In December of 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie announced the discovery of a second element found in the uranium-extracted residues of pitchblende ore and, due to the intense radiation rays it emitted, it was named radiumThe discovery of radium brought radioactivity to the attention of the general public and inspired many new uses of radioactivity. Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs containing radioactive isotopes. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Radiopharmaceuticals emit radiation themselves, which is different from contrast media which absorb or alter external electromagnetism or ultrasound. Radiopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology that specializes in these agents.
To my Senior CEU Pharmacy QC 2 Students. Radiopharmacy, Nuclear Pharmacy QC and cGMP protocols in handling, storage and preparation of various radiopharmaceuticals containing various radio-isotopes.
Examples and Medical Applications included.
In December of 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie announced the discovery of a second element found in the uranium-extracted residues of pitchblende ore and, due to the intense radiation rays it emitted, it was named radiumThe discovery of radium brought radioactivity to the attention of the general public and inspired many new uses of radioactivity. Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs containing radioactive isotopes. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Radiopharmaceuticals emit radiation themselves, which is different from contrast media which absorb or alter external electromagnetism or ultrasound. Radiopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology that specializes in these agents.
To my Senior CEU Pharmacy QC 2 Students. Radiopharmacy, Nuclear Pharmacy QC and cGMP protocols in handling, storage and preparation of various radiopharmaceuticals containing various radio-isotopes.
Examples and Medical Applications included.
Nuclear medicine is a branch of medical imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose and determine the severity of or treat a variety of diseases, including many types of cancers, heart disease, gastrointestinal, endocrine, neurological disorders and other abnormalities within the body.
Nuclear medicine is a branch of medical imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose and determine the severity of or treat a variety of diseases, including many types of cancers, heart disease, gastrointestinal, endocrine, neurological disorders and other abnormalities within the body.
A brief intoducation on Radiopharmaceutical including types of radiation, isotopes, manufacturing, Quality control , and equipments for measurement of radioactivity and Application of radiopharmaceuticals.
Radiopharmaceutical is a key component involved in the field of nuclear medicine. It serves various purposes diagnostically and also serves with different diagnostic applications. Radioactive agents are employed in nuclear field for demonstration of high and exact localized radioactive effect in a particular target tissue. In recent years various amount of radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals are utilized for treating cancer and other complex disease like neuroendocrine disorder. This review focuses on the manufacturing, quality control tests and diagnostic applications of radiopharmaceuticals. K. R. Satav | T. P. Shangrapawar | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Illustrative Review on Radiopharmaceuticals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29762.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/29762/illustrative-review-on-radiopharmaceuticals/k-r-satav
Nuclear medicine uses radiation to provide information about the functioning of a person's
specific organs, or to treat disease. In most cases, the information is used by physicians to make a
quick diagnosis of the patient's illness. What is Radiopharmaceuticals? How Radionuclides are produced?
Phụ lục 3 tiêu chuẩn GMP EU về sản xuất thuốc phóng xạ bao gồm:
1. Hệ thống chất lượng.
2. Nhân sự trong nhà máy thuốc phóng xạ.
3. Nhà xưởng, trang thiết bị nhà máy thuốc phóng xạ.
4. Hệ thống phụ trợ nhà máy thuốc phóng xạ.
5. Công nghệ sản xuất.
6. Hệ thống giám sát, quản lý môi trường sản xuất và quá trình vận hành.
7. Kiểm soát chất lượng thành phẩm đầu ra
Artificial Radionuclide Generators in Medicine Applications in Radiotherapy.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radionuclide generators are essential devices utilized in nuclear medicine to produce specific radioisotopes through the process of radioactive decay.
These generators serve as a continuous source of radioactive material for various medical applications, including diagnosis and therapy.
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses radiopharmaceuticals to diagnose, treat and monitor diseases. Nuclear medicine and molecular imaging procedures have a long history of use.
Similar to RADIOPHARMACY-PRESENTATION FOR WORKSHOP NEW.ppt (20)
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. What is RADIOPHARMACY?
