This seminar discussed molecular studies and breeding approaches for developing salt tolerance in rice. Salt tolerance is polygenic and several genes for tolerance have been identified. The seminar covered definitions of saline and sodic soils, objectives of developing salt tolerance, physiological and morphological effects of salt stress, conventional and molecular breeding methods used, and progress made in identifying quantitative trait loci and genes related to tolerance. Marker-assisted selection and genetic transformation techniques are being used in molecular breeding to develop elite salt tolerant rice varieties for release.
Salinity tolerance and breeding strategies on soybeanBishnu Adhikari
Introduction
Physiological effects
Salt tolerant varieties of different crop
Important genes mapped in soybean
Salinity condition in Korea
Breeding strategy for salinity tolerance in soybean
Physiological mechanisms of salt tolerance in TomatoShanwaz Ahmad
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses, limiting crop production in arid and semi-arid regions, where soil salt content is naturally high. According to the FAO land and nutrition management service (2008), over 16 percent of the world’s land is affected by either salinity or sodicity which accounts for more than 800 million ha of land (CSSIR, 2016). The common cations associated with salinity are Na+, SO+34 Ca2+ and Mg2+, while the common anions are Cl- and HCO3-. Salinity occurs through natural or human induced processes that result in the accumulation of dissolved salts in the soil water to an extent that inhibits plant growth. There is competition for fresh water among the municipal, industrial and agricultural sectors in several regions. The consequence has been a decreased allocation of fresh water to agriculture. For this reason there is increasing pressure to irrigate with water of certain salt content like ground water, drainage water and treated waste water. Various causes of salinity over globe and how plants response to their suboptimal and toxic doses along with tolerance strategies has illustrated.
Effect of salinity on seedling growth in early vegetative phase of riceSohel Rana
The aim of this investigation was to analyze genotypic variations of salt tolerance of rice varieties at germination and seedling growth of early vegetative phase of rice.
in this presentation describe about the plant tolerance of salt. there are two types of crops. highly tolerant crops or moderately tolerant crops. also describe the effect of salt in plants. and the adaptive response of plant in salt affected soil. how to improve the soil when they are effected with salts.
Salt stressRole of Organelle Membranes in Salt Stress Sensing and Signalling ...Suresh Antre
Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint to crop production, affecting an estimated 45 million hectares of irrigated land, and is expected to increase due to global climate changes and as a consequence of many irrigation practices. The deleterious effects of salt stress on agricultural yield are significant, mainly because crops exhibit slower growth rates, reduced tillering and, over months, reproductive development is affected.
Salinity tolerance and breeding strategies on soybeanBishnu Adhikari
Introduction
Physiological effects
Salt tolerant varieties of different crop
Important genes mapped in soybean
Salinity condition in Korea
Breeding strategy for salinity tolerance in soybean
Physiological mechanisms of salt tolerance in TomatoShanwaz Ahmad
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses, limiting crop production in arid and semi-arid regions, where soil salt content is naturally high. According to the FAO land and nutrition management service (2008), over 16 percent of the world’s land is affected by either salinity or sodicity which accounts for more than 800 million ha of land (CSSIR, 2016). The common cations associated with salinity are Na+, SO+34 Ca2+ and Mg2+, while the common anions are Cl- and HCO3-. Salinity occurs through natural or human induced processes that result in the accumulation of dissolved salts in the soil water to an extent that inhibits plant growth. There is competition for fresh water among the municipal, industrial and agricultural sectors in several regions. The consequence has been a decreased allocation of fresh water to agriculture. For this reason there is increasing pressure to irrigate with water of certain salt content like ground water, drainage water and treated waste water. Various causes of salinity over globe and how plants response to their suboptimal and toxic doses along with tolerance strategies has illustrated.
Effect of salinity on seedling growth in early vegetative phase of riceSohel Rana
The aim of this investigation was to analyze genotypic variations of salt tolerance of rice varieties at germination and seedling growth of early vegetative phase of rice.
in this presentation describe about the plant tolerance of salt. there are two types of crops. highly tolerant crops or moderately tolerant crops. also describe the effect of salt in plants. and the adaptive response of plant in salt affected soil. how to improve the soil when they are effected with salts.
Salt stressRole of Organelle Membranes in Salt Stress Sensing and Signalling ...Suresh Antre
Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint to crop production, affecting an estimated 45 million hectares of irrigated land, and is expected to increase due to global climate changes and as a consequence of many irrigation practices. The deleterious effects of salt stress on agricultural yield are significant, mainly because crops exhibit slower growth rates, reduced tillering and, over months, reproductive development is affected.
