CONTAMINATION OF SOILS WITH ORGANIC AND INORGANIC POLLUTANTS (Mashooq hussain...Mashooq Hussain
The document discusses soil contamination from organic and inorganic pollutants. Some key causes of soil pollution include corrosion of underground storage tanks, application of fertilizers and pesticides, mining, oil dumping, landfill leachate, and direct industrial waste discharge. The most common contaminants are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, and heavy metals like lead. Soil pollution adversely impacts humans, animals, agriculture, and urban environments. Control methods include restricting plastic waste, encouraging recycling, banning deforestation, and optimizing fertilizer and pesticide use.
Radioactive pollution occurs when radioactive materials are released unintentionally into the environment. It can arise from various sources like nuclear weapon production and decommissioning, mining of radioactive ores, coal ash, medical waste, and accidents or improper handling at nuclear power plants. Exposure to radiation from radioactive pollution can cause health effects ranging from mild skin irritation from low doses to serious conditions like cancer from long-term higher exposure. Preventing radioactive pollution requires responsible handling and disposal of radioactive materials and nuclear waste.
Radioactive pollution can come from natural sources like cosmic rays and radioactive elements in the Earth's crust, or from human sources such as nuclear weapons testing, nuclear power plants, medical use of radioisotopes, and improper disposal of radioactive waste. Exposure to radiation can cause both immediate effects like hair loss and long term effects like cancer. All living things are vulnerable but some organisms preferentially accumulate specific radioactive materials. Control of radioactive pollution requires safe containment and storage of wastes, along with preventative measures to limit radiation exposure.
PHOTOCHEMICAL FORMATION OF SMOG
Photochemical Reactions in Atmosphere
What is Smog ?
Formation of Photochemical smog
Probable Mechanism for Smog formation
This document discusses radioactive pollution. It defines radioactive pollution as the emission of high energy particles or radioactive substances into the air, water, or land due to human activities like nuclear waste. Sources of radioactive pollution include nuclear fuel production, nuclear power reactors, nuclear tests, uranium mining, and nuclear waste disposal. Radioactive pollution can be continuous from places using radioactivity, accidental from equipment failures, or occasional from isolated experiments. Examples given are nuclear bomb tests releasing fallout and the Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear disasters spreading radiation. Effects on health can be genetic mutations or cancer development. Specific isotopes discussed are strontium-90 and cesium-137, which can cause bone cancer and be dispersed in the environment.
A presentation ,analytical methods-for-determination-of-metals-in-environment...Adnan Sohail
Analytical methods for the determination of metals in environmental samples typically involve three steps: sampling, sample pretreatment, and analysis. Common analytical techniques used include atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and ion chromatography (IC). The choice of technique depends on factors like cost, sensitivity, sample matrix, and available instrumentation. Pretreatment can include acidification, digestion, filtration, and preconcentration depending on the analyte and matrix.
Presentation on photochemical smog (1) final.pptxBabarJoya
Photochemical smog is formed when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. It causes a brown haze and health issues. Acid rain is caused by emissions from industries and vehicles reacting with water, moisture, and oxygen in the air to form acids. It harms plants and ecosystems. Chlorofluorocarbons are man-made gases used in aerosols and refrigerants that contribute to global warming and deplete the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation.
CONTAMINATION OF SOILS WITH ORGANIC AND INORGANIC POLLUTANTS (Mashooq hussain...Mashooq Hussain
The document discusses soil contamination from organic and inorganic pollutants. Some key causes of soil pollution include corrosion of underground storage tanks, application of fertilizers and pesticides, mining, oil dumping, landfill leachate, and direct industrial waste discharge. The most common contaminants are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, and heavy metals like lead. Soil pollution adversely impacts humans, animals, agriculture, and urban environments. Control methods include restricting plastic waste, encouraging recycling, banning deforestation, and optimizing fertilizer and pesticide use.
Radioactive pollution occurs when radioactive materials are released unintentionally into the environment. It can arise from various sources like nuclear weapon production and decommissioning, mining of radioactive ores, coal ash, medical waste, and accidents or improper handling at nuclear power plants. Exposure to radiation from radioactive pollution can cause health effects ranging from mild skin irritation from low doses to serious conditions like cancer from long-term higher exposure. Preventing radioactive pollution requires responsible handling and disposal of radioactive materials and nuclear waste.
Radioactive pollution can come from natural sources like cosmic rays and radioactive elements in the Earth's crust, or from human sources such as nuclear weapons testing, nuclear power plants, medical use of radioisotopes, and improper disposal of radioactive waste. Exposure to radiation can cause both immediate effects like hair loss and long term effects like cancer. All living things are vulnerable but some organisms preferentially accumulate specific radioactive materials. Control of radioactive pollution requires safe containment and storage of wastes, along with preventative measures to limit radiation exposure.
PHOTOCHEMICAL FORMATION OF SMOG
Photochemical Reactions in Atmosphere
What is Smog ?
Formation of Photochemical smog
Probable Mechanism for Smog formation
This document discusses radioactive pollution. It defines radioactive pollution as the emission of high energy particles or radioactive substances into the air, water, or land due to human activities like nuclear waste. Sources of radioactive pollution include nuclear fuel production, nuclear power reactors, nuclear tests, uranium mining, and nuclear waste disposal. Radioactive pollution can be continuous from places using radioactivity, accidental from equipment failures, or occasional from isolated experiments. Examples given are nuclear bomb tests releasing fallout and the Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear disasters spreading radiation. Effects on health can be genetic mutations or cancer development. Specific isotopes discussed are strontium-90 and cesium-137, which can cause bone cancer and be dispersed in the environment.