A specialty area of
pharmacy practice
dedicated to the
compounding and
dispensing of
radiopharmaceuticals
for use in nuclear
medicine procedures.
3. What is radiopharmacy (contd)
COMPOUNDING: FORMULATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL REAGENT
KITS FROM RAW INGREDIENTS FOR THE PREPARATION OF
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS BY THE ADDITION OF RADIOISOTOPES.
CRITICAL TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AREAS OF NUCLEAR
MEDICINE.
radiodiagnosis
pretargeted radioimmunotherapy of cancer
Molecular imaging
radioimmunoassay.
4. What is NUCLEAR MEDICINE?
A specialty of
medicine and medical
imaging that uses
radiopharmaceuticals
in the diagnosis and
treatment of diseases.
5. What is NUCLEAR MEDICINE?
Nuclear medicine tests differ from most other imaging
modalities in that its diagnostic tests primarily shows the
physiological/functions of the system being investigated
as opposed to traditional anatomical imaging such as CT
or MRI.
The most intensively used radioisotope is technetium -
99m.
RADIOTHERAPY: Radiation used to treat cancer
7. HISTORY OF NUCLEAR PHARMACY
PRACTICE
The development of
nuclear pharmacy as a
specialty area
followed the
development of
nuclear medicine as a
recognized specialty
by the American
Medical Association in
the early 1970's.
in 1970 W.Eckelmen and P.
Richards developed Tc-99m
“instant kit”
radiopharmaceuticals. The
first one was Tc-99m-DTPA.
In 1896 Henri Becquerel
diccovered mysterious “rays”
from uranium.
In 1969 C. L. Edwards
reported the accumulation of
gallium-67 in cancer.
8. RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
MAY BE A RADIONUCLIDE OR
LABELLED COMPOUND
STERILE AND NON PYROGENIC
MINIMAL PHARMACOLOGIC EFFECT.
PREPARED AS UNIT DOSES
CONTAINING THE RIGHT AMOUNT
OF RADIOACTIVITY PREPARED FOR
INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS.
95% USED FOR DIAGNOSTIC
PURPOSES USED IN TRACER
QUANTITES
RADIO PHARMACIES GENERALLY
PRODUCE FROM 2,000 TO OVER
10,000 DOSES EVERY YEAR.
MUST UNDERGO QUALITY CONTROL
MEASURES REQUIRED OF A
PHARMACEUTICAL .
SUBJECT TO LICENSING
PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATIONS
REGULATIONS GOVERNING
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.
ADDITIONAL REGULATIONS MAY APPLY
FOR ISSUES SUCH AS
TRANSPORTATION OR DISPENSING OF
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
9.
10. IDEAL RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL
PHARMACEUTICAL
PREFERENTIAL
LOCALISATION IN A GIVEN
ORGAN
HIGH TARGET TO NON
TARGET ACTIVITY RATIO
SAFE NON TOXIC FOR
HUMAN ADMINISTRATION
RADIONUCLIDE
EMMISSION OF
DETECTABLE RADIATION
SHORT AND EFFECTIVE
HALF LIFE
DECAY BY ELECTRON
CAPTURE
EASY AVAILABILITY
11. Steps for targeted radio nuclei use in cancer
therapy.
Identification of the biological target on the tumour
exclusively expressed by the tumour.
A radiopharmaceutical is then designed to target the
tumour expressed biological maker.
The radio nuclei emit beta and alpha rays capable of
causing DNA damage and leading to death of the
tumour.
Examination of off-target distribution of the agent.
Monitoring response to treatment after targeted radio
nuclei therapy.
13. What are the clinical applications of
Radiopharmacy ?
Diagnostic
The radiopharmaceutical
accumulated in an organ of interest
emit gamma radiation which are
used for imaging of the organs with
the help of an external imaging
device called gamma camera.
They can also be used to predict
the effect of a surgery and assess
changes after treatment.
14. Applications of Radiopharmacy Contd.
Treatment
radiolabelled molecules are
designed to deliver therapeutic
doses of ionizing radiation to
specific diseased sites.
