The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses filtration and collimation in x-ray beams. Filtration removes low-energy photons that do not contribute to the image but increase patient exposure. Filters are typically made of aluminum and selectively allow high-energy photons to pass. Collimation uses a lead plate with a central hole to restrict the beam to only the area being imaged, reducing patient exposure and preventing scatter that degrades image quality. Both filtration and collimation aim to improve image quality while lowering radiation dose.
The document provides an overview of X-rays and their use in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. It then discusses the basic components and function of an X-ray tube, including the cathode, filament, focusing cup and anode. The document also covers the properties of X-rays, how they are produced, their interactions with matter, and their various uses including in diagnosis and treatment in dentistry and medicine.
brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
The document discusses various types of extraoral radiographs including lateral jaw projections, posteroanterior views, cephalometric radiographs, Water's views, reverse Towne projections, and submentovertex projections. It describes the purposes, techniques, patient positioning, and anatomical structures visualized for each type of extraoral radiograph. Extraoral radiographs are used to examine large areas of the jaws, skull, sinuses, and temporomandibular joints as well as to detect fractures, lesions, and developmental abnormalities.
This document discusses panoramic radiography, including its history, advantages, procedure details, and principles of image formation. Panoramic radiography uses a rotating x-ray beam and receptor to create a single image of the facial structures, including teeth and supporting bones. It provides broad anatomic coverage with a low radiation dose compared to full-mouth intraoral x-rays. Proper patient positioning is needed to place the dental arches within the "focal trough" where structures will be reasonably defined.
This document provides an overview of panoramic radiography. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the history, terminology, principles, concepts, equipment, positioning requirements, and indications of panoramic radiography. The key points covered include that panoramic radiography produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures using a rotating x-ray beam and that the image layer is a curved zone where structures appear in focus on the final image. Advantages are that it shows a wide area in a single image while disadvantages include some distortion and structures being out of focus above and below the image layer.
The xeroradiographic plate consists of the following layers:
1. An aluminum substrate that provides a smooth surface for the photoconductor layer.
2. An interface layer of aluminum oxide between the selenium photoconductor and aluminum substrate to prevent charge exchange.
3. A selenium photoconductor layer that becomes electrically conductive upon exposure to x-rays, forming a latent electrostatic image.
4. A protective coating over the selenium layer to prevent degradation and improve shelf life.
The document discusses filtration and collimation in x-ray beams. Filtration removes low-energy photons that do not contribute to the image but increase patient exposure. Filters are typically made of aluminum and selectively allow high-energy photons to pass. Collimation uses a lead plate with a central hole to restrict the beam to only the area being imaged, reducing patient exposure and preventing scatter that degrades image quality. Both filtration and collimation aim to improve image quality while lowering radiation dose.
The document provides an overview of X-rays and their use in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. It then discusses the basic components and function of an X-ray tube, including the cathode, filament, focusing cup and anode. The document also covers the properties of X-rays, how they are produced, their interactions with matter, and their various uses including in diagnosis and treatment in dentistry and medicine.
brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
The document discusses various types of extraoral radiographs including lateral jaw projections, posteroanterior views, cephalometric radiographs, Water's views, reverse Towne projections, and submentovertex projections. It describes the purposes, techniques, patient positioning, and anatomical structures visualized for each type of extraoral radiograph. Extraoral radiographs are used to examine large areas of the jaws, skull, sinuses, and temporomandibular joints as well as to detect fractures, lesions, and developmental abnormalities.
This document discusses panoramic radiography, including its history, advantages, procedure details, and principles of image formation. Panoramic radiography uses a rotating x-ray beam and receptor to create a single image of the facial structures, including teeth and supporting bones. It provides broad anatomic coverage with a low radiation dose compared to full-mouth intraoral x-rays. Proper patient positioning is needed to place the dental arches within the "focal trough" where structures will be reasonably defined.
This document provides an overview of panoramic radiography. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the history, terminology, principles, concepts, equipment, positioning requirements, and indications of panoramic radiography. The key points covered include that panoramic radiography produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures using a rotating x-ray beam and that the image layer is a curved zone where structures appear in focus on the final image. Advantages are that it shows a wide area in a single image while disadvantages include some distortion and structures being out of focus above and below the image layer.
The xeroradiographic plate consists of the following layers:
1. An aluminum substrate that provides a smooth surface for the photoconductor layer.
2. An interface layer of aluminum oxide between the selenium photoconductor and aluminum substrate to prevent charge exchange.
3. A selenium photoconductor layer that becomes electrically conductive upon exposure to x-rays, forming a latent electrostatic image.
4. A protective coating over the selenium layer to prevent degradation and improve shelf life.
This document discusses collimation and filtration in dental x-rays. It explains that collimators are used to restrict the size of the x-ray beam in order to minimize radiation exposure and scattered radiation. There are different types of collimators including diaphragm, round, rectangular, and slit collimators. Filtration is also discussed, which involves removing low-energy photons from the beam to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic image quality. Common filtration materials mentioned are aluminum, copper, tin, and lead. The effects of proper collimation and filtration are to harden the beam and reduce radiation dose to patients.
This document discusses various intraoral radiographic techniques used in dentistry. It describes the basic principles and types of intraoral radiography including periapical, bite wing, and occlusal techniques. For each technique, it outlines the indications, basic methodology, important considerations, and examples of anatomical areas that can be imaged. Specialized techniques are also covered such as those used for pediatric patients, endodontics procedures, and localization of foreign objects.
A dental x-ray machine consists of a tubehead, support arms, and control panel. The tubehead contains an x-ray tube with a cathode and anode, as well as transformers that convert electrical current. The control panel regulates voltage and current to the x-ray tube. Dental x-rays are collimated and filtered to shape and soften the beam, reducing radiation exposure for patients.
Hey Guys, this presentation is all that a BDS graduate needs to know. A very basic yet important facts about CBCT.
Stay Safe
Regards
Battisi - Dr. Jasmine Singh
CBCT stands for cone beam computed tomography. It is a 3D imaging technique that uses a cone-shaped X-ray beam to capture volumetric images of the teeth, jaws, and surrounding structures. CBCT provides more detailed views than conventional 2D X-rays and exposes patients to less radiation than traditional medical CT scans. It has various applications in dentistry, including implant planning, endodontics, surgery, and orthodontics by allowing visualization of hard tissues and their relationship to anatomical structures.
The x-ray beam is also at an angle to both
the teeth and film. As a result, distortion occurs. In the
radiograph of the mandibular first molar below, the
buccal root appears elongated and narrower than the
palatal root due to the angulation of the x-ray beam.
IDEAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS RELATED TO THE RADIATION BEAM
FACTORS RELATED TO THE OBJECT
FACTORS RELATED TO THE TECHNIQUE
FACTORS RELATED TO RECORDING OF THE ROENTGEN IMAGE OF THE OBJECT
DARK/ LIGHT IMAGE IDEAL IMAGE
IDEAL QUALITY CRIETRIA
Radiographic quality assurance & infection controlBinaya Subedi
This document outlines quality assurance and infection control procedures for radiographic imaging. It discusses quality assurance including daily, weekly, monthly and yearly tasks to ensure high quality radiographs. Examples of daily quality assurance tasks include comparing new radiographs to reference films, recording retakes, and checking processing temperatures. Infection control procedures aim to prevent cross-contamination and include preparing the operatory with barriers, using gloves and disposable items that contact saliva, and disinfecting surfaces between patients.
Dental radiography involves taking images of the teeth, bones, and soft tissues in the mouth to aid in diagnosis and treatment planning. There are several types of dental radiography procedures, including intraoral radiographs like bitewings and periapicals, as well as panoramic and cephalometric images. Radiographs are useful for detecting issues like dental caries, abnormalities, and monitoring treatment. Proper radiation safety protocols must be followed when performing dental radiography to minimize risk to patients and staff.
Radiation safety and protection for dental radiographyNitin Sharma
1) Licensed dentists must maintain radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable and understand the health risks of radiation.
2) Dental radiographic equipment must be registered and follow safety protocols to protect patients and staff, such as using protective gear and collimation.
3) Dentists are responsible for quality assurance programs to ensure proper functioning and calibration of dental X-ray machines and processing of films. Guidelines help prescribe radiographs appropriately.
