Extent, related research and remedication meassures
Chemistry of arsenic, Use of arsenic, reference value , Oxidation method, Ion exchange method, Membrane method
water contamination, affects of arsenic on human health, reactivity of arsenic, sources of arsenic, natural and human induced sources of arsenic, arsenic bearing minerals, rocks containing arsenic, health affects of arsenic, redox and oxidation of arsenic
Fluoride and Arsenic in Ground water.
Causes for groundwater pollution.
Fluoride in groundwater , sources for fluoride , Health implications.
Arsenic in groundwater , sources for arsenic , Health implications.
water contamination, affects of arsenic on human health, reactivity of arsenic, sources of arsenic, natural and human induced sources of arsenic, arsenic bearing minerals, rocks containing arsenic, health affects of arsenic, redox and oxidation of arsenic
Fluoride and Arsenic in Ground water.
Causes for groundwater pollution.
Fluoride in groundwater , sources for fluoride , Health implications.
Arsenic in groundwater , sources for arsenic , Health implications.
Arsenic problem in Bangladesh can be seen as an example of how quick fix contribue to a policy failure and result in disaster. Sustainable policy intervention and mainstreaming the mitigation strategies can be the only effective sollution to this problem. The presentation is the answer of the question set at the outset of the slides.
Vegetables are grown all over the world for human needs and proper supply nutritional supplement. Recently due to various anthropogenic activities such as mining, industrialization and agricultural activities like application of pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers, heavy metals are released in to the atmosphere, soil and water. These released heavy metals enter into the plant system through various physiological processes and it affects the plant growth and development. The concentration of heavy metals in the environment varies due to various activities and it becomes toxic when it reaches above the permissible limits. Accumulation of heavy metals occurs only when the vegetable crops are exposed to heavy metal contaminated environment, thus it enters into the food chain. When these heavy metals contaminated vegetables are consumed by human beings it causes various severe health ailments. In order to reduce the heavy metal toxicity, proper remediation steps have to be carried out in soil and irrigation water. Before consumption of any vegetables washing has to be done to reduce the adhered heavy metal particulates and through these simple steps we can remove the heavy metal adhered on the vegetable surface.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
In this presentation a brief description is given about salinity, types of salinity. What is water salinity and soil salinity. And also a small brief note on source of salts.
Arsenic problem in Bangladesh can be seen as an example of how quick fix contribue to a policy failure and result in disaster. Sustainable policy intervention and mainstreaming the mitigation strategies can be the only effective sollution to this problem. The presentation is the answer of the question set at the outset of the slides.
Vegetables are grown all over the world for human needs and proper supply nutritional supplement. Recently due to various anthropogenic activities such as mining, industrialization and agricultural activities like application of pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers, heavy metals are released in to the atmosphere, soil and water. These released heavy metals enter into the plant system through various physiological processes and it affects the plant growth and development. The concentration of heavy metals in the environment varies due to various activities and it becomes toxic when it reaches above the permissible limits. Accumulation of heavy metals occurs only when the vegetable crops are exposed to heavy metal contaminated environment, thus it enters into the food chain. When these heavy metals contaminated vegetables are consumed by human beings it causes various severe health ailments. In order to reduce the heavy metal toxicity, proper remediation steps have to be carried out in soil and irrigation water. Before consumption of any vegetables washing has to be done to reduce the adhered heavy metal particulates and through these simple steps we can remove the heavy metal adhered on the vegetable surface.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
In this presentation a brief description is given about salinity, types of salinity. What is water salinity and soil salinity. And also a small brief note on source of salts.
pH effects on the adsorption of saxitoxin by powdered activated carbonhbuarque
Increasing occurrence of cyanotoxins in surface waters worldwide pose significant problems, including
those for drinking water utilities. In this study, the removal of saxitoxin (STX) from three different
powdered activated carbons (PACs) was studied. STX is one of the most toxic paralytic shellfish toxins
(PSTs), albeit not the most prevalent. The results showed that a wide range of non-electrostatic and
electrostatic interactions appeared to play a role in the sorption of STX on PAC, depending on the solution
pH, NOM concentration, and other factors. A bituminous coal-based PAC, that was studied in greatest
detail, showed a trend of increasing sorption capacity for STX with increasing pH. NOM appeared to
significantly inhibit adsorption when the pH was nearly neutral (e.g. 7.05), yet it had less effect at higher
pH levels of 8.2 and 10.7.