A presentation ,analytical methods-for-determination-of-metals-in-environment...Adnan Sohail
Analytical methods for the determination of metals in environmental samples typically involve three steps: sampling, sample pretreatment, and analysis. Common analytical techniques used include atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and ion chromatography (IC). The choice of technique depends on factors like cost, sensitivity, sample matrix, and available instrumentation. Pretreatment can include acidification, digestion, filtration, and preconcentration depending on the analyte and matrix.
Presentation on photochemical smog (1) final.pptxBabarJoya
Photochemical smog is formed when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. It causes a brown haze and health issues. Acid rain is caused by emissions from industries and vehicles reacting with water, moisture, and oxygen in the air to form acids. It harms plants and ecosystems. Chlorofluorocarbons are man-made gases used in aerosols and refrigerants that contribute to global warming and deplete the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation.
Difference in raman spectroscopy and ir spectroscopyVrushali Tambe
Raman spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy are techniques for analyzing vibrational modes in molecules. Raman spectroscopy involves scattering of light by vibrating molecules and can be used to analyze both organic and inorganic compounds using visible or near-IR radiation. IR spectroscopy involves absorption of light by vibrating molecules that change dipole moment and is better suited for qualitative analysis using mid-IR radiation, though water can interfere with samples. The two techniques provide complementary information about molecular structure and bonding.
From my class on nuclear physics for nuclear medicine technologists. This class covers alpha, beta, and gamma decay, plus conversion electrons, Auger electrons, and k-alpha and other X-rays
The document discusses aerosols and their effects. It provides information on:
1. What aerosols are, including their natural and anthropogenic sources. Aerosols can affect climate directly by scattering and absorbing radiation, and indirectly by altering cloud properties.
2. The health impacts of aerosols, as they are a major component of smog. Epidemiological studies have shown correlations between elevated aerosol levels and increased mortality, hospital visits, and excess infant mortality.
3. The effects of black carbon aerosols specifically. Black carbon warms the atmosphere through absorption of sunlight and contributes to melting of snow and ice when deposited on their surfaces. It may be responsible for up to 40
This document discusses health effects of radiation and nuclear waste management. It provides information on natural and man-made sources of radiation exposure and their relative contributions. It describes the types of radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma rays and their different properties. The principles of radiation protection including justification, optimization and dose limits are explained. Both acute and chronic effects of radiation are outlined along with factors influencing biological impact. The document also discusses management of radioactive waste and principles of reducing radiation exposure.
Radioactivity occurs when some atom nuclei spontaneously transform by emitting radiation and releasing energy. There are three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha radiation emits a helium nucleus, beta radiation occurs when a neutron transforms into a proton or vice versa, and gamma radiation results from electromagnetic radiation emitted by the nucleus. Different materials are needed to stop each type of radiation - alpha can be stopped by paper, beta requires a few millimeters of metal, and gamma requires thick barriers like lead or concrete. Carbon dating uses the known decay rate of carbon-14 to determine the age of formerly living materials.
Water pollution due to heavy metals, pesticides Joy Jones
Heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury pollute water sources through industrial and agricultural waste and can poison humans and wildlife. Pesticides and oils from farms also contaminate waterways. Detergents containing phosphates contribute to algal blooms and lower oxygen levels in freshwater. These pollutants are difficult to break down, accumulate in organisms, and can cause health issues like cancer, organ damage, and developmental and neurological effects. Reducing industrial and agricultural runoff is needed to make water safe again for drinking and the environment.
The document discusses air pollution and methods for sampling air pollutants. It defines pollution and lists major sources of outdoor air pollution such as vehicles, power plants, and waste burning. It describes common air pollutants like particulate matter and gases. The document then discusses air sampling methods for particulate and gaseous pollutants using techniques like sedimentation, filtration, impingement, and adsorption. Specific instruments are mentioned like bubblers and impingers for liquid collection and activated carbon for gas adsorption. Spectrophotometry, chemiluminescence, UV fluorescence, and gas chromatography are also summarized as analytical methods for measuring gaseous pollutants.
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) uses a plasma to produce excited atoms and ions that emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths specific to elements. The document discusses how ICP-AES works, including that a sample is nebulized and transported to the plasma where it is atomized and excited, emitting radiation measured by a spectrometer. Common applications are clinical, environmental, pharmaceutical and industrial analysis to determine trace metal concentrations.
Heavy metal pollution in soil and its mitigation aspect by Dr. Tarik MitranDr. Tarik Mitran
Heavy metal pollution in soil is a serious problem. Some key points:
- Heavy metals like lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and mercury are toxic even in small amounts and can accumulate in the food chain.
- Sources of heavy metal pollution include industrial, agricultural, and mining activities which release these metals into the environment.
- Heavy metals can be taken up by plants and crops irrigated with contaminated water, accumulating in plant tissues and eventually entering the food chain. This poses risks to human and animal health.
- Remediating contaminated soils requires understanding the chemical processes by which heavy metals move and change form in the soil-water-air system over time. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce
Heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, and lead were discussed in the document. These metals can enter the environment from natural and human sources and persist indefinitely. While some heavy metals are essential in small amounts, higher concentrations can be toxic. Exposure to heavy metals can occur through food, water, air and cause health effects like organ damage and cancer. Current research studies analyzed heavy metal levels in foods, soils and plants in the Philippines and found levels exceeding safety limits.
This document provides an overview of environmental chemistry. It begins by defining environmental chemistry and describing the key environmental segments of the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. It then discusses environmental quality standards, indicators of pollution including dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, and total dissolved solids. The document outlines the scope of environmental chemistry and notes the need for public awareness of environmental issues.