Periapical, bitewing, and occlusal radiographs provide different views for assessing teeth and surrounding structures. Periapical views show crowns, roots, and bone while bitewings show interproximal areas and the alveolar crest. Occlusals display large segments of dental arches. Each view has advantages like accuracy but also disadvantages like patient discomfort. Proper technique like receptor placement and central ray angulation are needed to minimize distortion. Managing pediatric patients and those prone to gagging requires relaxation, explanation, and distraction techniques.
This document provides information on periapical radiography. It discusses the history and types of dental x-rays, including periapical radiographs. Periapical radiographs are used to detect abnormalities of the root structure and surrounding bone. The document outlines techniques for proper positioning during periapical radiography, including the paralleling technique and bisected angle technique. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of each technique as well as indications for periapical radiography.
This document provides an overview of orthopantomography (OPG) and lateral cephalometric radiography. It defines OPG as a technique that produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures including the dental arches and supporting bones. The document lists several advantages of OPG including its broad coverage, low radiation dose, and short examination time. It describes the principles of panoramic image formation using reciprocal movement of the x-ray source and image receptor. Key diagnostic regions and structures visible on OPG images are identified. Common errors, artifacts, and positioning considerations are discussed. Lateral cephalometry is introduced as useful for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning by allowing evaluation of skeletal and dental abnormalities. References on
Sialography is an x-ray examination of the salivary glands that involves injecting contrast media into the ducts to evaluate any abnormalities. It can detect issues like stones, lesions, or masses that may be obstructing the ducts and causing pain or inflammation. There are three major pairs of salivary glands - parotid, submandibular, and sublingual - which produce saliva. Sialography can be used to evaluate masses, stones, pain, functional disorders, and suspected obstructions or strictures of the salivary glands. The procedure involves injecting contrast media under fluoroscopy and taking x-ray images to view the flow of saliva and identify any ob
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) uses a cone-shaped x-ray beam projected through the area of interest and a 2D detector to acquire multiple 2D radiographic images at different angles. These images are then used to reconstruct 3D volumetric images. CBCT has applications in dentistry for implant planning, endodontics, orthodontics and TMJ imaging due to its ability to provide high contrast images of bony structures at a lower radiation dose compared to medical CT. Some limitations include artifacts from metallic restorations, lower soft tissue contrast and isotropic resolution compared to medical CT.
Radiation therapy patient treatment planning & post treatment care / Labial o...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Panoramic radiography produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures including the maxillary and mandibular arches. It uses the principle of reciprocal movement of an X-ray source and image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer. Multiple centers of rotation are used to maintain the dental arches within the focal trough. Panoramic radiography provides a broad anatomical view with less radiation than full-mouth intraoral films but has less resolution and potential for superimposition artifacts. It is useful for trauma evaluation, orthodontic treatment planning, and detection of lesions or developmental anomalies too large for intraoral films.
This document discusses various topics in radiation physics including:
- Atomic structure and the Bohr model of the atom.
- Composition and interactions of x-ray radiation.
- Components and function of x-ray machines including the cathode, anode, and power supply.
- Factors that control the x-ray beam such as milliamperage, kilovoltage, filtration, and collimation.
- Three main interactions of x-rays with matter: photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, and coherent scattering.
- Key radiation physics concepts including exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and radioactivity.
This document discusses dental radiography and x-rays. It defines key terms like radiograph and radiology. It describes the components of a dental x-ray unit and different types of radiographs like bitewings and panoramic x-rays. It discusses techniques like paralleling, bisecting angle technique and SLOB technique. It also covers topics like indications for radiographs, radiation safety, and advantages and disadvantages of digital radiography compared to conventional film.
Radiation prostheses 2 /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses collimation and filtration in dental x-rays. It explains that collimators are used to restrict the size of the x-ray beam in order to minimize radiation exposure and scattered radiation. There are different types of collimators including diaphragm, round, rectangular, and slit collimators. Filtration is also discussed, which involves removing low-energy photons from the beam to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic image quality. Common filtration materials mentioned are aluminum, copper, tin, and lead. The effects of proper collimation and filtration are to harden the beam and reduce radiation dose to patients.
This document discusses various intraoral radiographic techniques used in dentistry. It describes the basic principles and types of intraoral radiography including periapical, bite wing, and occlusal techniques. For each technique, it outlines the indications, basic methodology, important considerations, and examples of anatomical areas that can be imaged. Specialized techniques are also covered such as those used for pediatric patients, endodontics procedures, and localization of foreign objects.
A dental x-ray machine consists of a tubehead, support arms, and control panel. The tubehead contains an x-ray tube with a cathode and anode, as well as transformers that convert electrical current. The control panel regulates voltage and current to the x-ray tube. Dental x-rays are collimated and filtered to shape and soften the beam, reducing radiation exposure for patients.
Hey Guys, this presentation is all that a BDS graduate needs to know. A very basic yet important facts about CBCT.
Stay Safe
Regards
Battisi - Dr. Jasmine Singh
CBCT stands for cone beam computed tomography. It is a 3D imaging technique that uses a cone-shaped X-ray beam to capture volumetric images of the teeth, jaws, and surrounding structures. CBCT provides more detailed views than conventional 2D X-rays and exposes patients to less radiation than traditional medical CT scans. It has various applications in dentistry, including implant planning, endodontics, surgery, and orthodontics by allowing visualization of hard tissues and their relationship to anatomical structures.
The x-ray beam is also at an angle to both
the teeth and film. As a result, distortion occurs. In the
radiograph of the mandibular first molar below, the
buccal root appears elongated and narrower than the
palatal root due to the angulation of the x-ray beam.
IDEAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS RELATED TO THE RADIATION BEAM
FACTORS RELATED TO THE OBJECT
FACTORS RELATED TO THE TECHNIQUE
FACTORS RELATED TO RECORDING OF THE ROENTGEN IMAGE OF THE OBJECT
DARK/ LIGHT IMAGE IDEAL IMAGE
IDEAL QUALITY CRIETRIA
Radiographic quality assurance & infection controlBinaya Subedi
This document outlines quality assurance and infection control procedures for radiographic imaging. It discusses quality assurance including daily, weekly, monthly and yearly tasks to ensure high quality radiographs. Examples of daily quality assurance tasks include comparing new radiographs to reference films, recording retakes, and checking processing temperatures. Infection control procedures aim to prevent cross-contamination and include preparing the operatory with barriers, using gloves and disposable items that contact saliva, and disinfecting surfaces between patients.
Dental radiography involves taking images of the teeth, bones, and soft tissues in the mouth to aid in diagnosis and treatment planning. There are several types of dental radiography procedures, including intraoral radiographs like bitewings and periapicals, as well as panoramic and cephalometric images. Radiographs are useful for detecting issues like dental caries, abnormalities, and monitoring treatment. Proper radiation safety protocols must be followed when performing dental radiography to minimize risk to patients and staff.
Radiation safety and protection for dental radiographyNitin Sharma
1) Licensed dentists must maintain radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable and understand the health risks of radiation.
2) Dental radiographic equipment must be registered and follow safety protocols to protect patients and staff, such as using protective gear and collimation.
3) Dentists are responsible for quality assurance programs to ensure proper functioning and calibration of dental X-ray machines and processing of films. Guidelines help prescribe radiographs appropriately.
Periapical, bitewing, and occlusal radiographs provide different views for assessing teeth and surrounding structures. Periapical views show crowns, roots, and bone while bitewings show interproximal areas and the alveolar crest. Occlusals display large segments of dental arches. Each view has advantages like accuracy but also disadvantages like patient discomfort. Proper technique like receptor placement and central ray angulation are needed to minimize distortion. Managing pediatric patients and those prone to gagging requires relaxation, explanation, and distraction techniques.
This document provides information on periapical radiography. It discusses the history and types of dental x-rays, including periapical radiographs. Periapical radiographs are used to detect abnormalities of the root structure and surrounding bone. The document outlines techniques for proper positioning during periapical radiography, including the paralleling technique and bisected angle technique. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of each technique as well as indications for periapical radiography.
