Radiopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical drugs that contain radioactivity and can be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. They are produced via several methods including charged particle bombardment, neutron bombardment, and using radionuclide generator systems. Their production involves compounding the radioactive component with other reagents followed by sterilization. Their quality is controlled through visual inspection, measuring radioactivity levels, assessing radionuclidic and radiochemical purity, and ensuring sterility. Proper labeling is also required when dispensing radiopharmaceuticals.
To my Senior CEU Pharmacy QC 2 Students. Radiopharmacy, Nuclear Pharmacy QC and cGMP protocols in handling, storage and preparation of various radiopharmaceuticals containing various radio-isotopes.
Examples and Medical Applications included.
A brief intoducation on Radiopharmaceutical including types of radiation, isotopes, manufacturing, Quality control , and equipments for measurement of radioactivity and Application of radiopharmaceuticals.
To my Senior CEU Pharmacy QC 2 Students. Radiopharmacy, Nuclear Pharmacy QC and cGMP protocols in handling, storage and preparation of various radiopharmaceuticals containing various radio-isotopes.
Examples and Medical Applications included.
A brief intoducation on Radiopharmaceutical including types of radiation, isotopes, manufacturing, Quality control , and equipments for measurement of radioactivity and Application of radiopharmaceuticals.
In December of 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie announced the discovery of a second element found in the uranium-extracted residues of pitchblende ore and, due to the intense radiation rays it emitted, it was named radiumThe discovery of radium brought radioactivity to the attention of the general public and inspired many new uses of radioactivity. Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs containing radioactive isotopes. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Radiopharmaceuticals emit radiation themselves, which is different from contrast media which absorb or alter external electromagnetism or ultrasound. Radiopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology that specializes in these agents.
radioactive pharmaceuticals
Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs containing radioactive isotopes.Radiopharmaceuticals are used to produce images of organs or tissues of interest, a process that is called scintigraphy. A type of medical device known as gamma camera is able to detect the gamma rays emitted by the radioisotope.
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses radioactive tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) to assess bodily functions and to diagnose and treat disease.
In December of 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie announced the discovery of a second element found in the uranium-extracted residues of pitchblende ore and, due to the intense radiation rays it emitted, it was named radiumThe discovery of radium brought radioactivity to the attention of the general public and inspired many new uses of radioactivity. Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs containing radioactive isotopes. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Radiopharmaceuticals emit radiation themselves, which is different from contrast media which absorb or alter external electromagnetism or ultrasound. Radiopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology that specializes in these agents.
radioactive pharmaceuticals
Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs containing radioactive isotopes.Radiopharmaceuticals are used to produce images of organs or tissues of interest, a process that is called scintigraphy. A type of medical device known as gamma camera is able to detect the gamma rays emitted by the radioisotope.
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses radioactive tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) to assess bodily functions and to diagnose and treat disease.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
All about Radiations, Different energy particles- starting from Basics to New methods of analysis also includes DIfferent applications related to it.
Medha Thakur
(M.Sc Chemistry)
radiopharmaceuticals introduction isotopes types of radioisotopes measurement of radioactivity handling and storage of radioactive material applications
Complete detail about the Radiopharmaceutical, General Introduction, Radioactive substance, Radioactive rays like alpha, beta and gamma rays. All the Measurement method to determine the radioactivity of any element and widely used instrument Geiger Muller Counter. And some Radiopharmaceutical product used in many diagnosis , treatment such like sodium iodide solution & capsule, Rose Bengal I 131 and Application of Radiopharmaceuticals.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
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comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
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STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
• Radiopharmaceuticals
are a group of pharmaceutical
drugs which have radioactivity.
Radiopharmaceuticals can be
used as
diagnostic (Gamma rays)
therapeutic agents (alpha & beta rays).
3.
4. Introduction
All substances are made of atoms
TheY have electrons (e -) around the outside
(naegatively charged) , and nucleus in the middle.
The nucleus consists of protons ( positively charged)
and neutrons (neutral)
The atomic number of an atom is the number of
protons in its nucleus.
The atomic mass is the number of protons +
neutrons in its nucleus.
5.
6. • isotopes of an atom have the same number
of protons,but a different number of
neutrons.
Example
• Consider a carbon atom:
It has 6 protons and 6 neutrons – we call it
carbon – 12” because it has an atomic mass of
12 (6 plus 6).
• One useful isotope of carbon is “ carbon – 14”
which has 6 protons and 8 neutrons.
7.
8. Radioisotopes , Radionuclides
An atom with an unstable nucleus ,which is a
nucleus characterized by excess energy
available to be imparted wether to a newly
created radiation particle within the nucleus
or to an atomic electron . the radionuclide, in
this process, undergoes radioactive decay ,
and emits gamma ray(S) and /or subatomic
particles.
9. Radioactivity
• The process in which an
unstable isotope
undergoes changes until
a stable state is reached
and in the
transformation emits
energy in the form of
radiation (alpha particles
, beta particles and
gamma rays)
10. Types of radiocativity
• Natural radioactivity
Nuclear reactions occur spontaneously
• Artificial radioactivity
The property of radioactivity produced by
particle bombardment or electmagnetic
radiation.