Nuclear chemistry deals with radioactive processes and nuclear properties. It includes the study of radioactive sources and their applications. Nuclear chemistry examines the nucleus, nuclear changes, particles within the nucleus, and radiation emission or absorption. Radioactive decay occurs naturally in heavy elements and can be artificially induced by bombarding stable nuclei with particles. There are several types of radioactive emissions including alpha, beta, gamma rays, and positron decay. Nuclear chemistry has many applications in medicine such as cancer treatment, sterilization, and tracing blood flow. It is also used in agriculture to improve crops and control pests.
VOCs are organic chemicals that evaporate at room temperature and are both naturally occurring and human-made. They are emitted through processes like combustion and evaporation from products like paints, solvents, and fuels. Exposure can cause short term effects like headaches and dizziness or long term health issues like cancer, organ damage, and central nervous system effects. Common VOCs include benzene, xylene, toluene, and styrene. Reducing VOC sources, increasing ventilation, and using pollution control devices can help mitigate exposures.
The above presentation describes the history,source,danger and effects,classification, and storage and disposal methods of radioactive waste. It also states the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear and radioactive waste
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its definition, units of measurement, sources, classification of pollutants, types of pollutants, effects on the environment and humans, and actions to control and prevent it. It discusses key topics such as smog formation, temperature inversions, indoor air pollution, health impacts, effects on agriculture/forests, materials, acid rain, ozone depletion, and climate change/global warming. The document is an educational resource that comprehensively addresses the various aspects of air pollution.
The document provides an introduction to radioactivity, including the three main types of radioactive emissions (alpha, beta, gamma), their penetrating properties, safe handling of radioactive materials, and uses of radioisotopes. It defines key terms and includes sample test questions to assess understanding.
The Ozone Layer: Formation and DepletionKamran Ansari
This presentation explains the Earth's atmosphere and its composition and variation of temperature and pressure in different layers of the atmosphere. It contains atmospheric circulation in troposphere and stratosphere. It explains the process of ozone formation and how its stability affects by the other chemical components which lead to the ozone depletion and ozone hole. It also contains the cosmic ray theory of ozone hole.
Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution formed when sunlight interacts with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. Nitrogen oxides come primarily from vehicle and truck exhaust while volatile organic compounds are emitted from products like paints, pesticides, and glues. This chemical reaction forms secondary pollutants like peroxyacetyl nitrate which can cause respiratory issues. Mexico City has high levels of photochemical smog due to vehicle emissions and geographic factors trapping pollution. Reducing vehicle use, industrial emissions, and VOC-emitting products can help lower smog levels and protect public health. The Great Smog of 1952 in London showed the deadly potential of severe smog, causing thousands of premature deaths.
Use of vermiculture technology for waste management and environmental remedia...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Puelles M. 2010. Use of vermiculture technology for waste management and environmental remediation in Argentina, International Journal of Environmental Engineering (IJEE), Sp. Issue on Vermiculture Technology, Vol. 10, No.3/4 pp. 239 –254. doi:10.1504/IJGENVI.2010.037269. ISSN (Online): 1756-8471, ISSN (Print): 1756-8463.
Difference in raman spectroscopy and ir spectroscopyVrushali Tambe
Raman spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy are techniques for analyzing vibrational modes in molecules. Raman spectroscopy involves scattering of light by vibrating molecules and can be used to analyze both organic and inorganic compounds using visible or near-IR radiation. IR spectroscopy involves absorption of light by vibrating molecules that change dipole moment and is better suited for qualitative analysis using mid-IR radiation, though water can interfere with samples. The two techniques provide complementary information about molecular structure and bonding.
From my class on nuclear physics for nuclear medicine technologists. This class covers alpha, beta, and gamma decay, plus conversion electrons, Auger electrons, and k-alpha and other X-rays
The document discusses aerosols and their effects. It provides information on:
1. What aerosols are, including their natural and anthropogenic sources. Aerosols can affect climate directly by scattering and absorbing radiation, and indirectly by altering cloud properties.
2. The health impacts of aerosols, as they are a major component of smog. Epidemiological studies have shown correlations between elevated aerosol levels and increased mortality, hospital visits, and excess infant mortality.
3. The effects of black carbon aerosols specifically. Black carbon warms the atmosphere through absorption of sunlight and contributes to melting of snow and ice when deposited on their surfaces. It may be responsible for up to 40
This document discusses health effects of radiation and nuclear waste management. It provides information on natural and man-made sources of radiation exposure and their relative contributions. It describes the types of radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma rays and their different properties. The principles of radiation protection including justification, optimization and dose limits are explained. Both acute and chronic effects of radiation are outlined along with factors influencing biological impact. The document also discusses management of radioactive waste and principles of reducing radiation exposure.
Radioactivity occurs when some atom nuclei spontaneously transform by emitting radiation and releasing energy. There are three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha radiation emits a helium nucleus, beta radiation occurs when a neutron transforms into a proton or vice versa, and gamma radiation results from electromagnetic radiation emitted by the nucleus. Different materials are needed to stop each type of radiation - alpha can be stopped by paper, beta requires a few millimeters of metal, and gamma requires thick barriers like lead or concrete. Carbon dating uses the known decay rate of carbon-14 to determine the age of formerly living materials.
Water pollution due to heavy metals, pesticides Joy Jones
Heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury pollute water sources through industrial and agricultural waste and can poison humans and wildlife. Pesticides and oils from farms also contaminate waterways. Detergents containing phosphates contribute to algal blooms and lower oxygen levels in freshwater. These pollutants are difficult to break down, accumulate in organisms, and can cause health issues like cancer, organ damage, and developmental and neurological effects. Reducing industrial and agricultural runoff is needed to make water safe again for drinking and the environment.