Can changes in root anatomical traits during stress enhance drought & Salini...kabeya
There are array of ways of studying plant response to drought or any kind of stress, ranging from physiological, morphological, cellular level, biochemical, anatomical or even at molecular level. This presentation deals or shows how plant tissues can respond under stress at anatomical level and hence contribution to tolerance.
Salinity stress
Categorization of salt affected soils
CAUSES OF SALINITY IN SOIL
Salinity effects on Plants
Injuries due to salt stress
different strategies to avoid salt injury
salt tolerance
salt avoidance
salt evasion
halophytes
non halophytes
glycophytes
Breeding for salt tolerance
Can changes in root anatomical traits during stress enhance drought & Salini...kabeya
There are array of ways of studying plant response to drought or any kind of stress, ranging from physiological, morphological, cellular level, biochemical, anatomical or even at molecular level. This presentation deals or shows how plant tissues can respond under stress at anatomical level and hence contribution to tolerance.
Salinity stress
Categorization of salt affected soils
CAUSES OF SALINITY IN SOIL
Salinity effects on Plants
Injuries due to salt stress
different strategies to avoid salt injury
salt tolerance
salt avoidance
salt evasion
halophytes
non halophytes
glycophytes
Breeding for salt tolerance
Molecular Breeding in Plants is an introduction to the fundamental techniques...UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
This slide describe the process of molecular breeding in plants which involves the application of molecular markers for Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Breeding.
I would like to share this presentation file.
Some basics information regarding to molecular plant breeding, hope this help the beginner who start working in this field.
Thanks for many original source of information (mainly from slideshare.net, IRRI, CIMMYT and any paper received from professor and some over the internet)
Interspecific Variation in Salt Tolerance of Some Acacia Species at Seed Germ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Germination of seeds from six Acacia species was evaluated under salt stresses using five treatment levels: 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400mM of NaCl. Corrected germination rate (GC), germination rate index (GRI) and mean germination time (MGT) were recorded during 10 days. The results indicate that germination was significantly reduced in all species with the increase in NaCl concentrations. However, significant interspecific variation for salt tolerance was observed. The greatest variability in tolerance was observed at moderate salt stress (200 mM of NaCl) and the decrease in germination seems to be more accentuated in A. cyanophylla and A. cyclops. Although, A. raddiana, remains the most interesting, it preserved the highest percentage (GC = 80%) and velocity of germination in all species studied in this work, even in the high salt levels. This species exhibits a particular adaptability to salt environment, at least at this stage in the life cycle, and could be recommended for plantation establishment in salt affected areas. On the other hand, when ungerminated seeds were transferred from NaCl treatments to distilled water, they recovered largely their germination without a lag period, and with high speed. This indicated that the germination inhibition was related to a reversible osmotic stress that induced dormancy rather than specific ion toxicity.
Presented by Michael Dingkuhn at the CCAFS Workshop on Developing Climate-Smart Crops for a 2030 World, ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 6-8 December 2011.
Introgression breeding for rice submergence tolerance_geetanjaliDr. Geetanjali Baruah
Simplified way of applicability of introgression breeding for submergence tolerance in rice with special emphasis on physiology of submergence tolerance
Breeding for salt tolerance in rice: Phenomics and genomicsPratik Satasiya
Harmonizing the high throughput techniques for phenomics and genomics is both a challenge and opportunity.
There is no replacement of the conventional breeding, but its limitations in terms of speed and accuracy can be overcome by molecular breeding programmes.
The conventional phenotyping and breeding approaches are sound, the advantages and opportunities thrown open by automated phenotyping should be availed for faster gains.
Since modern genotyping protocols are well developed and high throughput in rice, phenotyping models need more consideration because capturing “right QTL” largely depends upon right phenotyping.
In molecular breeding for salinity tolerance, initial success has been made by the discovery of many QTLs and several rice salinity GWAS reports, but still there is a considerable gap between knowledge discovery and actual use of molecular breeding in realization of field oriented salt tolerant rice varieties.
Stage-specific and stress-specific QTLs may be identified for need based deployment for which, the screening methodology should be simple and high throughput, reproducible and representative of near-field conditions.
LITERATURE REVIEW ON SALT RESISTANT TRANSGENIC RICE VARIETY IN BANGLADESHWaliullah Wali
Introduction
Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia including Bangladesh. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize, according to 2012 FAOSTAT data.