Arsenic in Tube Well Water in Six Blocks of Supaul District, Bihariosrjce
An experimental estimation of arsenic in a large number of samples by Field Test Kits and by
Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (HGAAS) was done. Water samples were collected
from the following blocks of Supaul district, viz., Raghopur, Basantpur, Supaul, Nirmali, Saraigarh-Bhaptiyahi
and Triveniganj. The aim of this study was to analyze the total arsenic concentration in tube well water of these
regions at different locations. Twenty water samples were randomly selected from each block (n=120) for the
determination of Arsenic concentration, using Field Test Kits. Few samples (n=11) found with higher
concentration of arsenic, were also estimated and confirmed by HGAAS method for comparative observation.
The maximum concentration of arsenic was found to be 0.10 mg/l by using Field Test Kits method and the
average concentration of arsenic of the selected samples was 0.02 mg/l, whereas around 20% of these tube
wells had arsenic concentration above 0.05 mg/l. It was observed that the results obtained by usingField Test
Kits showed less measurement as compared to those obtained by HGAAS method for the same samples, when
the arsenic concentration measured ≤0.10 mg/l. Arsenic concentration was significantly (p<0.0001) higher in
HGASS results than the value obtained by Field Test Kit method.
SEDIMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF AVARAGERE LAKE, DAVANAGERE CITY - A CASE STUDYAM Publications
Avaragere Lake in Davangere was studied for chemical and physical parameters at five locations, for a period of six months (April 2014 to Sep 2014). Lake has been subjected to human interferences regularly and water quality was to be getting deteriorated profoundly. Major anthropogenic activities practiced in and around the stretch: agriculture, discharging of sewage waste etc was generating serious threat to the biota of the lake by altering the physical, chemical and biological concentration of the lake system. The other possibility is that since there are no major industries in the project area, the major source of organic pollutants is only the domestic source.
Monthly data’s been collected. Different parameters studied were pH, Conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content. The results obtained from the above study indicate that the water of Avaragere Lake organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content shows very low concentrations even at nanogram. Manganese and iron concentrations of sediment sample in avaragere lake shows high level of pollution and ecological balance of Lake is totally disturbed.
Introduction, images of Arsenic, Industrial Uses and pollution sources, Speciation of Arsenic, Environmental levels and ecological effects, Biochemical effects, toxicology and toxicity, Treatment for Arsenic poisoning, Control measures.
Similar to Ground water Arsenic Contamination in India (20)
Factors associated with developing esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barett's esop...Dr Sayan Das
Based on the study “Rates and predictors of progression to esophageal carcinoma in a large population-based Barrett’s esophagus cohort” by Krishnamoorthi R et al published in “HHS Public Access” on 2016 July
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
1. Ground water Arsenic contamination:
Extent, related research and remediation
measures in India
-by
Dr. Sayan Das
MPH 8th Cohort, ICMR-SPH,NIE
2. Overview
Chemistry of Arsenic
Extent of ground water poisoning with arsenic
Related research on this ground
Remedial measures for it: India and global
perspective
4. Chemistry of Arsenic (2/4)
In ground water:
At pH 6-8 : H2AsVO4
- and HAsVO4
2 (oxidized env.
Eh = 0.2-0.5 V)
H3AsIIIO3 (reduced condition. Eh = 0-0.1 V)
5. Chemistry of Arsenic (3/4)
In Soil: Arsenite and arsenate (inorganic)
MMA acid , DMA acid, TMA acid (org. form)
(on reduction) (anoxic cond.)
Di/trimethyl arsine(AsH3)
Flooded cond. (Eh= 0-0.1 V, pH 6-8)
• As acid sp. And arsenite oxyanions- H3AsO3
0, H2AsO4
-, HAsO4
2-, AsO4
3-
Aerobic cond.