The document discusses air pollution and methods for sampling air pollutants. It defines pollution and lists major sources of outdoor air pollution such as vehicles, power plants, and waste burning. It describes common air pollutants like particulate matter and gases. The document then discusses air sampling methods for particulate and gaseous pollutants using techniques like sedimentation, filtration, impingement, and adsorption. Specific instruments are mentioned like bubblers and impingers for liquid collection and activated carbon for gas adsorption. Spectrophotometry, chemiluminescence, UV fluorescence, and gas chromatography are also summarized as analytical methods for measuring gaseous pollutants.
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) uses a plasma to produce excited atoms and ions that emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths specific to elements. The document discusses how ICP-AES works, including that a sample is nebulized and transported to the plasma where it is atomized and excited, emitting radiation measured by a spectrometer. Common applications are clinical, environmental, pharmaceutical and industrial analysis to determine trace metal concentrations.
Heavy metal pollution in soil and its mitigation aspect by Dr. Tarik MitranDr. Tarik Mitran
Heavy metal pollution in soil is a serious problem. Some key points:
- Heavy metals like lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and mercury are toxic even in small amounts and can accumulate in the food chain.
- Sources of heavy metal pollution include industrial, agricultural, and mining activities which release these metals into the environment.
- Heavy metals can be taken up by plants and crops irrigated with contaminated water, accumulating in plant tissues and eventually entering the food chain. This poses risks to human and animal health.
- Remediating contaminated soils requires understanding the chemical processes by which heavy metals move and change form in the soil-water-air system over time. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce
Heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, and lead were discussed in the document. These metals can enter the environment from natural and human sources and persist indefinitely. While some heavy metals are essential in small amounts, higher concentrations can be toxic. Exposure to heavy metals can occur through food, water, air and cause health effects like organ damage and cancer. Current research studies analyzed heavy metal levels in foods, soils and plants in the Philippines and found levels exceeding safety limits.
This document provides an overview of environmental chemistry. It begins by defining environmental chemistry and describing the key environmental segments of the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. It then discusses environmental quality standards, indicators of pollution including dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, and total dissolved solids. The document outlines the scope of environmental chemistry and notes the need for public awareness of environmental issues.
Nuclear chemistry deals with radioactive processes and nuclear properties. It includes the study of radioactive sources and their applications. Nuclear chemistry examines the nucleus, nuclear changes, particles within the nucleus, and radiation emission or absorption. Radioactive decay occurs naturally in heavy elements and can be artificially induced by bombarding stable nuclei with particles. There are several types of radioactive emissions including alpha, beta, gamma rays, and positron decay. Nuclear chemistry has many applications in medicine such as cancer treatment, sterilization, and tracing blood flow. It is also used in agriculture to improve crops and control pests.
VOCs are organic chemicals that evaporate at room temperature and are both naturally occurring and human-made. They are emitted through processes like combustion and evaporation from products like paints, solvents, and fuels. Exposure can cause short term effects like headaches and dizziness or long term health issues like cancer, organ damage, and central nervous system effects. Common VOCs include benzene, xylene, toluene, and styrene. Reducing VOC sources, increasing ventilation, and using pollution control devices can help mitigate exposures.
The above presentation describes the history,source,danger and effects,classification, and storage and disposal methods of radioactive waste. It also states the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear and radioactive waste
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its definition, units of measurement, sources, classification of pollutants, types of pollutants, effects on the environment and humans, and actions to control and prevent it. It discusses key topics such as smog formation, temperature inversions, indoor air pollution, health impacts, effects on agriculture/forests, materials, acid rain, ozone depletion, and climate change/global warming. The document is an educational resource that comprehensively addresses the various aspects of air pollution.
The document provides an introduction to radioactivity, including the three main types of radioactive emissions (alpha, beta, gamma), their penetrating properties, safe handling of radioactive materials, and uses of radioisotopes. It defines key terms and includes sample test questions to assess understanding.
The Ozone Layer: Formation and DepletionKamran Ansari
This presentation explains the Earth's atmosphere and its composition and variation of temperature and pressure in different layers of the atmosphere. It contains atmospheric circulation in troposphere and stratosphere. It explains the process of ozone formation and how its stability affects by the other chemical components which lead to the ozone depletion and ozone hole. It also contains the cosmic ray theory of ozone hole.
Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution formed when sunlight interacts with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. Nitrogen oxides come primarily from vehicle and truck exhaust while volatile organic compounds are emitted from products like paints, pesticides, and glues. This chemical reaction forms secondary pollutants like peroxyacetyl nitrate which can cause respiratory issues. Mexico City has high levels of photochemical smog due to vehicle emissions and geographic factors trapping pollution. Reducing vehicle use, industrial emissions, and VOC-emitting products can help lower smog levels and protect public health. The Great Smog of 1952 in London showed the deadly potential of severe smog, causing thousands of premature deaths.
Use of vermiculture technology for waste management and environmental remedia...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Puelles M. 2010. Use of vermiculture technology for waste management and environmental remediation in Argentina, International Journal of Environmental Engineering (IJEE), Sp. Issue on Vermiculture Technology, Vol. 10, No.3/4 pp. 239 –254. doi:10.1504/IJGENVI.2010.037269. ISSN (Online): 1756-8471, ISSN (Print): 1756-8463.