This document provides an overview of orthopantomography (OPG) and lateral cephalometric radiography. It defines OPG as a technique that produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures including the dental arches and supporting bones. The document lists several advantages of OPG including its broad coverage, low radiation dose, and short examination time. It describes the principles of panoramic image formation using reciprocal movement of the x-ray source and image receptor. Key diagnostic regions and structures visible on OPG images are identified. Common errors, artifacts, and positioning considerations are discussed. Lateral cephalometry is introduced as useful for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning by allowing evaluation of skeletal and dental abnormalities. References on
Sialography is an x-ray examination of the salivary glands that involves injecting contrast media into the ducts to evaluate any abnormalities. It can detect issues like stones, lesions, or masses that may be obstructing the ducts and causing pain or inflammation. There are three major pairs of salivary glands - parotid, submandibular, and sublingual - which produce saliva. Sialography can be used to evaluate masses, stones, pain, functional disorders, and suspected obstructions or strictures of the salivary glands. The procedure involves injecting contrast media under fluoroscopy and taking x-ray images to view the flow of saliva and identify any ob
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) uses a cone-shaped x-ray beam projected through the area of interest and a 2D detector to acquire multiple 2D radiographic images at different angles. These images are then used to reconstruct 3D volumetric images. CBCT has applications in dentistry for implant planning, endodontics, orthodontics and TMJ imaging due to its ability to provide high contrast images of bony structures at a lower radiation dose compared to medical CT. Some limitations include artifacts from metallic restorations, lower soft tissue contrast and isotropic resolution compared to medical CT.
Radiation therapy patient treatment planning & post treatment care / Labial o...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Panoramic radiography produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures including the maxillary and mandibular arches. It uses the principle of reciprocal movement of an X-ray source and image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer. Multiple centers of rotation are used to maintain the dental arches within the focal trough. Panoramic radiography provides a broad anatomical view with less radiation than full-mouth intraoral films but has less resolution and potential for superimposition artifacts. It is useful for trauma evaluation, orthodontic treatment planning, and detection of lesions or developmental anomalies too large for intraoral films.
This document discusses various topics in radiation physics including:
- Atomic structure and the Bohr model of the atom.
- Composition and interactions of x-ray radiation.
- Components and function of x-ray machines including the cathode, anode, and power supply.
- Factors that control the x-ray beam such as milliamperage, kilovoltage, filtration, and collimation.
- Three main interactions of x-rays with matter: photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, and coherent scattering.
- Key radiation physics concepts including exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and radioactivity.
This document discusses dental radiography and x-rays. It defines key terms like radiograph and radiology. It describes the components of a dental x-ray unit and different types of radiographs like bitewings and panoramic x-rays. It discusses techniques like paralleling, bisecting angle technique and SLOB technique. It also covers topics like indications for radiographs, radiation safety, and advantages and disadvantages of digital radiography compared to conventional film.
Radiation prostheses 2 /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Radiation therapy has been used effectively to treat cancer for over 100 years. It works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells to destroy their ability to reproduce. Radiation oncologists oversee radiation treatment which can be the only therapy needed or combined with other treatments. Radiation is delivered externally using linear accelerators or internally by placing radioactive sources near tumors. The radiation therapy team carefully plans each patient's treatment to deliver the needed dose precisely while minimizing effects to normal tissues.
Radiotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy and brachytherapy are cancer treatment options provided at Behgal's cancer hospital and radiation research institute. The institute has a radiation training institute, cancer center, and provides free standing radiation oncology services using modern linear accelerators and brachytherapy techniques. Advanced technologies like PET-CT fusion, IMRT, IGRT and stereotactic radiosurgery allow for precise targeted radiation treatment of tumors. Early detection and the latest technologies can help cure cancer or control advanced disease.
This document provides an overview of radiation awareness and safety. It defines radiation as energy that can penetrate materials and cause ionization. There are two types: photons and particles. Radiation is not visible or detectable by our senses. Natural sources include cosmic rays, materials in our environment and bodies. Radiation protection aims to prevent deterministic effects and limit stochastic effects. The principles of justification, optimization and dose limits are explained in relation to patients, public and radiation workers. Various methods of protection include time, distance, shielding, protective equipment and monitoring with devices like film badges and TLD badges. The annual fatality rates from accidents are lower in radiation industries than most other occupations.
Conformal Radiotherapy in Head and neck cancers is essential in terms of improving quality of life and local control in this era. This presentation aimed at giving an overview of conformal radiotherapy and its role in HNC to a 'general audience'.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive substances used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. They consist of a radioactive isotope attached to a carrier molecule that delivers the isotope to the area being examined or treated. Radiopharmaceuticals are commonly used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat diseases like cancer. Their production, handling, and dispensing requires strict adherence to good radiation practices and good manufacturing practices to ensure safety.
Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive substances or drugs used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. They consist of a radioactive isotope attached to a carrier molecule that delivers the isotope to the area being examined or treated. Radiopharmaceuticals are commonly used for diagnosing and treating diseases like cancer by delivering radiation directly to tumor sites. The nuclear pharmacist is responsible for ordering, storing, preparing, and calibrating radiopharmaceutical dosages to ensure their safe and effective use in diagnosis and therapy.
Paper presentation on World Oral Cancer Day.
World Cancer Day aims to save millions of preventable deaths each year by raising awareness and education about cancer.
The document discusses different types of radiation therapy including external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy, and systemic radioisotope therapy. It focuses on stereotactic radiation therapy, describing it as a specialized type of external beam radiation therapy that uses focused radiation beams to precisely target tumors using detailed imaging scans. The document outlines the procedures for stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy and discusses some advantages and limitations of stereotactic treatments.
This document provides an overview of radiation safety topics for medical residents and fellows at UTHSC-H, including settings with potential radiation exposure, how to minimize exposure, typical dose levels, and monitoring requirements. It discusses which specialties may involve radiation exposure above 10% of limits, requiring monitoring. It aims to educate trainees on safely managing radiation use for patients and personnel by understanding dose limits, biological effects, and minimizing exposure through time, distance and shielding.
This document discusses brachytherapy, a type of radiation therapy where radioactive material is placed directly inside the body near the tumor being treated. It begins by explaining the two major categories of radiation therapy: external-beam therapy where a machine emits radiation from outside the body, and brachytherapy where radioactive sources are placed inside the body. It then provides details on brachytherapy, including how it works from inside the body compared to external beam therapy, common radiation sources used, and the typical procedure involving planning, applicator insertion, treatment delivery, and removal of sources.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Radiotherapy uses radiation to treat cancer by damaging cancer cell DNA and destroying their ability to reproduce. There are two main types of radiotherapy - external beam radiotherapy which delivers radiation from outside the body using linear accelerators, and internal radiotherapy/brachytherapy which places radioactive sources inside the body. Radiotherapy aims to deliver an optimal dose to the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues, and may have side effects like fatigue and skin reddening in treated areas.
Radiation therapy uses radiation to damage and destroy cancer cells. It has been used to treat cancer for over 100 years. Modern radiation therapy is very precise and most patients receive it as part of their overall cancer treatment plan. Radiation therapy can cure cancer or reduce symptoms by shrinking tumors. While it causes some side effects, radiation is a generally safe and effective way to treat many types of cancer.
Similar to Radiation therapy patient treatment planning & post treatment care new (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
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Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Radiation therapy patient treatment planning & post treatment care new
1. THE RADIATION THERAPY PATIENT ;THE RADIATION THERAPY PATIENT ;
TREATMENT PLANNING & POSTTREATMENT PLANNING & POST
TREATMENT CARETREATMENT CARE
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental Education
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
2. CONTENTSCONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
TREATMENT RATIONALETREATMENT RATIONALE
DENTAL EXAMINATIONDENTAL EXAMINATION
PRE RADIATION CAREPRE RADIATION CARE
DENTAL CARE DURING THE THERAPYDENTAL CARE DURING THE THERAPY
POST RADIATION CAREPOST RADIATION CARE
PROSTHODONTIC CONSIDERATIONSPROSTHODONTIC CONSIDERATIONS
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
REFERENCESREFERENCES
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3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Radiation therapy has been used with increasingRadiation therapy has been used with increasing
frequency in the recent years for the management offrequency in the recent years for the management of
neoplams of head and neck region.neoplams of head and neck region.