• Under aerobic (oxidizing) conditions As V predominates- As acid sp. and
arsenate oxyanions (H3AsO4
0, H2AsO4
-, HAsO4
2-, AsO4
3-) (Fitz and Wenzel,
2002; Takahashi et al., 2004).
6. Chemistry of Arsenic (4/4)
In Rhizosphere:
Micro-organisms oxidized rhizosphere
Precipitation of FeOOH
(Fe plaques on root of wetland crops)
7. • Occurs naturally in soil and
minerals and ores that
contains Lead and copper
• When heated Arsenic rises up
smokestack as a fine dust
• Cannot be used in agriculture
• Used to pressure treat wood
• Arsenic V is found in water
• Mainly found in marine
organism
• Can still be used in Agriculture
• Primarily cotton
• Improve properties when added
to metal
• Used in lead acid batteries
• Semiconductors and LEDs
• Arsenic II found in water
Inorganic Vs. organic
Arsenic
Inorganic Organic
8. Sources of Arsenic in Ground Water
Two hypotheses: Geogenic origin
1. Oxidation of pyrite(FeS2) & solubilisation of As
FeS2 + 2H2O + 502 = FeSO4 + 2H2SO4
As liberated in aquifers
2. Reduction of As rich FeOOH in anoxic(depleted dissolved
O2) g.water (due to microbial oxidation of sedimentary
organic matter, paddy cultivation, high WT)
9. Uses of Arsenic
‘Poison of Kings
Marsh and Reinsch Tests
Bronze alloy
Lead alloy
Medicinal uses
Syphilis, yaws, psoriasis, and other viruses
Industrial uses
Ammunition production, pigments, insecticides, rat
poison, wood preservative, semiconductors, & others
10. Guideline value for Arsenic contamination
WHO (1993) permissible limit for drinking purpose- 0.01 mg/L
Permissible limit in absence of alternate source- 0.05 mg/L4
Proposal by WHO in 2001- 0.001 mg/L
PMTDI inorganic As- 0.002 mg/kg of body wt.(JECFA, 1983)
PTWI inorganic As- 0.015 mg/kg of body wt.(FAO/WHO, 1989)
12. Extent of ground water contamination with Arsenic,
India (1/2)
State Affected Districts (As > 0.05 mg/dl)
West Bengal3 12 districts ( Murshidabad, Maldah, Nadia, N & S
24 parganas, Burdwan, Howrah, Hooghly, Kolkata,
Coochbehar, N. Dinajpur & S. Dinajpur), 111 Blocks
Bihar2 13 Districts (Begusarai, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Buxar,
Darbhanga, Katihar, Khagaria, Lakhisarai, Munger,
Patna, Samastipur, Saran, Vaishali), 50 Blocks
Chhattisgarh3 Ambagarh Chowki block of Rajnandgaon district
13. Extent of ground water contamination with Arsenic,
India (2/2)
State Affected Districts (As > 0.05 mg/dl)
Uttar
Pradesh3
9 Districts (Arga, Aligarh, Balia, Balrampur, Gonda,
Lakhimpur Kheri, Gorakhpur, Mathura,
Moradabad), 32 Blocks
Jharkhand3 3 blocks of Sahebganj district
Assam3 27 villages of Dhemaji & Karimganj
Manipur3 Thumbil & Imphal district
14. Related research (1/8)
Description of Arsenic ground water contaminated
areas of India and effects of Arsenic contaminated
drinking water on human biological system- In India,
seven states namely, West-Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar,
Uttar Pradesh in the flood plain of Ganga River; Assam
and Manipur in the flood plain of Brahamaputra and
Imphal rivers and Rajnandgaon village in Chhattisgarh
state have so far been reported affected by arsenic
contamination in groundwater above the permissible
limit of 50 µg/L. 5
15. Related research (2/8)
Description of Arsenic ground water contaminated
area of Rajnandgaon District, Madhya Pradesh
(Now it comes under Chhattisgarh). Arsenic
calamity in West Bengal was known during 19708-