This document discusses decontamination of radioactive soils. It provides information on sources of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) contamination including various industries. Remediation technologies are divided into five categories: removal, containment, immobilization, separation, and phytoremediation. The document focuses on phytoremediation, describing how certain plants like sunflower and Indian mustard can be used to extract radionuclides from contaminated soils through uptake and accumulation in their roots and shoots. Successful hyperaccumulator plants for uranium include willow, Indian mustard, corn, and sunflower.
CREA: The case of Italy: Monitoring of soil pollution in relation to food pro...ExternalEvents
The Italian government developed a scientific model to classify soils for agricultural use based on pollution levels. The model outlines criteria to identify soil pollution risk to human, animal and environmental health. It evaluates the mobility and bioavailability of pollutants in the soil-plant-food chain. The model then classifies soils as: Class A suitable for food production with low pollution risk; Class B suitable for some food production with medium risk; or Class C unsuitable for food production with high risk. The model was applied in Campania, Italy where only 2% of lands were classified as Class A with low pollution risk.
Evaluation of the environmental effects of the abandoned quarries strabag qua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the environmental effects of two abandoned quarries in Nigeria - the Strabag quarry in Ibadan, Oyo State and the RCC quarry in Wasinmi, Ikire, Osun State. Soil and water samples were collected from various locations around the quarries and analyzed for chemical parameters. The results revealed that most deficiencies observed in the soil and water samples were not directly linked to past mining activities. It was found that abandoned granite quarries pose more physical constraints than chemical constraints.
Agricultural potential of biosolids generated from dewatering of faecal sludg...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the agricultural potential of biosolids produced from dewatering faecal sludge on drying beds in Ghana. Various filter media and loading rates of faecal sludge were tested. Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were within ranges that would support agricultural use. Heavy metal concentrations in the biosolids were very low and below limits for use in developing countries. The results indicate the biosolids have nutrient value and low risk of heavy metal contamination, suggesting potential for use as fertilizer in agriculture.
This presentation was presented during the Workshop on Soil Cabon Mapping of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) that took place at FAO headquarters 23 November 2016. The presentation was made by Carlos Cruz-Gaistardo from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, Mexico
Evaluation of Radiation Hazard Indices and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Due To...IOSR Journals
This document evaluates the radiation hazard indices and excess lifetime cancer risk from natural radioactivity in mined tailings from 14 locations in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. Samples were analyzed using gamma spectroscopy and the average concentrations of Ra226, Th232 and K40 were found to be far above world averages. Various hazard indices like annual gonadal equivalent dose, radium equivalent, external hazard index, internal hazard index, representative gamma index, annual effective dose equivalent (outdoor and indoor) and excess lifetime cancer risk were calculated. The values obtained were far above world recommended levels, indicating significant health hazards for miners, processors and nearby residents from radiation exposure. The results show the need to investigate radiation levels in other environmental samples from the area like
Numerical simulation of bioremediation of poly aromatic hydrocarbon pollutedIAEME Publication
The document describes a numerical simulation of bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) polluted soil using different species of mushrooms. Three mushroom substrates (saprophytic, symbiotic, and parasitic) were applied to six polluted soil cells for 10 weeks. Residual PAH concentrations were measured every two weeks. A kinetic model was developed using MATLAB to study biodegradation rates. Results showed the parasitic mushroom degraded PAHs fastest with a rate constant of 0.3751 day-1 and lowest residual concentration of 2.825 after 10 weeks, indicating it is most effective for bioremediating PAH pollution.
Effects of different solid loading rates of faecal sludge on the dewatering p...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effect of different solid loading rates (SLR) of faecal sludge on the dewatering performance of unplanted filter beds.
2) Faecal sludge from public toilets and septic tanks was mixed in different ratios to create SLR1, SLR2, and SLR3 and applied to experimental filter beds.
3) SLR3, with the highest septage ratio and lowest solid content, achieved the fastest dewatering time of 4 days on average, while SLR1 had the longest time of 7 days.
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
Growth, gas exchanges and accumulation of inorganic matter of Populus nigra L...Innspub Net
1. The study evaluated the effects of treated wastewater irrigation on the growth, gas exchange, and mineral accumulation of Populus nigra L.
2. Irrigation with treated wastewater increased photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates in poplar seedlings over the first 60 days compared to controls, but these effects decreased after 90 days.
3. Treated wastewater irrigation also increased biomass and root growth initially, but decreased the relative growth rate of poplars after 90 days compared to controls, possibly due to accumulation of trace metals like cadmium, lead, and nickel in plant tissues over time.
2011 tortosa galeote et al nitrate contamination doñanaGermán Tortosa
This document discusses a study on the effects of nitrate contamination and seasonal variation on denitrification and greenhouse gas production in La Rocina Stream in Donana National Park in Spain. Water and sediment samples were taken from four sites along the stream with varying nitrate concentrations over time. Results showed nitrate levels affected pH, nutrients, organic matter, and biological activities in sediments. Higher nitrate led to more greenhouse gas production, especially nitrous oxide. Denitrification and gas emissions increased during drier seasons due to nitrate contamination and rainfall patterns, exacerbating environmental issues.
Indiscriminate solid waste dioposal in bauchi causes and impacts on the commu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on indiscriminate solid waste disposal in Bauchi, Nigeria. The study found that the area generates 286 metric tonnes of solid waste daily but only 111 metric tonnes is collected, with 205 illegal dump sites. Issues like lack of storage, long distances to collection centers, poor attitudes towards environmental health, availability of open spaces, and weak waste disposal laws contribute to the problem. The paper recommends immediately removing existing waste, providing more collection centers, increasing community involvement, raising environmental awareness, and enforcing waste management laws to reduce indiscriminate disposal and restore environmental health.