Since a large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans.
Transgenic Rice or Genetically modified rice are rice strains that have been genetically modified. Rice plants have been modified to increase micronutrients such as vitamin A, accelerate photosynthesis, tolerate herbicides, resist pests, increase grain size, generate nutrients, flavours or produce human proteins.
The natural movement of genes across species, often called horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer, can also occur with rice through gene transfer mediated by natural vectors. However, the cultivation and use of genetically modified varieties of rice remains controversial and is not approved in some countries.
Objective of Transgenic rice production:
Objective of Transgenic rice production is to given bellow-
High-yielding varieties
Flood-tolerant rice
Drought-tolerant rice
Salt-tolerant rice
Environment-friendly rice
Future potential
Golden rice
Expression of human proteins
Exploration of diversity and biocatalytic potential of microorganisms from the saline habitats: Approaches and Dimensions.
Invited Talk
At the SKILL ( Scientific Knowledge and Intelligent Logic Laboratory Practices) –Workshop: September 2021, Held at the Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad on 16 September 2021
Evalution the changes of some biomolecules of two grapevine cultivars against...Innspub Net
Salinity is one of the limiting factor for grape growing in arid and semi-arid areas. Hence he effect of salinity on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of two seedless cultivars of grape namely Flame Seedless and Perlette under salinity stress were investigated. The design of the experiment was factorial arrangement in a complete randomized design with four replications. Five levels of salinity (0, 25, 50,75 and 100 m molar of NaCl) in irrigation water were surveyed on rooted cuttings of both cultivars. Results indicated that with increasing salinity levels photosynthesis, amount of soluble proteins and relative leaf water content was decreased and amount of proline and soluble sugars were increased. Ion leakage of cell membrane and malondialdehyde were increased with increased salinity. Withoute salinity application Perlette cultivar produced the best values for physiological and morphological indices. In general, Perlette cultivar proved more tolerance against salinity than Flame Seedless cultivar did. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
The morpho-agronomic characterization study of Lens culinaris germplasm under...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present research study evaluate and identify the most suitable and high yielding genotypes of Lens culinaris for the salt marsh habitat of Swat in moist temperate sort of agro climatic environment of Pakistan. A total of fourteen genotypes were cultivated and analyzed through Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). These genotypes were AZRC-4, NL-2, NL4, NL-5, NL-6, NARC-11-1, NARC-11-2, NARC-11-3, NARC-11-4, 09503, 09505, 09506, P.Masoor-09 and Markaz-09. Different parameters i.e., germination rate, flowering, physiological maturity, plant height, biological grain yield, seed weight, pods formation and its height, pods per plants and protein content were focused specially throughout the study. Preliminary the Lentil genotypes have significant variability in all the major morpho-agronomic traits. The days to germination, 50% flowering and 100 seed weight ranged from 7 to 9, 110 to 116 days, and from 5.4 to 7.3 gm respectively. Biological yield and grain yield ranged from 5333 to 9777 kg ha−1 and 1933 to 3655 kg ha−1 respectively. Whereas, protein contents ranged from 23.21% to 28.45%. It was concluded that the genotype AZRC-4 is better varity in terms of grain yield plus in 100 seed weight and moreover, 09506 genotype was significant under salt marsh habitat in early maturing for the Swat Valley, Pakistan.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Current trends and future prospects of halophilic microbes in agricultureNagaraju Yalavarthi
halophiles are the microorganisms that capable of living under salt conditions, generally many microbes are susceptible to higher salt concentration whereas these microbes tolerate higher salinity
1. Seminar on
Molecular studies and
breeding approaches of salt
tolerance in rice (Oryza
sativa)
Presented by:
Nushrat Jahan Moon
Reg no: 05-01837
Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding
2. What is soil salinity?
Soil containing enough soluble salts to
reduce its fertility and interfere with
crop growth.
These soils are two types:
Saline soil and Sodic soil(or alkali)
Introduction
3. What are the salt-affected soils ?
Salt-
affected
types
Electrical
Conductivit
y ECe
(dS/m)
Exchangable
Sodium
PercentageE
SP (%)
Sodium
Absorptio
n Ration
(SAR)
pHs
Saline >4 <15 <13 <8.8
Sodic <4 >15 >13 8.5-10.5
Introduction (continued)
Source: http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ricebreedingcourse/breeding_for_salt_tolerance.htm
4. Extent of salt affected soils
Asia, Pacific andAsia, Pacific and
Australia (M ha)Australia (M ha)
Source : FAO database
195 249
Total 444 M ha
Introduction (continued)
5. Objectives
To get an idea about advanced research
works on salt tolerance of rice.