80 and officially documented by K.C.Saha from
School of tropical Medicine Calcutta, 1983. Though
skin lesions in Koudikasa villagers were noticed in
early seventies, there were officially confirmed to
be due to Arsenic toxicity only 6 months ago. 7
16. Related research (3/8)
Arsenic exposure in drinking water and mortality from Cardio-
vascular disease in Bangladesh: prospective cohort study. There
is a dose-response relationship in Arsenic and cardiovascular
disease, specially heart disease (at a much lower level of
exposure than previously reported). There is also synergistic
effect with cigarate smoking to ischemic heart disease 11
Description of ground water contamination in Bangladesh 12
Arsenic in Groundwater: A Summary of Sources and the
Biogeochemical and Hydrogeologic Factors Affecting Arsenic
Occurrence and Mobility 13
17. Related research (4/8)
Arsenic contamination of ground water and its impact on
population of District of Nadia, West Bengal India 8
Ground water Arsenic contamination in Bangladesh and West
Bengal, India. Describe the affected area of Ganga-Brahmaputra-
Meghna basin that comes under Bangladesh and west Bengal,
India 9
Low-level environmental arsenic exposure correlates with
unexplained male infertility risk. Higher Asi
V levels were more
likely to exhibit UMI with increasing adjusted odds ratios14
18. Related research (5/8)
Exposed individuals are at higher risk of developing
liver and cardiovascular disease, as indicated by
elevated serum levels of liver injury biomarkers
and inflammatory cytokines. Increase of
autoimmune markers in the serum suggests that
arsenic exposure also induces autoimmune
diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Both
rheumatoid arthritis and liver disease are risk
factors for cardiovascular disease.6
19. Related research (6/8)
Low doses of arsenic exposure mitigate or mask
p53 function and further perturb intracellular redox
state, which triggers persistent endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) stress and activates UPR (unfolded
protein response), leading to transformation or
tumorigenesis. Thus, the results suggest that low
doses of arsenic exposure, through attenuating p53-
regulated tumor suppressive function, change the
state of intracellular redox and create a
microenvironment for tumorigenesis. 15
20. Related research (7/8)
Arsenic exposure and risk of preeclampsia in a
Mexican mestizo population- Exposure
to arsenic in drinking water has been associated
with various complications of pregnancy including
fetal loss, low birth weight, anemia, gestational
diabetes and spontaneous abortion. The study
showed for the first time that at these lower levels
of exposure there is no association with
preeclampsia. 16
21. Related research (8/8)
Arsenic in Drinking Water and Lung Cancer Mortality in the United
States: An Analysis Based on US Counties and 30 Years of
Observation (1950-1979)- Cancer risks (slopes) were found to be
indistinguishable from zero for males and females. The addition
of arsenic level did not significantly increase the explanatory power of
the models. Stratified, or categorical, analysis yielded relative risks
that hover about 1.00. The unit risk estimates were nonpositive and
not significantly different from zero, and the maximum (95% UCL) unit
risk estimates for lung cancer were lower than those in US EPA (2010).