Proximate and heavy metals composition of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) frui...IJEAB
Plantain thrives well in waste dumpsites. These wastes usually contaminate the soil with heavy metals which become absorbed by the plants. The risk of heavy metal toxicity in humans is an issue of serious concern globally. Proximate composition of plantain fruits harvested from three randomly selected waste dumpsites in Uyo metropolis, Nigeria were determined using AOAC standard analytical techniques while their heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd and As) concentrations and that of their rhizosphere soil were analysed with Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Proximate analyses results revealed that carbohydrate content was higher in the fruits harvested from the control uncontaminated soil sites (91.61%) than in the fruits harvested from dumpsite soils (87.23%; 87.89%; 88.00%). Dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than the control soil. Lead (Pb) was the highest occurring heavy metal in all the dumpsite soils. Fruits harvested from the dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than those from the control soil. Pb was the only heavy metal whose concentration in the plantain fruits was higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit. This work has established that the selected dumpsite soils have been contaminated with heavy metals which have been absorbed by the plantain cultivated there. Cultivation and consumption of plantain from these dumpsite soils should be discouraged.
Microbiological and physicochemical analyses of top soils obtained from four ...Innspub Net
Several methodologies were utilized to evaluate the microbiological and physico chemical properties of top soil samples bored from four municipal waste dumpsites and a farmland (control sample) all located in Benin City, Edo State. The soil samples were obtained during the month of January, 2013. The mean aerobic bacterial counts for the soil samples ranged from 9.7 × 103 cfu/g for the control soil to 1.80 × 104 cfu/g for the soil sourced from the dump site at Ikheuniro. The mean heterotrophic fungal counts varied from 7.0 × 102 cfu/g for capitol dumpsite to 3.3 × 103 cfu/g for the control soil. Ten (10) microbial isolates were characterized and identified; Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp. and Staphylococcus sp., Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Saccharomyces sp. and Fusarium sp. respectively. Both Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were the most dominant amongst the bacterial isolates whilst Staphylococcus sp. was the least occurring bacterial isolate. Aspergillus sp. was the highest occurring fungal isolate while the least isolated fungal culture was Saccharomyces sp. The physico chemical results showed values which ranged from 5.60 to 8.08, 164.00 µS/cm to 540.00 µS/cm, 2.378 mg/kg to 3.444 mg/kg, 0.009 mg/kg to 0.016 mg/kg for pH, electrical conductivity, sulphate and cadmium. Despite the positive impacts of the dumped municipal wastes on the microbial and organic properties of the analyzed soils, disposal of municipal wastes in open dump sites is an archaic and unsustainable option in the management of municipal wastes. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-1-september-2013/
Nanoparticles, pharmaceutical and personal care products in sewage sludgePravash Chandra Moharana
This document provides an outline for a presentation on nanoparticles and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in sewage sludge. It discusses how engineered nanoparticles from various consumer products enter wastewater and become present in sewage sludge. The document reviews research on the types of nanoparticles found in sludge and their potential toxicity. It also examines the fate and effects of PPCPs in sludge, sources of PPCPs, and pathways from sources to sludge. Finally, it discusses potential remediation of sludge through the use of nanoparticles and highlights remaining questions about risks from engineered nanoparticles in sludge.
Numerical simulation of bioremediation of poly aromatic hydrocarbon pollutedIAEME Publication
This document presents a numerical simulation of bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) polluted soil using different mushroom species and MATLAB. Soil samples were divided into cells and treated with saprophytic, symbiotic, or parasitic mushroom substrate over 10 weeks. PAH concentration was measured every 2 weeks. A kinetic model was developed and rate constants were calculated using the integral method in MATLAB. Results showed the parasitic mushroom degraded PAHs fastest with a rate constant of 0.3751 day-1, followed by symbiotic and saprophytic mushrooms. This indicates mushroom-assisted bioremediation can effectively degrade PAH pollution in soil over time.
1) Soil samples were collected from uphill, on-site, and downhill of the Pantang municipal solid waste dump in Ghana and tested for heavy metals, organic compounds, and other chemical parameters.
2) Testing showed that concentrations of heavy metals like iron, zinc, manganese, lead, copper, and nickel as well as compounds like sulfate, ammonium, carbon, and chloride exceeded normal levels in the on-site and downhill samples.
3) The presence of pollutants in the on-site and downhill samples indicates that leachate from the dump has contaminated the surrounding soils over the 22 years of waste disposal at the site.
The ICRAF Soil-Plant Spectral Diagnostics Laboratory in Kenya operates 1 spectral reference laboratory and provides technical support to 30 labs in 17 countries. It has helped build capacities for private mobile testing services and is working on developing handheld near-infrared spectrometers. The lab specializes in customized solutions, standard operating procedures, project planning, soil and plant health monitoring, and spectral technology support and training. It aims to improve end-to-end spectral advisory software and develop low-cost handheld devices. Through GLOSOLAN, the lab hopes to standardize dry spectroscopy methods, protocols, and data analysis globally.
The National Soil Testing Center (NSTC) in Ethiopia has 18 soil analysis laboratories in various government ministries. The presenter, Fikre Mekuria, notes that the NSTC's strengths are its analytical service delivery, training, and research on soil microbiology and fertility. Areas for improvement include capacity building, sample exchange/quality control, and accreditation to international standards. The presenter's expectations for the meeting and GLOSOLAN network are to develop competency in soil/plant/water/fertilizer analysis, have periodic country member meetings, and share experiences.
