gene to be introduced
into a genome. This
method can be faster
than conventional
breeding
11. Source of gene
(disease-resistant
plant)
Gene of interest
Isolate gene of
interest using
molecular
biology methods
Recombine into
recipient plant DNA
Once a gene is
introduced into the
plant genome it
functions like any
other gene
12. Molecular breeding
Why are GM methods used sometimes
and molecular breeding others?
1. Desired trait must be
present in population
2. Genetic resources
must be available
3. Plant should be
propagated sexually
Photo credits: Gramene.org
13. Why are GM methods used sometimes
and molecular breeding others?
Molecular breeding
1. Desired trait must be
present in population
2. Genetic resources
must be available
3. Plant should be
propagated sexually
GM
1. Gene can come from
any source
3. Plant can be
propagated vegetatively2. Genetic resources not
required
Photo credits: Gramene.orgPhoto credits: Gramene.org ETH Life International
33. Proliferation of direct somatic
embryos/PLBs from leaf
explant
Selection of PLBs on selection
medium
Differentiation of putatively
transformed PLBs into plantlets
In vitro established plant Transgenic plants at hardening stage Transgenic plants in greenhouse
Flowering plant
PCR analysis of To independent
transgenic lines
M P 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 N
2 5 8 wt P
Southern blot analysis
wt 2 5 8
Northern blot analysis
pflp
hptII
rRNA
Different stages involved in Oncidium Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation
34.
35.
36. GM Example: Insect resistance
through introduction of the Bt gene
Wild-type peanut plant Peanut plant expressing the Bt gene
Photo by Herb Pilcher USDA
37. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria
produce insecticidal proteins
Bacillus
thuringiensis
expressing Bt
toxin
Plant cell
expressing Bt
toxin
Bacillus thuringiensis
expressing insecticidal Bt
toxin can be sprayed onto
plants
Or the plants can be
engineered to express the
Bt gene coding for Bt toxin
38. The effect of Bt toxin is highly specific
Bacillus
thuringiensis
expressing Bt
toxin
Plant cell
expressing Bt
toxin
Intestine
The Bt toxin affects only some insects
because to be effective it has to be
processed and bind to a specific
receptor protein
Processing
Receptor
binding
Intestinal
lumen
39. Bacillus
thuringiensis
expressing Bt
toxin
Plant cell
expressing Bt
toxin
After binding, the insecticidal proteins
assemble to form a pore in the lining of
the insect intestine which kills the insect
Pore
assembly
Intestine
The effect of Bt toxin is highly specific
40.
41.
42. Photo credit: Doug Buhler, Bugwood.org
Plants compete with other
plants for sunlight and
nutrients. Many farmers
use herbicides to eliminate
weeds (undesired plants)
from their fields.
Left – corn rows sprayed with herbicide to eliminate competing plants
Right – corn being choked by giant foxtail (Setaria faberi)
GM Example: Herbicide resistance
43. Herbicide tolerant plants are
environmentally friendly
Cerdeira, A.L. and Duke, S.O. (2006). The Current Status and Environmental Impacts of Glyphosate-Resistant Crops. J.
Environ. Qual. 35: 1633-1658. Photo credit Hunt Sanders, University of Georgia, bugwood.org.
Farmers that plant herbicide-
tolerant crop plants use less
herbicide, herbicides that are less
toxic, and till (plow) less, saving
soil and fuel.
Soybean
*
*
44. GM Example: Disease resistant banana
by introduction of a gene from pepper
Resistant Susceptible
Banana bacterial wilt is destroying
plants in eastern Africa. Transgenic
plants carrying a resistance gene from
pepper are resistant to the disease
Tripathi, L., Mwaka, H., Tripathi, J.N., and Tushemereirwe, W.K. (2010). Expression of sweet pepper Hrap gene in banana
enhances resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum. Molecular Plant Pathology 11: 721-731.
45.
46.