11. How to produce radioactive nuclide
a) Charged particle reaction:
(e.g) Protons
Deutrons (A=2)
Alpha particles
b) Photon induced reaction:
The source of electromegnatic energy may be gamma
emitting radionuclide or high voltage x-ray generator
c) Neutron induced reaction:
Most widely used method. It is bombardment of
nonradioactive target nucleus with a source of
thermal neutrons
12. Radioactive decay
• Radioactive decay is the process in which
unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously loses
energy by emitting ionizing particles and
radiation.
• This decay, or loss of energy , results in an
atom of one type ,called the parent nuclide
transforming to an atom of a different type,
named the daughter nuclide.
14. • Half life (t ½): the time taken for the activity
of a given amount of a radioactive substance
to decay to half of its initial value
• Total activity (A): number of decays an object
undergoes per second.
• Radionuclidic purity: is that percentage of the
total radioactivity that is peresent in the form
of the stated radionuclide.
15. Mode of radioactive decay
When an unstable nuclide decays, it may give
out
1- Alpha particles
2- Beta particles
3- Gamma rays
16. Type of
radiation
Alpha rays Beta rays Gamma rays
symbol α²⁺ (β) (γ )
charge +2 -1 0
Speed slow fast very fast
Ionizing ability high medium 0
Penetrating
power
low medium high
Stopped by: paper aluminium lead
TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY
17. Radiation measurement
The basic unit for quantifying radioactivity is
“curie (Ci)”. It describes the rate at which
nuclei decay.
Curie named for famed scientist Marie Curie
Becquerel (Bq) :
A unit of radioactivity. 1 becqueral is equal to
one disintegration per second
19. 1-Charged particle bombardment
Radionuclides may be produced by bombarding
target materials with charged particles in particle
accelerators such as cylortons.
Cyclotron: an apparatus in which charged atomic
and subatomic particles are accelerated by an
alternating electric field while following an
outward spiral or circular path in a magnetic field.
cyclotron consists of:
• Two flat hollow objects called dees .
• The dess are part of an electrical circuit.
20. • on the other side of the dees are large
magnets that steer (drive) the injected
charged particles (protons, deutrons, alpha
and hellium ) in a circular path.
• the charged particle follows a circular path
untlil the particle has sufficient energy that it
passes out of the field and interact with the
target nucleus.
21.
22. 2-Neutron bombardment
Radionuclides may be produced by
bombarding target materials with neutrons in
nuclear reactors.
• The majority of radiopharmaceuticals are
produced by this process.
23. 3-Radionuclide generator systems
• Principle:
A long – lived parent radionuclide is allowed
to decay to its short- lived daughter
radionuclide and the latter is chemically
separated in physiological solution.
• Example
Technetium – 99m, obtained from a generator
constructed of molybdenum-99 absorbed to
an alumina column.
25. Compounding
• Can be as simple as :
Adding a radioacitive liquid to a commercially available
reagent kit
• Can be as complex as :
The creation of a multi – component reagent kit
Kit for radiopharmaceutical preparation: Means a sterile
and pyrogen- free reaction vial containing the non
radioctive chemicals {e.g ,complexing agent(ligand),
reducing agent, stabilizer, or disepersing agent} that are
required to produce a specific radiopharmaceutical after
reaction with a radioactive component.
26. Caution
• The process of compounding
radiopharmaceuticals must be
under the supervision of
recognized nuclear physician
or a radio pharmacist.
27. Sterilization
Radiopharmaceutical prepartions intended for
parenteral admininstration are sterilized by a
suitabled method.
• Terminal sterilization by outoclaving is
recommended for heat stable products.
• For heat labile products , the filtration method
is recommended.
28. Stability of compounded
Preparation
• All extmporaneously compounded parenteral
radiopharmaceutical prepartations should be
used not more than 24 hours post
cmpounding process unless data are available
to support longer storage.
31. • Visual inspection of product
Visual inspection of the compounded radiopharmaceutical
shall be conducted to ensure the absence of foregin matter
and also to establish product identitiy by confirming that
• A liquid product is solution, a colloid , or a suspension.
• A solid product has defined properties that identify it.
• Assessment of radioactivity
the amount of radioactivity each compounded
radiopharmaceutical should be verified and documented
prior to dispenisng, using a proper standardized
radionuclide (dose) calibrator.
32.
33. • Radionuclidic purity
Radionuclidic purity can be determined with the use of a suitables
counting device
• The gamma-ray spectrum, sholuld not be signifcantly different from
that of standardized solution of the radionclide.
• Radiochemical purity
Radiochemical purity is assessed by a variety of analytical techniques
such as:
• Liquid chromagraphy
• Paper chromatagraphy
• Thin- layer chromagraphy
• Electophoresis
• The distibution of radioactivity on the chromatogram is determined.
34. • Ph
• Microbiological control (sterilitly test) and bacterial
Endotoxin testing
• Labeling
• The label on the outer package should inclulde:
• a statement that the product is radioactive or the
international symbol of radioactivity.
• The name of the radiopharmaceutical preparation:
The perparation is for diagnostic for therapeutic use
• The total radioactivity present (for example , in MBq per
ml of the solution)
35. Route of administration
The expiry date
The batch (lot) number
For Solutions, the total volume:
Any special storage requirements with
respect to temperature and light:
The name and Concentration of any added
microbial preservative