A majority of patients with such tumors will receiveA majority of patients with such tumors will receive
radiotherapy at some time during the course of theirradiotherapy at some time during the course of their
treatment...In some tumours it is preferred treatment,treatment...In some tumours it is preferred treatment,
where as in others it is employed in combination withwhere as in others it is employed in combination with
surgery or sometimes with chemotherapy.surgery or sometimes with chemotherapy.
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4. WHAT IS RADIATION THERAPYWHAT IS RADIATION THERAPY??
According toAccording to JOHN BEUMERJOHN BEUMER ANDAND THOMAS A.CURTISTHOMAS A.CURTIS,,
Radiation therapy is defined as”Radiation therapy is defined as” the therapeutic use ofthe therapeutic use of
ionizing radiation in the management of neoplasms of the bodyionizing radiation in the management of neoplasms of the body
without surgery or as an adjunctive palliative treatment afterwithout surgery or as an adjunctive palliative treatment after
surgery, either in combination with or with out chemotherapysurgery, either in combination with or with out chemotherapy”.”.
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5. Treatment (NEED) for Head and NeckTreatment (NEED) for Head and Neck
CancerCancer
Surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are theSurgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are the
mainstays of treating head and neck cancer.mainstays of treating head and neck cancer.
For many head and neck cancers, combining two orFor many head and neck cancers, combining two or
three types of treatments may be most effectivethree types of treatments may be most effective
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6. An important concept in treating head and neckAn important concept in treating head and neck
cancer iscancer is organ preservationorgan preservation. Rather than relying on. Rather than relying on
major surgery, an organ preservation approach firstmajor surgery, an organ preservation approach first
uses radiation and chemotherapy to shrink theuses radiation and chemotherapy to shrink the
tumor.tumor.
This allows for a less extensive surgery and mayThis allows for a less extensive surgery and may
even allow some patients to avoid surgeryeven allow some patients to avoid surgery
altogether.altogether.
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7. INDICATIONS OF RADIOTHERAPY IN HEADINDICATIONS OF RADIOTHERAPY IN HEAD
AND NECK LESIONSAND NECK LESIONS
1.1. Squamous cell carcinomas of softSquamous cell carcinomas of soft
palate, floor of mouth, tongue, lipspalate, floor of mouth, tongue, lips
and buccal mucosaand buccal mucosa
2.2. Adenocarcinomas of salivary andAdenocarcinomas of salivary and
mucous glandsmucous glands
3.3. Primary lymphomas ofPrimary lymphomas of
nasopharynx, tonsilsnasopharynx, tonsils
4.4. Carcinomas of maxilla andCarcinomas of maxilla and
mandiblemandible
5.5. Carcinomas of piriformCarcinomas of piriform
sinus,subglottic area etc..sinus,subglottic area etc..
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8. WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RADIATIONSWHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RADIATIONS
USED FOR RADIOTHERAPYUSED FOR RADIOTHERAPY??
1.1. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVESELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ofof
wavelengths less than one Armstrong (Awavelengths less than one Armstrong (A00
))
called PHOTONS.called PHOTONS.
No mass and no chargeNo mass and no charge
Ex:Ex: x-rays, gamma raysx-rays, gamma rays
2.2. PARTICULATE RADIATIONSPARTICULATE RADIATIONS
Have mass and chargeHave mass and charge
Ex:Ex: electrons, protons, neutrons, alphaelectrons, protons, neutrons, alpha
particles , pi-mesons etc..particles , pi-mesons etc..
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9. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OFWHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
RADIATION THERAPY MODALITIESRADIATION THERAPY MODALITIES??
EXTERNALEXTERNAL
RADIATION THERAPYRADIATION THERAPY
INTERSTITIAL / INTRACAVITARY RADIATION THERAPY
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10. EXTERNAL RADIATION THERAPYEXTERNAL RADIATION THERAPY
Most common modality of radiation therapy.Most common modality of radiation therapy.
Also calledAlso called TELETHERAPYTELETHERAPY
Used to deliver high doses of radiation to tumors that areUsed to deliver high doses of radiation to tumors that are
locatedlocated with in 6cmswith in 6cms of skin surface.of skin surface.
When external radiotherapy is used the doses are ofWhen external radiotherapy is used the doses are of
order oforder of 65006500rads torads to 75007500 rads for 6-7 weeks.rads for 6-7 weeks.
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11. The following energy sources are used for externalThe following energy sources are used for external
radiation therapyradiation therapy
low energy x-rayslow energy x-rays (50 kev to 100 kev) which are(50 kev to 100 kev) which are
appropriate for treatment ofappropriate for treatment of small and superficial tumorssmall and superficial tumors
OrthovoltageOrthovoltage (200 kev to 250 Kev), which is convenient(200 kev to 250 Kev), which is convenient
for the treatment offor the treatment of superficial, but thick tumors.superficial, but thick tumors.
High energy photonsHigh energy photons (cobalt 60 and high accelerator),(cobalt 60 and high accelerator),
which are used for allwhich are used for all deeply located tumors.deeply located tumors.
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12. INTERSTITIAL RADIATION THERAPYINTERSTITIAL RADIATION THERAPY
Also calledAlso called BRACHYTHERAPBRACHYTHERAP
Used to deliver high doses of radiation over aUsed to deliver high doses of radiation over a shortshort
distancedistance
for afor a short time periodshort time period..
Internal radiation therapy involves surgically implantingInternal radiation therapy involves surgically implanting
radioactive material into a tumor or surrounding tissueradioactive material into a tumor or surrounding tissue
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13. Used to deliver high doses (up to 20000rads) in
a relatively short time(10-15hrs)
Uses radioisotopes(Co60,Cs137,Ir 197 )
positioned in or close to the tumor
If radiation source is placed in a cavity it is
called Intracavitary source or if it is inserted or
implanted directly into tissue its called interstitial
source.
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14. Most commonly used interstitial sources areMost commonly used interstitial sources are needlesneedles,,
narrow tubesnarrow tubes,, wireswires oror seedsseeds containing radioactivecontaining radioactive
cesium, cobalt, gold or iridiumcesium, cobalt, gold or iridium
Tubes are loaded withTubes are loaded with
tiny radioactive seeds thattiny radioactive seeds that
remain in place for one orremain in place for one or
several days to kill the cancerseveral days to kill the cancer..
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15. Branchy therapy disadvantagesBranchy therapy disadvantages
Inhomogeniety of doseInhomogeniety of dose throughout the implanted volumethroughout the implanted volume
- Hot spot (radioactive source placed too closely together)- Hot spot (radioactive source placed too closely together)
- cold spot (radioactive source placed close to each other )- cold spot (radioactive source placed close to each other )
Requires adequate skill & techniqueRequires adequate skill & technique
Need of general anesthesiaNeed of general anesthesia
Potential exposure of the medical personnelPotential exposure of the medical personnel
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17. HOW IS RADIATION THERAPY GIVEN?HOW IS RADIATION THERAPY GIVEN?
Given in a series of treatments or fractionsGiven in a series of treatments or fractions
calledcalled fractionationfractionation..
Most radiation therapists deliver externalMost radiation therapists deliver external
curative radiation therapy for oral tumours incurative radiation therapy for oral tumours in
about 30 fractions, spread over a 6-7 weeksabout 30 fractions, spread over a 6-7 weeks
period.period.
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18. TISSUE DAMAGE CAN OCCUR EITHERTISSUE DAMAGE CAN OCCUR EITHER
DIRECT INDIRECT
--When sec particles react
with the target molecules
-Target molecules is the DNA
--Interaction with water
to produce free radicals
(HYDROXYL GROUPS)
Nucleus is more sensitive than cytoplasm
Most of the damages are confined to the intranuclear
structures such as DNA & mitotic apparatus
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20. DOSIMETRYDOSIMETRY
Dosimeter is a device used to calculate the amountDosimeter is a device used to calculate the amount
of dosage required for a lesionof dosage required for a lesion
RADRAD ((RADIATION ABSORBED DOSE)RADIATION ABSORBED DOSE)
It is a unit to measure the amount of energy absorbed by tissuesIt is a unit to measure the amount of energy absorbed by tissues
that are subjected to radiation exposure.that are subjected to radiation exposure.