They have fewer side effects than
the traditional radiation therapy.
Traditionally effective to both
isolated tumors and metastatised
tumor.
15. Applications of Radiopharmacy Contd.
Research
They are administered to track
metabolic reaction and kinetics
including biodistribution, bio
avaliabilityu ete.
They can also be used to study and
detect water resourses and detect
the presence of pollution by use of
harmless radioactive tracers.
16. MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES OF A
RADIOPHARMACIST
PREPARATION AND
DISPENSING OF
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
QUALITY
CONTROL/QUALITY
ASSURANCE.
QUALITY AUDITS OF
RADIOPHARMACY SERVICES
MAINTENANCE AND
MONITORING OF
FACILITIES AND
EQUIPMENT
IMPROVING COST
EFFECTIVENESS OF
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW
RADIO-PHARMACEUTICALS,
INCLUDING CLINICAL
TRIALS
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW
DISPENSING TECHNIQUES
PROVIDING CLINICAL
INFORMATION ON NEW
PRODUCTS
17. CLINICAL ROLES OF A RADIOPHARMACIST
ADVISING ON
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF
ABNORMAL
BIODISTRIBUTIONS.
USE OF MEDICINES THAT
WILL INTERFERE WITH SCAN
QUALITY OR RESULTS.
STABILITY AND
FORMULATION OF
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS.
SPECIAL DOSAGE
FORMULATIONS
HEALTH AND SAFETY FOR
INDIVIDUALS WHILE USING
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
USE OF
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS IN
ANIMALS.
REPORTING ADVERSE DRUG
REACTIONS
18. RADIOPHARMACY STAFF AND TRAINING
ANATOMY,
HAEMATOLOGY
LAW
COMPUTER SKILLS
UNDERSTANDING OF
MANDATORY LEGISLATION
AND GUIDANCE.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
RADIATION
PROTECTION
CHEMISTRY,
BIOCHEMISTRY,
RADIOCHEMISTRY,
IMMUNOLOGY,
19. RADIATION TYPES
Unstable atoms emit ( give radiations0 from their nuclei . An unstable
nucleus can emit alpha, beta or gamma radiation. Note the properties
of the different rays below.
Alpha
particles
• Stopped by a sheet
of paper.
Beta
particles
• Stopped by a layer
of clothing
• Or by a thin layer of
a substance such as
aluminium.
Gamma
rays
• Has a very high
penetrating power but
can be stopped by a
dense material like
leed.
• Or a few feet of
concrete.
Radiation
source.
20. RADIOISOTOPES USED IN NUCLEAR
MEDICINE
1. ARTIFICIAL
2. PRODUCED FROM
CYCLOTRON
NUCLEAR REACTOR
TYPE OF RADIONUCLIDE
DEPENDS ON
IRRADIATING PARTICLE
ENERGY
TARGET NUCLEI
21. PRODUCTION OF RADIONUCLIDES
CYCLOTRON PRODUCED
GALLIUM-67
IODINE123
INDIUM-111
CARBON-11
FLUORINE-18
OXYGEN-15
REACTOR PRODUCED
IODINE-131
MOLYBDENUM-99
CHROMIUM-50
XENIUM-133
CEASIUM-137
22. Production of radioisotopes
The production of radioisotopes is expensive!
It is based on four different methods:
• nuclear fission (reactor breeding
• neutron activation processes
• charged particle induced reactions
• radionuclide generator (chemical method)
Each method provides useful isotopes with differing
characteristics for nuclear imaging.
23. CONCEPT OF
RADIONUCLIDE
GENERATORS
> 90 % of radiopharmaceuticals in
clinical use contain radionuclides
with short half-lives, commercial
supply is often impractical.