Conclusions. These results are consistent with a recent metaregression
that indicated no increased lung cancer risk for arsenic exposures
below 100-150 µg/L. 17
22. Remedial measures for Arsenic removal from
water20 - Methods
Oxidation
Coagulation, precipitation and filtration
Adsorption (Sorptive filtration)
Ion exchange
Membrane technologies
23. Remedial measures: Oxidation
Effective for removal of pentavalent Arsenic or Arsenate
as trivalent As (Arsenate) not charged below pH 9.2
Oxidation converts Arsenite to Arsenate
Used agents: Oxygen(O2), Hypochlorite (HClO),
Permanganate (HMnO4) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Air oxidation preferred- slow process, low cost
Can be catalysed by bacteria, strong acid or alkali
solution, Copper, powdered activate Carbone, high
temperature
24. Remedial measures: Coagulation, precipitation and
filtration
Done by metal salt and lime
3 steps:
Precipitation-by formation of insoluble compound
Co-precipitation- Incorporation of soluble Arsenic
species into growing metal hydroxide phases (using
Fe3+)
Adsorption: Electrostatic binding of soluble Arsenic
to external surfaces of the insoluble metal
hydroxide
25. Remedial measures: Coagulation, precipitation and
filtration
1st used for drinking water in 1970 in northern Chile:
reduce from 400 µg/L to 10 µg/L at the rate of 500 L/sec
(pH, oxidizing and coagulating agents are in strict control)
Coagulation & flocculation
Process use Alarm(pH 6-8), ferric chloride(pH <8) or ferric
sulfate
Removal done by sedimentation followed by filtration
26. Remedial measures: Coagulation, precipitation and
filtration
Bucket treatment unit
20 lit two bucket placed one above other
Aluminum, sulphate, potassium permanganate powder
mixed with water in upper bucket & stirred for 30-60 secs
Water then allowed to flow from upper to lower bucket by a
plastic tube via sand filter installed in lower bucket
Stevens Institute Technology
Chemical used: Iron sulphate & Calcium hypochlorite
flocs separation: sedimentation followed by filtration
28. Remedial measures: Use of naturally occurring iron in
ground water
No chemical added
Dissolved Iron oxidized and precipitated –with arsenic
This method use- oxidation, coagulation, adsorption,
sedimentation and filtration
Increasing contact time helps this method
Depends on iron and arsenic contents of water
29. Remedial measures: Coagulation with lime
Chemical used: Quick lime (CaO) or hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2]
Process: similar like metal slat process of coagulation
Calcium hydroxide acts as a sorptive flocculant for arsenic
Excess lime and precipitate removed: sedimentation & filtration
Works in pH 10.6-11.4
Removes 40-70% arsenic
Better to use pre-treatment process for alum & iron coagulation
30. Remedial measures: Solar oxidation & precipitation of
Iron(III) with adsorbed Arsenic(V) [SORAS]
Photochemical oxidation: Irradiation of water in PET or
other UV-A transparent bottle- coverts As(III) to As(V)
Precipitation or filtration of adsorbed As(V) on Fe(III)-
oxides [Fe naturally present or added]
A household method where ground water naturally
contains Fe(II) and Fe(III)
32. Remedial measures: Adsorption (Sorptive
filtration) using activated alumina [Al2O3]
Good sorptive surface: 200-300 m2/gm
water passed through packed column of
alumina- impurities and As retaians
Caustic soda (NaOH) used to regenerate
saturated packed column of alumina
Example: BUET Activated Alumina, Alcan
Enhanced Activate Alumina, Apyron Arsenic
Treatment Unit
33. Remedial measures: Adsorption (Sorptive
filtration) using Granular Ferric hydroxide
Used for removal of Arsenate, Arsenite and
phosphate from water
Water pass through adsorption bed containing
granular ferric hydroxide
Operates like conventional filter with downward
water movement
Water containing high dissolved iron and
suspended matters- to be aerated and filtered by
sand/gravel filter as pre-treatment process to
prevent clogging of adsorption bed
34. Remedial measures: Adsorption (Sorptive
filtration) using Hydrous Cerium Oxide
Has good adsorbent surface
Laboratory and field level testing done in
different sites
Method: Same as granular ferric oxide method
Highly efficient in removal Arsenic from ground
water
35. Remedial measures: Adsorption (Sorptive
filtration) using Iron coated sand and brick chips
Iron coated sand and ferrous sulphate coated
brick chips used
Water of contaminate well or other source
allowed to pass though a filter with a
underneath drainage system
May be used at school level or institutional
level or village level
36. Household level Arsenic filters
Water allowed to pass through partly oxidized zero
valent iron, sand, brick chips and wood cake
Combination of slow sand filtration and
adsorption on iron hydroxide- Typical biosand
filter(sand & gravel) with an extra open chamber on
top containing iron nails
Iron oxidized to Ferrous hydroxide in presence of air
and water
Surface complexation reaction occur- arsenic rapidly
trapped onto the surface of Fe(OH)2
37. Remedial measures: Ion exchange
Similar to activated alumina
Medium- synthetic resin of better defined ion
exchange capacity
Less dependent of water pH
Requires oxidation process as a pre-step
Resin become exhausted after some time- can
be recharged by washing with Sodium chloride
(NaCl) solution
38. Remedial measures: Membrane technologies
Two type of membrane-
low-pressure membrane: microfiltration and
ultrafiltration
High-pressure membrane: nanofiltration and reverse
osmosis
Independent of pH and other solutes.