1 RAD means 100 gms of energy is absorbed by I gm of tissue.1 RAD means 100 gms of energy is absorbed by I gm of tissue.
ROENTGENROENTGEN
It is the unit to measure the amount of exposure to radiation.It is the unit to measure the amount of exposure to radiation.
it is based on absorption in air and not by tissues.it is based on absorption in air and not by tissues.
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21. MILLICURIEMILLICURIE
It is the unit of activity of radioactivity material.It is the unit of activity of radioactivity material.
1 mCi = 3.7 x 101 mCi = 3.7 x 1077
disintegrations/secdisintegrations/sec
NSDNSD (( NOMINAL SINGLE DOSE)NOMINAL SINGLE DOSE)
The normal tissue tolerance in head and neck has beenThe normal tissue tolerance in head and neck has been
in range of 1800 rets (radiation therapeutic equivalents)in range of 1800 rets (radiation therapeutic equivalents)
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23. Treatment rationaleTreatment rationale
Preventing the risk of infection duringPreventing the risk of infection during
active phase of chemotherapyactive phase of chemotherapy
Reducing the potential for both short term-Reducing the potential for both short term-
and long term problems in the irradiatedand long term problems in the irradiated
patient.patient.
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24. Ideally, the dental examination and theIdeally, the dental examination and the
necessary dental treatment should benecessary dental treatment should be
performed prior to the onset of theperformed prior to the onset of the
definitive cancer treatment.definitive cancer treatment.
Complete co-operation from theComplete co-operation from the
physician oncologist.physician oncologist.
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25. MucositisMucositis
XerostomiaXerostomia
Change in oralChange in oral
microfloramicroflora
Loss of tasteLoss of taste
Increased sensitivityIncreased sensitivity
to spicy or strongto spicy or strong
tasting foodstasting foods
Reduced potential forReduced potential for
bone healingbone healing
Risk of developingRisk of developing
osteoradionecrosisosteoradionecrosis
Trismus (muscularTrismus (muscular
fibrosis)fibrosis)
SHORT TERM EFFECTS LONG TERM EFFECTS
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26. Understanding the Oral OncologyUnderstanding the Oral Oncology
patientpatient
Dentist’s role:Dentist’s role:
Gain patient’s confidenceGain patient’s confidence
Explain the causes of concernExplain the causes of concern
Emphasize the importance of totalEmphasize the importance of total
commitment to the treatment regimenscommitment to the treatment regimens
proposed.proposed.
The initial dental appointmentThe initial dental appointment
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27. Make the patient have a basicMake the patient have a basic
understanding of the long and shortunderstanding of the long and short
term effects of radiation therapy.term effects of radiation therapy.
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28. Dental Examination andDental Examination and
Treatment PlanTreatment Plan
Full-mouth or panoramic radiographsFull-mouth or panoramic radiographs
Comprehensive clinical examinationComprehensive clinical examination
periodontiumperiodontium
oral soft tissuesoral soft tissues
Assessment of the patient's oralAssessment of the patient's oral
hygienehygiene
Examine carefully for dental cariesExamine carefully for dental caries
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29. Perform Dental prophylaxisPerform Dental prophylaxis
Review oral hygiene proceduresReview oral hygiene procedures
Place Definitive restorationsPlace Definitive restorations
Teeth considered non restorable orTeeth considered non restorable or
non salvageable with endodonticnon salvageable with endodontic
therapy should be extracted.therapy should be extracted.
Diagnosis & treatment plan
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30. Healing period of atleastHealing period of atleast 10 days to10 days to
3 weeks3 weeks is essential before radiationis essential before radiation
treatment begins.treatment begins.
Proposed extractions must be discussedProposed extractions must be discussed
with the radiation oncologist and anwith the radiation oncologist and an
understanding readied regarding the timeunderstanding readied regarding the time
available for healing.available for healing.
Diagnosis & treatment plan
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31. When surgical removal of a tumor isWhen surgical removal of a tumor is
planned prior to radiation, teeth can beplanned prior to radiation, teeth can be
conveniently removed in the operatingconveniently removed in the operating
room at the time of tumor surgery, thusroom at the time of tumor surgery, thus
ensuring an adequate healing period.ensuring an adequate healing period.
Teeth be removedTeeth be removed withwith minimal traumaminimal trauma
and the extraction sites beand the extraction sites be closedclosed
primarilyprimarily..
Diagnosis & treatment plan
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32. Antibiotic coverage may improve theAntibiotic coverage may improve the
potential for healing in the case ofpotential for healing in the case of
diabetics and other medicallydiabetics and other medically
compromised individuals.compromised individuals.
Diagnosis & treatment plan
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33. To Extract or not to ExtractTo Extract or not to Extract
Following radiation treatment:Following radiation treatment:
Increased risk of osteoradionecrosisIncreased risk of osteoradionecrosis
Wound healing compromisedWound healing compromised
Extensive periodontal surgery contraindicatedExtensive periodontal surgery contraindicated
Diagnosis & treatment plan
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34. Periodontally involved teeth exhibiting moderatePeriodontally involved teeth exhibiting moderate
to severe mobility should also be considered forto severe mobility should also be considered for
removal.removal.
Some thought must be given to the long-termSome thought must be given to the long-term
prognosis of the teeth in question.prognosis of the teeth in question.
The patient's ability and willingness to performThe patient's ability and willingness to perform
all recommended oral hygiene procedures willall recommended oral hygiene procedures will
also help determine which teeth can bealso help determine which teeth can be
maintained.maintained.
Diagnosis & treatment plan
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35. In questionable situations, it isIn questionable situations, it is
perhaps more prudent to err on theperhaps more prudent to err on the
side of aggressive tooth removalside of aggressive tooth removal
Diagnosis & treatment plan
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36. Decision to extract all remainingDecision to extract all remaining
teethteeth
Patient rendered completely edentulousPatient rendered completely edentulous
with no previous denture experience maywith no previous denture experience may
find the process of adjusting to completefind the process of adjusting to complete
dentures a difficult one.dentures a difficult one.
Soft tissues within the radiated field will beSoft tissues within the radiated field will be
easily irritated by the prosthesis.easily irritated by the prosthesis.
Lack of salivaLack of saliva
Diagnosis & treatment plan
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37. Consider maintaining strategically positioned,Consider maintaining strategically positioned,
periodontally sound teeth to be used asperiodontally sound teeth to be used as
abutments for removable partial dentures orabutments for removable partial dentures or
complete overdenturescomplete overdentures
Diagnosis & treatment plan
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38. Partially erupted or impactedPartially erupted or impacted
third molarsthird molars
Amount of time the physician oncologist is willingAmount of time the physician oncologist is willing
to allow for healing.to allow for healing.
Impactions requiring extensive bone removalImpactions requiring extensive bone removal
may take longer to heal and are at greater riskmay take longer to heal and are at greater risk
for infection, necessitating a possible delay infor infection, necessitating a possible delay in
the start of the radiation treatment.the start of the radiation treatment.
These extractions may be a greater problem inThese extractions may be a greater problem in
the older, physically compromised individualthe older, physically compromised individual
compared with a younger, healthier patient.compared with a younger, healthier patient.
Diagnosis & treatment plan
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39. Since the fully impacted tooth does notSince the fully impacted tooth does not
precipitate many major, immediateprecipitate many major, immediate
problems following radiation, the decisionproblems following radiation, the decision
to extract or not extract these teeth canto extract or not extract these teeth can
only be reached after careful review of allonly be reached after careful review of all
factors.factors.
Diagnosis & treatment plan
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40. Partially erupted teethPartially erupted teeth
previous episodes of pericoronal infectionsprevious episodes of pericoronal infections
Following radiation:Following radiation:
Trismus will limit accessTrismus will limit access
Surgery will result in a risk of compromisedSurgery will result in a risk of compromised
wound healingwound healing
It is certainly an advantage to extract theseIt is certainly an advantage to extract these
partially erupted teeth prior to radiation.partially erupted teeth prior to radiation.
