Railways are vital for transporting heavy goods and passengers across long distances safely and comfortably. Key components discussed include ballast, various rail types, sleepers, and the structure of points and switches. Challenges facing Indian Railways include overcrowding, low resources, and inadequate accessibility for disabled passengers, despite some efforts to provide accessible features at major stations.

1. RAILWAYS

2. Amongst the different modes of
transport, Railways have their
greatest utilization in the transport
of large volumes of heavy and bulk
commodities and passengers over
long distances with safety, comfort
and convenience.
INTRODUCTION

3. BLUE PRINT OF FIRST TRAIN

4. History of Railways

5. BALLAST
Ballast is the granular material
usually broken stone or bricks
single and kanker, gravel and sand
placed and packed and around the
sleeper to transmit Load from
sleeper to formation Layer.
Size = 20mm – 65mm

7. RAILS
The rolled steel sections laid
end to end in two parallel lines
over sleepers to form a railway
track are known as RAILS.

8. Types of Rails :-
The rails used in the construction of railway track
can be divided into the following three types :
(1) Double Headed Rails (D.H. Rail)
(2) Flat Footed Rails (F.F. Rail)
(3) Bull Headed Rails (B.H. Rail)

9. 1. Double Headed Rail :-
The rails having their head and foot of
same dimensions are known as double
headed rail (D.H.).

11. 2. Flat Footed Rails :-
The rail section having their foot
rolled to a flat are known as
flat footed rails.

13. 3. Bull Headed Rail :
The rails sections having their head of
more dimension then that of their foot
are known as bull headed rails (B.H.).

15. Rail Joints
1.FISH PLATE JOINT
2.FASTENERS JOINT
3.SLIDE CHAIARS JOINT
4. JUNCTION PLATE JOINT
5.BEARING PLATE JOINT
6.CHAIRS

16. FISH PLATE JOINT

17. FASTENERS JOINT

18. SLIDE CHAIARS JOINT

19. JUNCTION PLATE

20. Sleepers
Sleepers are members generally laid transverse
to the rails, on which the rails are fixed to
transfer the loads from the rails to the ballast
and the subgrade.

21. Types of Sleepers
 Wooden Sleepers
 Metal Sleepers
 Concrete Sleepers

22. www.ustudy.in

23. Concrete Sleepers

24. Metal Sleeper

25. POINT OF CROSSING
Point , crossing , turnout , cross-overs
and such related terms are
arrangement by which different routes
either parallel are connected and
offered the means for terms to move
from one route to another route is
called POINT OF CROSSING .

26. Components OF
SWITCH
1. A pair of stock rail.
2. A Pair of tongue rail.
3. Heel Block.
4. Stretcher bar.
5. Slide Chair.

27. A pair of stock
rail

28. A Pair of tongue
rail

29. Heel Block

30. Stretcher bar

31. POINT OF SWITCH
A SWITCH Consist of stock
rail and tongue rail.
A point is consist of left hand And
right hand switch

32. Slide Chair

33. Points & Crossings

35. Challenges faced by Indian Railways
 Overcrowding, low frequency and lack of
universal design
 Lack of financial resources
 Low per-capita income : 23 percent of Indian
urban population living in poverty
 Extremely low fares : Due to 70% (as per the
Census 2011) of Indian population living in rural
area
 Misuse of Coach for Disabled

36. Reason for Increase in Demand
 Growing Population: Increased in urban
population from 62 million in 1951 to 285
million in 2001 and is estimated to be
around 540 million by the year 2021
 Extension of cities far beyond old city
boundaries
 Increased Urban trips : 80 million trips will
need to be catered per day, whereas only 37
million trips are being provided by the
available rail and bus mass transport
facilities
 Scattered residential and commercial
development without necessary
infrastructure

37.  The Indian Railways have provided a separate compartment for the
disabled passengers at the end of the train next to the guard van.

38.  The attempts have been made by Indian Railways
to incorporate the accessibility features at some
of the railway stations (like Delhi railway station
and Agra Cantt railway station) such as
earmarked parking for the wheelchair users,
accessible entrance, waiting room with accessible
toilet and above all inter connectivity of all the
platforms with the ramp.

39. Accessible toilet at the platformRamp at the entrance
Accessible Features at Railway Station, New Delhi
Drinking Water counters at two levels Placement of tactile warning and guiding
blocks

40. Accessible Features at Railway Station, New Delhi
Provision of Golf Cart on Platform No. 1 for intra-
platform movement for the passengers with reduced
mobility

41. Accessible Features at Railway Station, Agra Cantt
Ramps connecting various platforms Accessible toilet in the waiting room
Ramp being used by coolies Leveled surfaces

42. But is this enough to make
Indian Railways
Accessible to All ???

43.  The concession extended by Indian Railways is of no use if the railway
stations and rail coaches are not accessible and are often difficult to
use by people with various disabilities due to various reasons like :
 Steps at various places
 No information to passengers regarding
train arrival/departures at respective
platforms
 Lack of appropriate directional signage
to guide people,

44.  Lack of trained staff available to
assist disabled passengers
 Absence of accessible toilets
 Unleveled surfaces
 Absence of amenities like drinking
water fountains, etc.

45.  Lack of provision for inter-platform transfers for people with disabilities putting
their safety at question. They are forced to use the railway tracks for crossing
hence increasing the risk of accident.

46. The coach for disabled does not facilitate independent and dignified access to a
user as the component of manual assistance invariably remains due to:
 Unleveled platform
 Tactile warning blocks up to the
disabled coach only hence posing
trip hazard
 Lack of enforcement leads to
overcrowding

47. So called accessible coaches
Overcrowding in the coach for disabled Toilets in the coach for disabled people
Person with locomotive disability finding
it difficult to enter the train due to high
steps
Level difference of the platform and
the coach does not facilitate
independent and dignified access

48. Broad causes of accidents on IR
 Railway staff failure 65.67
 Equipment failure 08.44%
 Failure of other than 17.46%
Railway staff
 Sabotage 03.45%

49. Country Billion passengers Year
Japan 22.67 2010
India 8.03 2010
Germany 1.95 2010
People's Republic of China 1.86 2011
United Kingdom 1.33 2010
France 1.14 2009
Russia 1.14 2009
South Korea 1.06 2010
Italy 0.64 2009
Spain 0.57 2010
South Africa 0.53 2007
India appears on the second position in the list of passengers carried in rail
transport per year (Countries with more than 500 million passengers):
Even though many advanced technologies or superior designs of coaches have
long been made available to people in Europe, Japan and now China, replicating
or adapting those to meet the needs of people in India is far from reality.

50. TOILETS OF THE TRAIN
INDIA JAPAN

51. KITCHEN OF THE TRAIN
INDIA CHINA