Radiopharmaceuticals which
contain radionuclides with long
half-lives, are obtained from
commercial suppliers
IMPORTANT RADIONUCLIDE
GENERATORS IN CLINICAL USE
Moly99-Tc99m generator
Ge68-Ga68 Generator
SERVE AS CONVENIENT
SOURCES OF
PRODUCTION OF
RADIONUCLIDES ON
SITE IN CLINICAL
RADIOPHARMACY
24. COMPARISM BETWEEN MANUFACTURING AND
COMPOUNDING IN RADIOPHARMACY
MANUFACTURING COMPOUNDING
PRODUCER MANUFACTURER/INDUSTRY HOSPITAL RADIOPHARMACY
SETTING COMMERCIAL CLINICAL
STANDARD GMP CODE OF PRACTICE
REGULATION NATIONAL REGULATORY AUTHORITY PROFESSIONAL
BODIES/INSTITUTION
DISTRIBUTION PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION PRACTITIONER/PATIENT
MARKETING YES NO
PERMISSION INVESTIGATIONAL AUTTHORITY
NEW DRUG APPLICATION
ETHICS COMMITTEE
25. RADIONUCLIDE GENERATORS
Allows chemical separation of
short-lived radioactive daughter
nuclei with good characteristics
for medical imaging from long-
lived radioactive parent nuclei.
techniques used are
chromatographic absorption,
distillation or phase separation.
This method is in particular
applied for the separation of the
rather short-lived 99Tcm (T1/2=6
h) from the long lived 99Mo
(T1/2=2.7 d).
Applying the radioactive decay law
the growth of activity of the
daughter nuclei A2 with respect of
the initial activity of the mother
nucleus A10 can be expressed in
terms of their respective decay
constants 2 and 2 with 2 >> 1:
26. 99Tcm
99mTc is used in 80% of NM procedures.
25 million procedures per annum in the world.
99Mo/99mTc generators.
99Mo has half life of 6-7hrs.
99mTc has a half-life of 6hrs.
99Tc has a half-life of 211000 hrs.
99mTc-thyroid cancers
99mTc-MDP-skeletal
99mTc-DMSA-kidneys
27. Molybdenum99-Technetium99m generator-
workhorse of nuclear medicine
the half-life of the mother nuclide
is much longer than that of the
daughter nuclide,
50% of equilibrium activity is
reached within one daughter half-
life,
75% within two daughter half-lives.
removing the daughter nuclide
Tc99m from the generator
("milking" the generator) is
reasonably done every 6 hours or at
most every daughter half life
commercial Mo-99/Tc-99m
generators use column
chromatography in which Mo-99 is
adsorbed onto alumina.
Pulling normal saline through the
column of immobilized Mo-99 elutes
the soluble Tc-99m, resulting in a
saline solution containing the Tc-
99m.
The useful life of a Mo-99/Tc-99m
generator is about 3 half lives or
approximately one week.
Hence, any clinical nuclear medicine
units purchase at least one such
generator per week or order several
in a staggered fashion.
28.
29. Factors that affect the biodistribution of
radiopharmaceutical.
Radiopharmaceutical preparation and formulation
problem. E.g the basic shape, size and solubility of
molecule.
Administration technique and procedure problems.
Changes in biochemical and pathophysiological e.g
avaliability of compound to tissue, or the proportion of
the tracer that is bound to proteins in the blood.
Previous medical procedures like surgery or radiation
therapy.
Drug interactions.
30. COLD KITS
Non-reactive unit dosed reagent kits (cold Unit Doses(cud)) as an efficient and cost
saving method for 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals preparation
A cold kit contains the
• Ligand to which 99mTc is to be complexed.(organ specific)
• Reducing agent. Sn(II) Chloride
• Buffer to adjust the pH for labelling(NaoH/HCL)
• Stabilising agents(ascorbic acid)
• Excipients for isotonicity(Nacl)
Stored in a refridgerator at a temperature of 2-8
Prepared in freeze dried form
Long shelf life.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36. RADIATION PROTECTION PRINCIPLES
TIME:
Minimize the amount of time during exposure.
DISTANCE:
Maximize the distance from the radiation source. The inverse-square law state
that as you double the distance from the radiation source, you reduce the
exposure level by one fouth (1/4th).