Diagnosis & treatment plan
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41. Pre Radiation ProsthodonticPre Radiation Prosthodontic
CareCare
In case of previous denture wearers,In case of previous denture wearers,
regardless of the condition of theregardless of the condition of the
dentures, little definitive prosthodonticdentures, little definitive prosthodontic
care is necessary prior to radiation.care is necessary prior to radiation.
Severity of resulting mucositisSeverity of resulting mucositis
Substantial weight lossSubstantial weight loss
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42. There is little advantage to relining ill-There is little advantage to relining ill-
fitting dentures since the procedure canfitting dentures since the procedure can
be moderately expensive and will not bebe moderately expensive and will not be
a factor in patient comfort during variousa factor in patient comfort during various
stages of mucositis.stages of mucositis.
Soft, temporary reline materials, becauseSoft, temporary reline materials, because
of their surface porosity andof their surface porosity and
abrasiveness, make hygiene proceduresabrasiveness, make hygiene procedures
difficult, serve as a potential reservoir fordifficult, serve as a potential reservoir for
fungal growth, and may be a source offungal growth, and may be a source of
additional mucosal discomfort.additional mucosal discomfort.
Pre Radiation care
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43. All these factors warrant the fabricationAll these factors warrant the fabrication
of new dentures once radiation therapyof new dentures once radiation therapy
is complete.is complete.
Pre Radiation care
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44. Patients are advised that they will bePatients are advised that they will be
better served by not wearingbetter served by not wearing
denturesdentures during therapy.during therapy.
The patient must be cautioned thatThe patient must be cautioned that
continuing to wear the dentures maycontinuing to wear the dentures may
be the source of significant additionalbe the source of significant additional
mucosal irritation and lead to delayedmucosal irritation and lead to delayed
healing following the completion ofhealing following the completion of
radiation therapy.radiation therapy.
Pre Radiation care
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45. Dentate patients with metallic crowns orDentate patients with metallic crowns or
fixed partial dentures in the treatment fieldfixed partial dentures in the treatment field
may suffer significant irritation to adjacentmay suffer significant irritation to adjacent
soft tissue as a result of backscatter.soft tissue as a result of backscatter.
Use of shieldUse of shield
Pre Radiation care
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46. An increasing number of patients withAn increasing number of patients with
dental implants are being seen atdental implants are being seen at
treatment centers. Much controversytreatment centers. Much controversy
exists regarding the need to remove theexists regarding the need to remove the
implants before radiation.implants before radiation.
Pre Radiation care
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47. Dental Management DuringDental Management During
Radiation TherapyRadiation Therapy
MucositisMucositis
Loss of tasteLoss of taste
Xerostomia and Dental cariesXerostomia and Dental caries
Trismus and FibrosisTrismus and Fibrosis
Shielding and Positioning stentsShielding and Positioning stents
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48. MucositisMucositis
One of the earliest effects of radiationOne of the earliest effects of radiation
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51. Acute mucositis begins during the second or third week of radiation
therapy and subsides within 8 to 10 weeks once treatment is
completed.
MucositisMucositis
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53. Resulting pain and dysphagia make it difficult forResulting pain and dysphagia make it difficult for
the patient to eat a well balanced diet, resultingthe patient to eat a well balanced diet, resulting
in what may be a significant weight loss. It mayin what may be a significant weight loss. It may
be necessary to interrupt therapy if the weightbe necessary to interrupt therapy if the weight
loss becomes critical.loss becomes critical.
MucositisMucositis
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54. Severity of the mucositis is influenced by aSeverity of the mucositis is influenced by a
number of factors and is not alwaysnumber of factors and is not always
predictable. Patients with a history ofpredictable. Patients with a history of
alcohol abuse or smoking, for example,alcohol abuse or smoking, for example,
who continue these habits during radiationwho continue these habits during radiation
suffer the greatest morbidity.suffer the greatest morbidity.
MucositisMucositis
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55. Methods to help alleviate theMethods to help alleviate the
patient’s discomfortpatient’s discomfort
Most significant being good oral hygieneMost significant being good oral hygiene
(Flemming 1990)(Flemming 1990)
Frequent daily cleaning of the teeth with aFrequent daily cleaning of the teeth with a
soft brush and mild tasting toothpaste.soft brush and mild tasting toothpaste.
MucositisMucositis
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57. Frequent oral rinses with aFrequent oral rinses with a combination ofcombination of
salt and sodium bicarbonate in water orsalt and sodium bicarbonate in water or
dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide anddilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide and
waterwater
Other therapies have included rinsing withOther therapies have included rinsing with
Benadryl elixirs, sucrafate solutions, andBenadryl elixirs, sucrafate solutions, and
topicaltopical anesthetics.anesthetics.
MucositisMucositis
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59. Loss of tasteLoss of taste
Occurs rapidly during the first week or two ofOccurs rapidly during the first week or two of
treatmenttreatment
Gradually returns to normal once the treatmentGradually returns to normal once the treatment
course is completed.course is completed.
Possible contributing factors:Possible contributing factors:
Damage to taste buds and microvilliDamage to taste buds and microvilli
Disrupted innervation as a result of the radiationDisrupted innervation as a result of the radiation
Lack of salivaLack of saliva
Additional cause of weight loss during therapy.Additional cause of weight loss during therapy.
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60. XerostomiaXerostomia
Changes in the quantity and quality of salivaChanges in the quantity and quality of saliva
as a result of radiation have beenas a result of radiation have been
documented in the dental literature (Brown etdocumented in the dental literature (Brown et
al, 1978).al, 1978). www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
63. Beginning withBeginning with
the first course ofthe first course of
treatment,treatment,
salivary flow ratessalivary flow rates
decrease,decrease,
eventuallyeventually
reaching as lowreaching as low
as 1% of normal.as 1% of normal.
XerostomiaXerostomia
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66. The patient experiences a need toThe patient experiences a need to
continually lubricate the mouth and iscontinually lubricate the mouth and is
forced to ingest large quantities of fluid toforced to ingest large quantities of fluid to
aid in swallowing at mealtimes.aid in swallowing at mealtimes.
There is a disconcerting change in eatingThere is a disconcerting change in eating
habits with an increased intake of soft,habits with an increased intake of soft,
moist foods.moist foods.
XerostomiaXerostomia
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67. Food debris accumulates on the oralFood debris accumulates on the oral
mucosa and teeth because of themucosa and teeth because of the
absence of theabsence of the self-cleansing actionself-cleansing action
of saliva, making oral hygiene muchof saliva, making oral hygiene much
more difficult.more difficult.
XerostomiaXerostomia
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68. Attempts have been made to stimulateAttempts have been made to stimulate
salivary flow rates with sialogogues such assalivary flow rates with sialogogues such as
pilocarpine and antholetrithione (Fox et al,pilocarpine and antholetrithione (Fox et al,
1986).1986).
There is no concrete evidence that the drugsThere is no concrete evidence that the drugs
are effective in those individuals receivingare effective in those individuals receiving
high doses of radiation to all major salivaryhigh doses of radiation to all major salivary
glands.glands.
XerostomiaXerostomia
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69. Saliva substitutes have been developed inSaliva substitutes have been developed in
an effort to alleviate the discomfort andan effort to alleviate the discomfort and
harmful effects of xerostomia.harmful effects of xerostomia.
These products consist primarily ofThese products consist primarily of
carboxymethylcellulose with various saltscarboxymethylcellulose with various salts
and flavoring agents added.and flavoring agents added.
XerostomiaXerostomia
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70. Results with the use of the substitutes areResults with the use of the substitutes are
mixed, related more to the subjectivemixed, related more to the subjective
preference of the patient than to anypreference of the patient than to any
appreciable therapeutic effect.appreciable therapeutic effect.
XerostomiaXerostomia
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71. Along with xerostomia, there is aAlong with xerostomia, there is a
concomitant increase in the numbers ofconcomitant increase in the numbers of
acidogenic and cariogenicacidogenic and cariogenic
microorganisms and a decrease inmicroorganisms and a decrease in
noncariogenic microorganisms resulting innoncariogenic microorganisms resulting in
a severe, aggressive form of dental caries.a severe, aggressive form of dental caries.
Radiation cariesRadiation caries
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76. The most effective method of treating thisThe most effective method of treating this
condition was through the daily use of topicalcondition was through the daily use of topical
applications of fluoride (Dreizen et al, 1977).applications of fluoride (Dreizen et al, 1977).