To exploit different molecular breeding
strategies for the development of salt
tolerant rice varieties.
6. Expression of salt stress on rice
Stress status Soil pH Electrical
conductivity
Salinity
status
Non-stress pH 8.8 - 9.2 Beyond ECe ~
4 dS/m
Moderate
Moderate 9.3 – 9.7 More than 8
dS/m
High
Higher Equal or > 9.8 -- Very high
Source: http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ricebreedingcourse/breeding_for_salt_tolerance.htm
7. Physiology: Traits associated with
salinity tolerance
Degree of salt stress can affect the different crops differently
8. Modified standard evaluation score (SES) of
visual salt injury at seedling stage
Observation Tolerance
Normal growth, no leaf symptoms Highly tolerant
Nearly normal growth, but leaf tips
Or few leaves whitish and rolled
tolerant
Growth severely retarded; most leaves
rolled; only a few are elongating
Moderately tolerant
Complete cessation of growth; most
leaves dry; some plants dying
Susceptible
Almost all plants dead or dying Highly susceptible
Source: http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ricebreedingcourse/breeding_for_salt_tolerance.htm
9. Manifestation of Salt Stress
Morphological Symptoms
White leaf tip followed by tip burning (salinity)
Leaf browning & death (sodicity)
Stunted plant growth
Low tillering
Spikelet sterility
Low harvest index
Less florets per panicle
Less 1000 grain weight
Low grain yield
Change in flowering duration
Leaf rolling
White leaf blotches
Poor root growth
10. “Ultimate death
of leaf – always
from oldest to
youngest”
Salinity symptoms at the vegetative stage
13. Manifestation of Salt Stress
Physiological & Biochemical
v High Na+
transport to shoot
v Preferential accumulation of Na in older leaves
v High Cl-
uptake
v Lower K+
uptake
v Lower fresh and dry weight of shoot and roots
v Low P and Zn uptake
v Increase of non-toxic organic compatible solutes
v Increase in Polyamine levels
14. Basic Concepts – Genotype vs. phenotype
Plant breeding is based upon most basic yet most
important genotype and phenotype relationship (William
Johannsen, 1903)
Genes cannot push a trait to develop unless
appropriate environment is provided
No amount of manipulation can cause a phenotype to
develop unless necessary genes(s) are present
16. What is MAS?
Marker assisted selection (MAS)
is a process whereby a marker is
used for selection of a genetic
determinant or determinants of a
trait of interest.
17. Progress of Saltol locus
• Saturated map of
the Chromosome 1
(Saltol segment) is
developed
• Closely linked
markers linked to
the saltol locus
identified
• MAS is being
validated in 3
breeding
populations
AP3206
RM3412
CP03970
RM8094
RM493
CP6224
RM140
(Source: Glenn B. Gregorio,2002)
RM283
R844
S2139
RM246
RM237
RM23
RM140
C17
RM113
S1715
S13994
RM9
R2374B
RM5
C1456
0.0
27.
4
129.9
60.6
123.5
119.5
103.1
99.1
98.2
91.9
40.0
28.4
64.9
66.
271.2
75.3
77.2
Short arm of chromosome 1
C52903S
A
18. What is QTLs?
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) is a
location on a chromosome
which regulate phenotype for
quantitative trait and is determined by a
number of genes.
19. List of genes that are located in the region of
QTL and up-regulated by high salinity in rice
Gene name Insertion lines
Clone ID full
length cDNA
References
Pectinesterase 1B-23740,
1B-23741
CG408589
Ak105998
Ser/thr kinase AK065231 Guo et al., 2001
Phospholipase D 1515 AK120868 Kacperska, 2004
Zhu, 2002
SecA/protein transport
factor
CL520490
CL520492
AK070488
Peroxidase AK099187 Pastori and Foyer, 2002
Sottosanto et al., 2004
Alkaline Invertase AK120720
Unknown cDNA AK099887
Source: http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ricebreedingcourse/breeding_for_salt_tolerance.htm
27. • Salt tolerance in rice is polygenic
• Genes for salt tolerence have been
identified by molecular analysis
• Molecular breeding strategies utilizing
these genes have been initiated to
develop transgenic salt tolerant rice
varieties.
Conclusion