47. Breeding plants for β-carotene
(pro-vitamin A) enrichment
Image sources: Petaholmes based on WHO data;
Vitamin A deficiency is a leading cause of blindness
48. Enhanced β-carotene content in food
can prevent vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin Aβ-carotene
β-carotene is converted to
vitamin A in the human body
•Many staple foods
are poor sources of β-
carotene so many
people do not get
adequate vitamin A in
their diet
49. Synthesis, storage and breakdown all
affect β-carotene content
Vitamin A
To increase beta-
carotene levels in
plants, you need
more synthesis,
more storage or
less catabolism
GGPP
phytoene
lycopene
β-carotene
Synthesis
Storage
Catabolism
or
conversion
to other
forms
Chromoplasts –
organelles that store
carotenoids
Photo credit: University of Wisconsin
50. There is no
inherently right or
wrong way to
enhance plant
nutritional quality
β-carotene
makes the rice
look golden
Vitamin A
Photo credit: Golden rice humanitarian board
β-carotene
The β-carotene
enriched foods
shown here
have been
produced using
GM and non-GM
approaches
51.
52. Gene flow through pollen movement
has to be monitored and controlled
Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
There have been confirmed
cases of gene transfer from
crops to weeds and vice versa.
•What consequences are
expected from gene flow?
•How can gene flow be
minimized?
•How can consequences be
mitigated?
53. Biofortified plants are improving
nutrition for many people
The non-profit organization HarvestPlus
focuses on the development of biofortified
crops for the developing world, including a
provitamin A enriched sweet potato that is
currently being grown by half a million
families. Other biofortification projects are
underway to increase levels of protein, iron,
zinc, antioxidants and other beneficial
components in food.
Sources: HarvestPlus; CIMMYT
54. Breeding for drought tolerance
Water use
efficiency is a
complex trait
that involves
hundreds of
genes
Photo credit: J.S. Quick, Bugwood.org
55. Food production for one person for
one day requires 3000 litters of water
Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. 2007. Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in
Agriculture. London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute.
Global water
withdrawal (km3/yr)
70% of water usage is for agriculture
56. The incidence of major droughts
is on the rise
China experienced a major drought in 2011
Extreme
Severe
Moderate
Image credits:USDA Foreign Agricultural Service; IRRI; NASA earth observatory
Red = decreased
plant productivity
Green = increased
Major droughts and heat waves in China,
Russia and Australia have impacted food
production and raised prices
Russia
experienced
heat waves,
drought and
wildfires in
2010
57. In 2011 seed companies released
water-optimized corn
Both of these varieties were developed
using modern molecular breeding methods
without the use of recombinant DNA
58. Agricultural innovation in Africa –
breeding crops for sub-Saharan Africa
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
Fertility rate
Birth rates are high and crop yields are low so many
African countries are not currently self-sufficient
60. The challenges to food production
in Africa are immense
• Lack of infrastructure, especially irrigation and access
to transportation networks
• High incidence of diseases
• Lack of available fertilizers
• Lack of education and support for farmers
• Lack of economic supports and market stability
• Agricultural subsidies in other countries affect market
value
61. Maize is a staple crop in Africa but very
sensitive to drought damage
Less than 10% of crop land in sub-Saharan
Africa is irrigated, making agriculture
production highly susceptible to drought
Photo credit: Anne Wangalachi/CIMMYT Map Source – FAO Aquastat 2005
Irrigation as percentage of cultivated area
62. As a consequence of climate changes,
droughts are expected to increase
Image credit: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 2008 Africa Review Report on Drought and Desertification
In some African
countries, yields from
rain-fed agriculture,
which is important for the
poorest farmers, could
be reduced by up to
50% by 2020.
-(FAO 2010)
63. Water Efficient Maize for Africa was developed
through a public-private partnership
Water-efficient maize
optimized for growth in sub-
Saharan Africa has been
developed through a
combination of breeding and
GM methods
WEMA is being
developed as a public-
private partnership that
includes international
and regional plant
breeding institutes,
philanthropic groups and
Monsanto
Photo credits: Anne Wangalachi/CIMMYT
64. Plant breeding can support African agriculture
African farmers
need access to
high yielding,
drought tolerant,
disease resistant
plants. Most food is
grown by small-
scale farmers with
little mechanization.
Cassava, cowpea
and banana are
important crops and
the focus of
intensive breeding
programs.
Photos courtesy if IITA