Standard operating procedures (SOPs) are important to have in writing to ensure quality and consistency. Quality assurance (QA) policies aim to prevent errors and ensure standards, while quality control (QC) checks that standards are being met. This poster exercise divides participants into groups to discuss why SOPs are important, what quality assurance entails, whether an organization has a QA policy and how it is implemented, and how quality control is performed.
This document provides an overview of the status of soil laboratories in AFRILAB based on information received from various sources, including ZimLabs, AgLabs, the University of Zimbabwe lab, University of Nottingham, British Geological Survey, Chemistry and Soil Research Institute RS-DFID, WEPAL-ISE, WEPAL-IPE, University of Texas A&M, AgriLASA, BIPEA, CORESTA, University of Texas A&M (who provided testimony of satisfaction), and TUNAC (who provided accreditation). The document thanks the reader for their attention.
Item 9: Soil mapping to support sustainable agricultureExternalEvents
SOIL ATLAS OF ASIA
2ND EDITORIAL BOARD MEETING
RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
JEONJU, REPUBLIC OF KOREA | 29 APRIL – 3 MAY 2019
Markus Anda (Indonesia)
Item 8: WRB, World Reference Base for Soil ResoucesExternalEvents
SOIL ATLAS OF ASIA
2ND EDITORIAL BOARD MEETING
RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
JEONJU, REPUBLIC OF KOREA | 29 APRIL – 3 MAY 2019
Satira Udomsri (Thailand)
- Nepal has been working to systematically classify its soils since 1957, completing surveys of 55 districts by 1983, though some high hill districts remained unsurveyed for a long time.
- In 1998 and 2014, soil maps of Nepal were prepared using the USDA and WRB soil classification systems, respectively. Around 6000 soil profiles were studied from five physiographic regions.
- The data from 158 representative soil profiles were analyzed and converted to fit the HWSD format using formulas from Batjes et al. 2017 to standardize the data into layers from 0-30 cm and 30-100 cm.
- Major soils identified include Calcaric Fluvisols, Eutric Gleysols, Calcaric Ph
Item 6: International Center for Biosaline AgricultureExternalEvents
SOIL ATLAS OF ASIA
2ND EDITORIAL BOARD MEETING
RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
JEONJU, REPUBLIC OF KOREA | 29 APRIL – 3 MAY 2019
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Radionuclide Soil Pollution
1.
2. Radionuclide Soil Pollution
Claudia Fontana, Silvia Socciarelli, Rita Aromolo
Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria
(Council for Agricultural Research and Economics)
Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente sede di Roma
(Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment)
3. Introduction
The contamination of soils of natural and artificial radionuclides is becoming
increasingly important.
Monitoring is very primary both to measure the pollution level and to identify
the uncontaminated soils that can be used for agriculture and livestock farming.
Prevention of soil contamination remains the best way to ensure healthy soils
and food safet.
Exposition of the world population to
Natural and Artificial radionuclides
(WHO)
80% Natural
20% Artificial
4. Natural radionuclides
Regarding natural radioactivity there are “primordial” families present in different
quantities in the inorganic materials of the earth's crust (e.g.: rocks, minerals) and
in the soil. These families of radionuclides are alpha, beta and gamma emitters.
Family of the Uranium: 238 U half-life equal to 4.4x109 y
Family of the Thorium : 232 Th half-life equal to 14.1x109 y
Family of the Actinium : 227 At half-life equal to 0.7x109 y
5. Natural radionuclides
Potassium participates in every life’s fundamental process. 40K is distributed in a
ubiquitous way on the planet in relation to the composition of the soil, the type of
material of origin of the same and, as in the case of agricultural soils, based on the
fertilization that is carried out
40K half-life equal to 1.3 × 109 y
6. Th, U, and 226Ra (alpha, beta and/or gamma emitters) are important for the
high radiotoxicity in the industrial processing of materials containing them (soil,
water, farmland, plant, etc).
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) has affected large areas near
the installations chemical industries.
The mining and processing of phosphate fertilizers contaminate the surrounding
soil and the application of the fertilizer over time tends to increase the
concentration of radionuclides in agricultural soils, and thus transfer
radionuclides through the food chain.
Natural radionuclides
7. Artificial radionuclides
Artificial radionuclides present in the soil can contribute significantly to world
population exposure by radiation, inhalation and by ingestion (food chian).
The year 2016 marked the 5th anniversary of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
power plant (NPP) and the 30th anniversary of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP, both
classified as major accidents at Level 7, the highest on the IAEA’s International Nuclear and
Radiological Event Scale Monitoring (INES) is still very important to measure the pollution
level, and consequently to identify any uncontaminated soils that can be used for agriculture
and livestock farming.
8. After the Chernobyl accident, numerous studies have been performed since 1986
to evaluate the presence of radionuclides in the soil. The Italian regions most
affected by the deposition were the Northern regions but also the Central regions,
particularly Campania and Lazio, where, in the city of Rieti, there was a high
concentration of 137Cs. The figures show the fall out of 137Cs deposition on soil for
rain (a Leopard spot).
Artificial radionuclides
De Cort et al. 1996
9. • In Italy, the months following the Chernobyl accident (1986) many measurements
were made on particle deposition environmental matrixes (soils, drinking water,
sediments, S.M.O.D., sands, etc.) and agricultural and zootechnical products (wheat,
potatoes, vegetables, milk, fruit, mushrooms, fodder, honey, meat, etc.),
“Zero Point”, (background levels), that is to establish a concentration value of the various radionuclides that
can allow to calculate any variations in the concentration of radioactivity over time, and go back to the
actual concentration in case of a possible new deposition on the soil. Risk assessment, including total cost
assessment, and remediation should be applied to reduce risks to humans and ecological systems.