Both stannous or sodium fluoride have beenBoth stannous or sodium fluoride have been
used in a variety of forms (gels, rinses, andused in a variety of forms (gels, rinses, and
toothpastes) with significant success.toothpastes) with significant success.
Gels used with a tray are reported to betterGels used with a tray are reported to better
cover all tooth surfaces than either fluoridecover all tooth surfaces than either fluoride
rinses or gels applied with a brush.rinses or gels applied with a brush.
Radiation cariesRadiation caries
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78. Neutral sodium fluoride
preferred over stannous
fluoride which can be
more irritating.
Radiation cariesRadiation caries
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80. The use of a tray as a carrier simplifies theThe use of a tray as a carrier simplifies the
fluoride application procedure andfluoride application procedure and
improves patient compliance, achieving aimproves patient compliance, achieving a
better overall effect.better overall effect.
Radiation cariesRadiation caries
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82. Patients must be made to understand thatPatients must be made to understand that
they will need to use fluoride once a day,they will need to use fluoride once a day,
every day for the remainder of their lives.every day for the remainder of their lives.
Discontinuing the fluoride applications,Discontinuing the fluoride applications,
even for short periods of time, may resulteven for short periods of time, may result
in renewed cariogenic activity.in renewed cariogenic activity.
Radiation cariesRadiation caries
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83. Trismus and FibrosisTrismus and Fibrosis
Begins shortly after radiation begins.Begins shortly after radiation begins.
Clinically, the patient gradually loses the abilityClinically, the patient gradually loses the ability
to open the mouth.to open the mouth.
The condition may be exacerbated by surgeryThe condition may be exacerbated by surgery
prior to radiation and by radiation fields whichprior to radiation and by radiation fields which
include muscle of mastication or the TMJ.include muscle of mastication or the TMJ.
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86. It may make eating difficult and theIt may make eating difficult and the
performance of dental procedures almostperformance of dental procedures almost
impossible.impossible.
TrismusTrismus
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87. Primary treatmentPrimary treatment
involves exercising theinvolves exercising the
muscles.muscles.
Positive results arePositive results are
more easily attainedmore easily attained
with dentate patient.with dentate patient.
ImprovementImprovement
regardless of theregardless of the
exercise program is notexercise program is not
permanent and maypermanent and may
regress over a period ofregress over a period of
even a few hours.even a few hours.
TrismusTrismus
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88. Use of Tongue bladesUse of Tongue blades
The simplest and theThe simplest and the
least expensiveleast expensive
methodmethod
A number of tongueA number of tongue
blades are placed onblades are placed on
the occlusal surfacethe occlusal surface
of posterior teeth.of posterior teeth.
The patient isThe patient is
instructed to pauseinstructed to pause
for a few minutesfor a few minutes
before placing eachbefore placing each
additional blade.additional blade.
TrismusTrismus
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90. As trismus becomes chronic, there is anAs trismus becomes chronic, there is an
appreciable amount of discomfort involved inappreciable amount of discomfort involved in
performing the exercises, regardless of theperforming the exercises, regardless of the
method used, resulting in patientmethod used, resulting in patient
noncompliance.noncompliance.
Chronic trismus gradually becomes fibrosis ofChronic trismus gradually becomes fibrosis of
the elevator muscles and at this late stage is notthe elevator muscles and at this late stage is not
amenable to stretching as a solution.amenable to stretching as a solution.
Exercise must begin early in treatment, andExercise must begin early in treatment, and
results are predicated on the patient'sresults are predicated on the patient's
willingness to cope with the exercise regimen.willingness to cope with the exercise regimen.
TrismusTrismus
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91. Shielding and PositioningShielding and Positioning
StentsStents
In an effort to minimize morbidity associatedIn an effort to minimize morbidity associated
with radiation to the oral cavity, soft tissueswith radiation to the oral cavity, soft tissues
not directly involved with tumor can benot directly involved with tumor can be
displaced or shielded (Kaanders et al, 1992).displaced or shielded (Kaanders et al, 1992).
Frequent use of a tongue blade taped to aFrequent use of a tongue blade taped to a
cork, for example, when treating lesions incork, for example, when treating lesions in
involving the tongue. This simple device, ininvolving the tongue. This simple device, in
effect, lowers the mandible and tongue,effect, lowers the mandible and tongue,
preventing radiation to the non affectedpreventing radiation to the non affected
parotid gland and maxilla to some degree.parotid gland and maxilla to some degree.
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92. Over time, dental oncologists inOver time, dental oncologists in
cooperation with radiation therapists havecooperation with radiation therapists have
developed more sophisticated shieldingdeveloped more sophisticated shielding
and positioning devices that have provenand positioning devices that have proven
to be useful in limiting radiation effects.to be useful in limiting radiation effects.
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93. Positioning StentsPositioning Stents
One of the most frequently used positioningOne of the most frequently used positioning
stents serves to lower the tongue and places it instents serves to lower the tongue and places it in
a repeatable position during therapy.a repeatable position during therapy.
Since the stent also serves to separate theSince the stent also serves to separate the
mandible and maxilla in an open position,mandible and maxilla in an open position,
maxillary structures such as the palate, uppermaxillary structures such as the palate, upper
gingiva, and buccal mucosa are spared radiationgingiva, and buccal mucosa are spared radiation
effects.effects.
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94. Maxillary and mandibular impressions areMaxillary and mandibular impressions are
made with irreversible hydrocolloid.made with irreversible hydrocolloid.
In the case of the completely edentulousIn the case of the completely edentulous
patient, the impressions must be properlypatient, the impressions must be properly
extended to ensure stability of the finalizedextended to ensure stability of the finalized
bases.bases.
Positioning stentsPositioning stents
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95. An interocclusal record is obtained at theAn interocclusal record is obtained at the
widest opening necessary to ensure thatwidest opening necessary to ensure that
maxillary structures are not included in themaxillary structures are not included in the
treatment field.treatment field.
Casts are recovered and mounted on aCasts are recovered and mounted on a
simple articulator.simple articulator.
Positioning stentsPositioning stents
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96. Baseplate wax is softened and placed over the incisal
and occlusal surfaces of all the teeth.
Two pillars that join the maxillary and mandibular
segments and maintain the open interocclusal
relationship are fabricated in wax.
Positioning stentsPositioning stents
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97. Two sheets of baseplate wax are then attached to
the right and left sides of the mandibular
segment. This flat sheet extends posteriorly as far
as tolerable, covering the entire tongue and
maintaining it in the appropriate treatment
position.
Positioning stentsPositioning stents
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98. Positioning stentsPositioning stents
An opening in the anterior portion of the
stent between the pillars acts as a shell
upon which the tip of the tongue rests and
serves to help maintain a repeatable
tongue position.
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100. Shielding StentsShielding Stents
It is possible when treating tumorsIt is possible when treating tumors
of the buccal mucosa, skin, orof the buccal mucosa, skin, or
alveolar ridge with electron beamalveolar ridge with electron beam
therapy to protect uninvolvedtherapy to protect uninvolved
adjacent structures by means of aadjacent structures by means of a
shielding stent.shielding stent.
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101. It is known that a 1 cm thickness of aIt is known that a 1 cm thickness of a
Lipowitz alloy (Cerrobend, CerrometalLipowitz alloy (Cerrobend, Cerrometal
Products, Bellefort, PA) consisting ofProducts, Bellefort, PA) consisting of
silver, copper, tin, antimony, and lead willsilver, copper, tin, antimony, and lead will
effectively reduce an 18 MeV electroneffectively reduce an 18 MeV electron
beam by approximately 95%.beam by approximately 95%.
The metal is only effective, however, whenThe metal is only effective, however, when
electrons are used.electrons are used.
Shielding stentsShielding stents
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102. Generally, an acrylic resin stent is made.Generally, an acrylic resin stent is made.
A portion of the stent is removed and theA portion of the stent is removed and the
metal is heated, poured into the preparedmetal is heated, poured into the prepared
recess, and allowed to cool.recess, and allowed to cool.
The metal is then covered with a layer ofThe metal is then covered with a layer of
acrylic resin to prevent back scatter toacrylic resin to prevent back scatter to
adjacent tissue.adjacent tissue.