SHIELDING:
Utilize shielding to avoid direct exposure to the radiation source.
37. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN HANDLINGT
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS.
The working areas should not get contaminated with radioactive material.
If the radioactive liquid has to be handled, it must be carried in trays having absorbent
tissue paper so that any spillage will be absorbed by the paper.
Rubber gloves have to be used when working on the radioactive liquids.
Pipettes operated by mouth should never be used.
The radioactive emitter should be handled with forceps and never by hand.
Sufficient shielding device should be used.
The radiopharmaceutical materials are stored in suitable labelled containers, shielding
by bricks and preferably in a remote corner.
Great care has to be applied for disposal of radioactive materials.
A regular monitoring of radioactivity be done in area where radioactive materials are
stored.
38.
39. CAREER AS A SPECIALIST RADIOPHARMACIST
Radiopharmacy provides pharmacists with the opportunity to be a keypart of
a multidisciplinary nuclear medicine team. “It is a job where you can use the
science background that is part of your pharmacy degree, as well as giving
you contact with patients, managerial experience and practical work.”
There is opportunity to go into researching the pathway of many drugs using
imaging techniques.
The future of cancer treatment is in radiopharmacy-- targeted radionuclide
therapy
For those pharmacists thinking about a career in radiopharmacy wishing to
follow a career that is intellectually and scientifically challenging, with
opportunity to interact with a wide range of scientists, clinicians and
technologists, then radiopharmacy may be the one.
40. REFERENCES
1. Connolly M, Frier M, Lazarus CR, Maltby P, Thom J. Guidelines for the provision of
Radiopharmacy support to Nuclear Medicine. Nuclear Medicine Communications 2003;24:429–33
2. Sampson CB, Sharpe S. The role of the pharmacist as a member of the nuclear medicine team,
and ethics, responsibility, standards of practice and audit. In: Sampson CB. Textbook of
Radiopharmacy. 3rd ed.
3. The Netherlands: Gordon and Breach; 1999. pp271–813. THE RADIOPHARMACY: A
TECHNOLOGISTS GUIDE,EANM PUBLICATION
4. RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS: Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia
5. TOMORROW,S PHARMACIST : A CAREER AS A RADIOPHARMACIST.UKRG PUBLICATION.
6.POSITION PAPER ON NATIONAL CANCER CONTROL PROGRAM LAWAL I OGOPAL B SAHA
FUNDAMENTALS ON NUCLEAR PHARMACY FIFTH EDITION
8. OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE ON HOSPITAL RADIOPHARMACY, A SAFE AND EFFECTIVE APPROACH.
IAEA PUBLICATION.
9 NUCLEAR MEDICINE POCKET HANDBOOK: ROYAL LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL,NUCLEAR
MEDICINE DEPARTMENT
10.FRIEDLANDER G,.KENNEDY JW,MILLER JM. NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY 3RD EDITION
Editor's Notes
THE TERM RADIOPHARMACY IS ALSO USED FOR THE PLACE WHERE THESE ACTIVITIES TAKE PLACE
STAND-ALONE SERVICE BY A RADIOPHARMACY DEPARTMENT OR
A RADIOPHARMACY SECTION OF A NUCLEAR MEDICINE DEPARTMENT
CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES INSIDE THE BODY, DOWN TO THE MOLECULAR LEVEL
POTENTIAL TO IDENTIFY DISEASES AT EARLY STAGES AND TO ASSESS THE RESPONSE TO THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS
CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES INSIDE THE BODY, DOWN TO THE MOLECULAR LEVEL
POTENTIAL TO IDENTIFY DISEASES AT EARLY STAGES AND TO ASSESS THE RESPONSE TO THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS 2018
STAND-ALONE SERVICE BY A RADIOPHARMACY DEPARTMENT OR
A RADIOPHARMACY SECTION OF A NUCLEAR MEDICINE DEPARTMENT
SO WHAT DO RADIOPHARMACISTS DO IN PRACTICE
SINCE RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS ARE CONTROLLED AS BOTH MEDICINES AND RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES