Indian Railways, a state-owned enterprise, is among the world's largest railway networks with 115,000 km of track and 7,172 stations. The system has a rich history dating back to 1851 and is divided into 17 zones, significantly contributing to freight traffic while offering various passenger accommodations. However, it faces financial challenges and is exploring solutions to improve service quality and operational efficiency.

1. RAILWAY SYSTEMS IN INDIA

2. 1.INTRODUCTION
● Indian Railways is an Indian state-owned
enterprise.
● It is one of the world's largest railway
networks comprising 115,000 km of track
over a route of 65,436 km and 7,172
stations.
● Indian Railways is the world's seventh
largest commercial or utility employer.

3. 2. HISTORY
● The first train in the
country had run
between Roorkee and
Piran Kaliyar on
December 22, 1851.
● A British engineer,
Robert Maitland
Brereton, was
responsible for the
expansion of the
railways from 1857
onwards.
● By 1875, about £95
million were invested
by British companies
in Indian guaranteed
railways.

4. ● By 1880 the
network route was
about 14,500 km.
● In 1907, almost all
the rail companies
were taken over
by the British
government.
● The growth of the
rail network
significantly
decreased the
impact of famine
in India.

5. 3.RAILWAY ZONES
● Indian Railways is divided into 17 zones.
● The number of zones in Indian Railways
increased from six to eight in 1951.
● Each zonal railway is made up of certain number
of divisions, having a headquarter.
● There are total of sixty-eight divisions.
● Each zone is headed by a general manager, who
reports directly to the Railway Board.

6. NAME ABBR.
DATE
ESTABLISHE
D
ROUTE
(KM) HEADQUARTE
R
Southern SR 14 April 1951 5098 Chennai
Central CR 5 November
1951
3905 Mumbai
Western WR 5 November
1951
6182 Mumbai
Eastern ER 14 April 1952 2414 Kolkata
Northern NR 14 April 1952 6968 Delhi

7. NAME ABBR.
DATE
ESTABLISHE
D
ROUTE
(KM) HEADQUARTE
R
South
Eastern
SER 1955 2631 Kolkata
Northeast
Frontier
NFR 15 January
1958
3907 Ghuwati
South
Central
SCR 2 October
1966
5951 Secunderabad
Kolkata
Metro
KMRCL 24 October
1984
25 Kolkata
East ECR 1 October 3628 Hajipur

8. NAME ABBR. DATE
ESTABLISH
ED
ROUTE
(KM)
HEADQUARTE
R
East
Coast
ECOR 1 April 2003 2677 Bhubaneswar
North
Central
NCR 1 April 2003 3151 Allahabad
South
East
Central
SECR 1 April 2003 2447 Bilaspur
South
Western
SWR 1 April 2003 3177 Hubli
West WCR 1 April 2003 2965 Jabalpur

9. 4.NETWORKS OF INDIAN
RAILWAYS

10. 5.ROLLING STOCK
● The term Rolling stock originally referred
to any vehicles that move on a railway.
● It has since expanded to include the
wheeled vehicles used by business
roadways.
● It usually includes both powered,
unpowered vehicles, for example
locomotives, passenger coaches, freight
and goods wagons.

11. 5.1 LOCOMOTIVES
● The locomotives of India presently consist of
electric and some diesel locomotives.
● Steam locomotives are no longer used in
India, except in heritage trains.
● A locomotive is also called loco or engine.
● In India, locomotives are classified according
to their track gauge, motive power.

12. 5.2 PASSENGER COACHES
● Indian railway has several types of
passenger coaches.
● Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) coaches are
used for suburban traffic in large cities.
● Mainly Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata,
Pune, Hyderabad and Bangalore.
● They have second class and first class
seating accommodation.

13. 5.3 GOODS WAGONS
● The number of goods wagons was 205,596
on 31 March 1951 and reached the
maximum number 405,183 on 31 March
1980 after which it started declining and
was 239,321 on 31 March 2012.
● The number is far less than the
requirement and the Indian Railways
keeps losing freight traffic to road. Indian
Railways carried 93 million tones of goods
in 1950–51 and it increased to 1010 million
tones in 2012–13.

14. 5.4 FREIGHT
● Indian Railways earns about 70% of its
revenues from freight traffic.
● It deliberately keeps its passenger fares low
and cross-subsidies the loss-making
passenger traffic with the profit-making
freight traffic.

15. 6. TECHNICAL DETAILS
6.1 TRACKS AND GAUGES
● India comes fourth with approx. 64,000 km of
railroad.
● Track gauge is the spacing of the rails on
a railway track measured between the inner
faces of rails.
● Indian Railway has 4 gauges :
➢ Broad Gauge – 5 feet 6 Inches wide
➢ Standard Gauge - 4 feet 8 1⁄2 Inches wide
➢ Meter Gauge - 3 feet 3 3⁄8 Inches wide
➢ Narrow Gauge – 2 feet 6 Inches wide

16. 6.2 DEVELOPMENT FACILITIES
● Seat Algorithm
● Transferable Tickets
● Change of Boarding Point
● Retiring Rooms

17. ● I-Ticket and E-Ticket
● Quotas
● Current Reservation Window
● Auto – Upgradation

19. 7. ACCOMODATION CLASSES
7.1 AC 2 tier
● Not too different from the AC 1, the Ac 2 tier
does not have a lockable door and the
additional space for luggage.
● But it is very peaceful way to travel across
India.
● It is very comfortable and the bedding
(pillow, blanket and bed sheet) are provided.
● The air conditioning can fluctuate and so the
temperature can vary, but overall it is a good
experience.