Affected by presence of colloids
Pre-treatment of suspended material and colloids
are required
Membrane can not be backwashed
39. Remedial measures: Sludge disposal
All Arsenic removal technology generates high
concentrated sorption media, sludge or liquid
media
Bio-methylation by fresh cow dung21
Blending of contaminated waste with brick,
cement or concrete
40. Remedial measures
Chemical controls on abiotic and biotic release of
geogenic arsenic from Pleistocene aquifer sediments to
groundwater- The mode of As release was impacted by the
source of DOC supplied to the sediments, with biological
processes responsible for 81% to 85% of the total As release
following incubations with lactate and acetate but only up to
43% to 61% of the total As release following incubations with
humic and fulvic acids. Overall, cycling of key redox-active
elements and organic-carbon reactivity govern the potential
for geogenic As release to groundwater, and results here may
be used to formulate better predictions of the arsenic
pollution potential of aquifers in South and Southeast Asia. 18
41. Remedial measures
Pilot study on arsenic removal from groundwater using a
small-scale reverse osmosis system- Towards
sustainable drinking water production.
The arsenic removal efficiency for aerated and non-aerated
groundwater by reverse osmosis technology in combination
with an energy-saving recovery system have been studied.
It works on reverse osmosis principle. Total arsenic removal
efficiency was around 99% and the arsenic concentration in
permeate was in compliance with the WHO and National
Indian Standard of 10μg/L but not occur under anoxic
conditions with non-aerated groundwater. Re-injection of
reject water underground may offer a safe disposal
option.19
42. Remedial measures : Bacterial method
Biotransformation and bioaccumulation of
Arsenic by Brevibacillus brevis isolated from
Arsenic contaminated region of West Bengal
This bacteria is well adopted to arsenite and
can also transform arsenite to less toxic
arsenate 10
44. References (2/3)
8. Guah Mazumdar et. al. , Indian J Community Med. 2010 April: 35(2):351-388,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2940197
9. Chowdhury et. al. Environmental Health Perspective, Vol. 108, No. 5, May 2000,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1638054/pdf/envhper00306-0043.pdf
10. Banerjee et. al., IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-
JESTFT), e-ISSN: 2319-2402, p-ISSN: 2319-2399, Volume 3, Issue 1, (Jan. to Feb. 2013), PP 01-10,
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/105505/15/15_publications.pdf
11. Chen et. al., BKJ 2011, 342:d2431, http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/342/bmj.d2431.full.pdf
12. Safiudiin et. al., http://eng-consult.com/pub/ArsenicIEB.pdf
13. Barringer J. and Reilly P. A., INTECH, http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/42035.pdf
14. Wang X et. al. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 571, 15 November 2016, Pages 307–
313, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27485131
15. Ganapathy S. et al., Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Volume 306, 1 September 2016,
Pages 98–104
45. References (3/3)
16. Sandoval-Carrillo A et. al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016; 16: 153. ,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940694/
17. Ferdosi H et. al. , J Environ Public Health. 2016;2016:1602929. doi: 10.1155/2016/1602929.
Epub 2016 Jun 13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4921645/pdf/JEPH2016-
1602929.pdf
18. Gillispie Elizabeth C., Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts Issue 8, 2016
19. Schmidt SA. Et. al. Journal of Hazardous Materials Volume 318, 15 November 2016, Pages 671–
678
20. Arsenic removal Technologies by Raju Shrestha, Environment and Public Health Organisation,
ENPHO, Dorothee Spuhler, Published in www.sswm.info
21. Ali et. al. (2001) Department of Low cost Technology for Removal of Arsenic, Dhaka,
Bangladesh