Artificial radionuclides
10. Since 1986, start up the “National Surveillance Network for Monitoring of Environmental
Radioactivity” (RESORAD) made a formed by the twenty-one Regional and Provincial
Agencies for Environmental Protection (Laboratories ARPA/APPA), the Italian Red Cross
(Environmental Radioactivity Measurements Service) and three Experimental
Zooprophylactic Institutes.
National Surveillance Network:
RESORAD
RESORAD is coordinated by National Center
for Nuclear Safety and Radioprotection
(ISPRA) and governed by Ministry of the
Environment/Health. (Article n. 35 Treaty
EURATOM 1957).
Data are collected in the national data base
by National Center for Nuclear Safety and
Radioprotection-ISPRA
(http://www.radia.apat.it/radia) and sent
annually to the European Commission
Platform (https://eurdep.jrc.ec.europa.eu)
11. •Follow spice-time trend of the radionuclide concentrations in different environmental and
food matrices on the whole territory in order to have a modeling and soil maps
•Provide a representative radiometric dataset for the evaluation of the dose received by
the Italian population following exposure
•Detect phenomena of accumulation of long-life radionuclides
•Promptly identify anomalies arising from cross-border events
•Develop a system capable of responding in real time to possible emergencies
•Standardize methods and protocols for the data reliability and comparability
•Periodically inform the population and Institutions about the environmental status
National Surveillance Network: RESORAD
GOALS
12. Guide Lines &
Scientific Researces
In Italy, the national guidelines have been published with 4 sections (1.2. Sampling plan
and methods, 3. Samples treatment and measurement methods, 4. Collection flow and
data validation).
Public authorities and Research Institutes have carried out measures in the radioactivity
sector.
Researchers have collected numerous data in many environmental and food matrices. The
main artificial radionuclides were studied (131I, 137Cs, 134Cs, 40K,…).
13. National Surveillance Network – RESORAD (1995)
Has conducted a campaign whit bryophytes as bioindicators of soil contamination (Figure 1)
1ST national deposition map of 137Cs on the soil
The processed results of the campaign are according to pluviometer network (Figure 2)
(Figure 1)
(Figure 2)
Study Case in soils in Italy
De Cort et al. 1996
Trotti et al. 2016
14. The data obtained from the experimental measurements carried out in these years
demonstrate that there are various factors which have to be taken for distribution of the
radionuclides (137Cs) in the different layers of the soil
a) horizontal migration on the surface, due to the conformation of the soil, with possible effects of local
accumulation
b) vegetation cover (different for distribution and type of cultivation)
c) nature of the soil
d) Soil- to - plant transfer of the food chain
Study Case in soils in Italy
15. Results and Discussion
a) The data obtained from the experimental measurements carried out in these
years demonstrate that the trend of the 137Cs today, it is mainly found in the
first 10 cm, in particular in the layer ranging from 5 cm to 10 cm, and its
migration in depth is lower for the “sampling sites located at higher altitudes”.
ARPA Piemonte
16. Results and Discussion
b) The data obtained from the experimental measurements carried out in these years
demonstrate that an agricultural soils the 137Cs is dispersed along the arable layer,
treated a vertical mechanical homogenization.
o An interesting survey on the state of health of the Lombard soils was made. (Figure 1)
o The map shows of sampling points in the different provinces of the Lombardy region
identified in different areas (agricultural, forest, urban and industrial). (Figure 2)
(Figure 1) (Figure 2)
17. Results and Discussion
c) The data obtained from the experimental measurements carried out in these years
demonstrate that the concentration of the radionuclides depends of the different
nature of the soil.
o The average concentration of 137Cs in forest soils has been found to be measured higher
than that measured in the collected lawn samples.
Forest Lawn
Giovani C. et al. 2011 AIRP, e.g.: FVG region
18. d) The data obtained from the experimental measurements carried out in these years
demonstrate that from the studies carried out that the vegetation can have an important
“dynamic” role, with the effect of radical absorption, redistribution to the plant aerial parts
and finally restitution to the ground with the death of the plant.
Numerous studies carried out in radioecology and radioprotection in Italy North regions
allowed to assess the mechanisms of radionuclides transfer from soil to plants, and to
analyze the food chain and the biological cycle in humans .
Results and Discussion
19. Results and Discussion
137 Cs concentration in mushrooms [2015-2016]
The highest value of Cesium in honeys was found in
that produced by chestnut plants.
The variability of 137 Cs in the plants studied in
different sites is due to the fall out.
(0.2<137Cs>10 Bq/m2)
Some studies have shown that the concentration of
Cesium in mushrooms varies in different species.
The mushrooms have a high capacity of
accumulation of radionuclides, for this reason they
should be monitored to avoid ingestion potential
risks.
(0.3<137Cs>1000 Bq/m2)
137 Cs concentration in honey [2015-2016]
The foods at higher risk of contamination are berries, potatoes, salads,
honey, milk, chestnuts and the mushrooms.
ARPA Piemonte
20. Conclusion
→Continue to develop radioactive deposition modelling and maps
→Disseminate current knowledge (ICT e-learning courses, training,…..)
→Inform the operators in the agricultural sector about the risks and possible
contamination of soil and agricultural products
→Develop protocols for sampling and analyzing food products
→Control of radionuclides in food and agriculture (Routine-Emergency monitoring)
→Other projects are in progress and we are opened to new future collaborations with
different partners in according to the Mission of the CREA Research Centre
Agriculture and Environment, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics.
21. Thanks for your attention
claudia.fontana@crea.gov.it silvia.socciarelli@crea.gov.it rita.aromolo@crea.gov.it