20. 7.2 AC 3 TIER
● The AC 3 tier is the cheapest of the AC
options, and the only discomfort is that
instead of being a 2x2 seating it is 3x2
seating.
● It has three tiers of bunks - upper, middle
and lower on one side and two (upper and
lower) along the other side of the aisle.
● It's more crowded than AC 2-tier, and it
lacks the privacy curtains and individual
berth lights found in AC2.

21. 7.3 ECONOMY AC-3 CLASS
● The Railways are positioning the Economy
AC-3 as a new AC Class, offering travel at
fares lesser than the normal AC-3.
●
● The extra berths are being squeezed in to
increase coach capacity from 64 to 72
berths — it will, however, reduce the
comfort level.
● A ticket in Economy AC-3 may cost up to
Rs 50 less than an AC-3 ticket.

22. 7.4 EXECUTIVE CLASS
● Executive Class is the railways' version of
business class in an aircraft, and is only
found on Shatabdi Express trains and a few
day Duronto Expresses.
● It is a sitting class with 2 x 2 seating and a
generous amount of legroom.
● Food served in Executive Class is of better
quality (and quantity) than food served to
passengers of other classes in the train.
● Most Executive Class coaches are
extremely well maintained, and short to
long day journeys by this class very
comfortable.

23. 7.5 SLEEPER CLASS
• This is non Air condition and available in 3
tier seating format of 3x2, a replica of the
AC 3 tier.
• This is the way most Indians travel and
every single train has a sleeper class.
• Sleeper class can be quite crowded
(although in theory all berths must be
reserved, so it can't get overcrowded)
because of locals using the sleeper class for
regular day to day travel.

24. 8.RAILWAY SECURITY SYSTEM
● In all transport systems, particularly in
case of railways, safety and reliability are
highly considered.
● There is a view that the current regulatory
framework does not provide full set of
tools to effectively deal with railway
accidents and Main track derailments.

25. ● Integrated Security System was proposed
for 202 important railway stations in the
entire railway network.
● The Close Circuit TV System will be
installed in the stations area in such a
manner that it covers the entire station
premises including concourse, waiting
halls, platforms, over-bridges etc.
● The CCTV system will be internet protocol
based and will have important video
analytics which will give automatic signals
in case of suspected baggage, excessive
crowd, intrusion by unauthorized persons

26. ● For personal screening, reliance shall be on
hand held metal detectors, door frame metal
detectors and frisking in suspected cases.
● Baggage screening will be done through large
size X-Ray machines.
● Boundary wall along with barbed wall fencing
will be provided in such a manner that
unauthorized entry/exit is not possible
through-out the station area.
● Automatic vehicle scanner will be provided at
entry gates from where vehicles enter into the
station premises. A scanner will be integrated
into the Control Room meant for surveillance.

27. 9.PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
● Indian Railways is cash strapped and reported a
loss of ₹30,000 crores (₹300bn) in the passenger
segment for the year ending March 2014.
● Operating ratio, a key metric used by Indian
railways to gauge financial health, is 91.8% in the
year 2014-15.
● Railways carry a social obligation of over ₹20,000
crores (₹200bn $3.5bn).
● The loss per passenger-km increased to 23 parse
by the end of March 2014.
● Indian Railways is left with a surplus cash of just
₹690 crores (₹6.9bn $115mn) by the end of March
2014.

28. 10.SOLUTIONS
● Unauthorized entry of citizens without ticket or platform
ticket must be stopped.
● Local vendors and beggars must be banned on the
platform and in the train.
● Awareness should be created among the general public
about keeping railways and platforms clean 4. The cleaning
staff needs to be made accountable for their work.
● Cleaning of stations and trains must be outsourced to
private industry with service level contracts.
● Bigger dustbins in every compartment and they being
emptied at every major station.

29. 11. SURVEY RESULTS
1) How often do you travel by train?

30. 2) How often are the locals on time ?

31. 3) Do you find Railway Stations clean and
hygienic in India ?

32. 4) How safe do you find women are while
travelling through trains ?

33. 5) Are you satisfied with the security
provided by the railway system?

34. 6) Are the ticket fares reasonable ?

35. 7) Are you aware of the Online Reservation
System in India?

36. 8) Have you ever used the Online
Reservation System ?

37. 9) Should the Railways provide Wi-Fi
Facility ?

38. 10) Are you satisfied by the food provided
by the pantry in Railways?

39. 11. CONCLUSION
● Railways need to provide best service at
minimum cost.
● It is essential for the railways to be ahead
of technical developments in all parts of
the world and carry out independent
Research and Development.
● It is necessary for the railways to adopt
foreign technology that suits the Indian
conditions.
● Organized research should be carried out
by railways for reducing the