Shielding stentsShielding stents
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104. Maxillary and mandibular impressions are madeMaxillary and mandibular impressions are made
using a combination of modeling plastic andusing a combination of modeling plastic and
irreversible hydrocolloid in an effort to displaceirreversible hydrocolloid in an effort to displace
the tongue laterally.the tongue laterally.
An interocclusal wax record is made in centricAn interocclusal wax record is made in centric
relation at a slightly opened vertical dimension.relation at a slightly opened vertical dimension.
The impressions are poured and the recoveredThe impressions are poured and the recovered
casts are mounted on a simple articulator in thecasts are mounted on a simple articulator in the
open position.open position.
Shielding stentsShielding stents
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105. Baseplate-wax is placed over the mandibularBaseplate-wax is placed over the mandibular
teeth on the side to be treated, and theteeth on the side to be treated, and the
articulator is closed to form an index of botharticulator is closed to form an index of both
maxillary and mandibular teeth.maxillary and mandibular teeth.
A wax bolus is formed and attached to theA wax bolus is formed and attached to the
occlusal index. The bolus should extendocclusal index. The bolus should extend
approximately 1 to 2 cm lingually and contactapproximately 1 to 2 cm lingually and contact
both the palate and the floor of the mouth.both the palate and the floor of the mouth.
The lingual surface of the stent is made as flatThe lingual surface of the stent is made as flat
as possible.as possible.
Shielding stentsShielding stents
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106. The waxed stent should be tried in the mouth toThe waxed stent should be tried in the mouth to
confirm appropriate extension posteriorly andconfirm appropriate extension posteriorly and
sufficient displacement of the tongue.sufficient displacement of the tongue.
Once the shape has been confirmed, the waxedOnce the shape has been confirmed, the waxed
stent is flasked and processed in clear, heat-stent is flasked and processed in clear, heat-
cured or autopolymerizing acrylic resin.cured or autopolymerizing acrylic resin.
The stent is recovered and polished as carefullyThe stent is recovered and polished as carefully
as possible, making certain that no sharp edgesas possible, making certain that no sharp edges
or rough surfaces exist.or rough surfaces exist.
Shielding stentsShielding stents
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107. A recess, extending within 8 to 10 mm of theA recess, extending within 8 to 10 mm of the
entire circumference of the stent, is cut into theentire circumference of the stent, is cut into the
resin to an appropriate uniform depth dependentresin to an appropriate uniform depth dependent
on the megavoltage of the electrons to be used.on the megavoltage of the electrons to be used.
The Cerrobend is heated and the molten metalThe Cerrobend is heated and the molten metal
poured in the hollowed portion of the stent. Thepoured in the hollowed portion of the stent. The
metal melts at 158°F, at which temperature themetal melts at 158°F, at which temperature the
acrylic resin will not be damaged.acrylic resin will not be damaged.
Shielding stentsShielding stents
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108. After cooling, the patient's name can be cut intoAfter cooling, the patient's name can be cut into
the metal surface with a round bur forthe metal surface with a round bur for
identification purposes.identification purposes.
The exposed metal is covered with additionalThe exposed metal is covered with additional
acrylic resin to prevent the metal from contactingacrylic resin to prevent the metal from contacting
mucosal surfaces and to minimize backscatter.mucosal surfaces and to minimize backscatter.
The completed stent is tried in the mouth inThe completed stent is tried in the mouth in
consultation with the radiation therapist.consultation with the radiation therapist.
Shielding stentsShielding stents
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110. Dental Management FollowingDental Management Following
RadiationRadiation
Mucositis and Loss of TasteMucositis and Loss of Taste
Xerostomia and dental cariesXerostomia and dental caries
CandidiasisCandidiasis
Trismus and FibrosisTrismus and Fibrosis
Dental ExtractionsDental Extractions
OsteoradionecrosisOsteoradionecrosis
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112. CandidiasisCandidiasis
Xerostomic conditions and the change inXerostomic conditions and the change in
normal oral flora are thought to be thenormal oral flora are thought to be the
causes of increased propensity for thiscauses of increased propensity for this
infectioninfection
One of the early symptoms is anOne of the early symptoms is an
abnormally sore or burning mouth.abnormally sore or burning mouth.
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113. Clinical examination mayClinical examination may
reveal some generalizedreveal some generalized
inflammation involving theinflammation involving the
palate and cheeks, butpalate and cheeks, but
lacking the whitishlacking the whitish
patches generallypatches generally
associated with Candida.associated with Candida.
Since irradiated tissueSince irradiated tissue
may chronically exhibitmay chronically exhibit
some erythema, bacterialsome erythema, bacterial
and fungal culturesand fungal cultures
should be taken toshould be taken to
confirm the presence ofconfirm the presence of
Candida.Candida.
CandidiasisCandidiasis
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114. If cultures are positive for the fungus,If cultures are positive for the fungus,
troches or rinses containing chlotrimazole ortroches or rinses containing chlotrimazole or
nystatin are prescribed.nystatin are prescribed.
It has been suggested that meticulous oralIt has been suggested that meticulous oral
hygiene and frequent rinsing with salt andhygiene and frequent rinsing with salt and
soda or dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxidesoda or dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide
may have a preventive effect.may have a preventive effect.
Some clinicians have reported daily rinsesSome clinicians have reported daily rinses
with chlorhexidine to be beneficial.with chlorhexidine to be beneficial.
CandidiasisCandidiasis
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115. Clinical experience has demonstrated thatClinical experience has demonstrated that
Candida may be harbored in or on theCandida may be harbored in or on the
surface of dentures or obturators and playsurface of dentures or obturators and play
a role in chronic reinfection.a role in chronic reinfection.
Soaking prostheses in an antifungalSoaking prostheses in an antifungal
solution of dilute hypochlorite for completesolution of dilute hypochlorite for complete
dentures has proven to be an effectivedentures has proven to be an effective
preventative measure.preventative measure.
CandidiasisCandidiasis
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116. Dental ExtractionsDental Extractions
Patients receiving cancericidal doses ofPatients receiving cancericidal doses of
radiation to the mandible or maxilla experienceradiation to the mandible or maxilla experience
diminished ability to heal when even mild traumadiminished ability to heal when even mild trauma
causes loss of mucosal integrity and subsequentcauses loss of mucosal integrity and subsequent
exposure of devitalized bone. This condition,exposure of devitalized bone. This condition,
defined as osteoradionecrosis (ORN).defined as osteoradionecrosis (ORN).
Any oral surgery procedures performed followingAny oral surgery procedures performed following
radiation may result in delayed wound healingradiation may result in delayed wound healing
accompanied by considerable pain andaccompanied by considerable pain and
discomfort.discomfort.
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117. Well-planned surgical studies usingWell-planned surgical studies using
antibiotics and precise techniques reportantibiotics and precise techniques report
incidences of ORN from as little as 1% toincidences of ORN from as little as 1% to
as high as 30%.as high as 30%.
Dental ExtractionsDental Extractions
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118. It has been suggested that extremelyIt has been suggested that extremely
mobile, periodontally compromised teethmobile, periodontally compromised teeth
can be safely removed with minimal risk ofcan be safely removed with minimal risk of
developing ORN.developing ORN.
Localized periapical or periodontalLocalized periapical or periodontal
infection can be managed conservativelyinfection can be managed conservatively
with antibiotics, avoiding the immediatewith antibiotics, avoiding the immediate
need for tooth removal.need for tooth removal.
Dental ExtractionsDental Extractions
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119. In situations involving single teeth, endodonticsIn situations involving single teeth, endodontics
should be considered an option even when theshould be considered an option even when the
tooth is considered non restorable.tooth is considered non restorable.
Following endodontic therapy, the badlyFollowing endodontic therapy, the badly
decayed tooth crown is amputated to preventdecayed tooth crown is amputated to prevent
irritation to the tongue or cheek and the exposedirritation to the tongue or cheek and the exposed
portion of the root canal is scaled with aportion of the root canal is scaled with a
permanent restoration.permanent restoration.
A tooth managed in this manner may serve noA tooth managed in this manner may serve no
function but, more important, extraction isfunction but, more important, extraction is
avoided.avoided.
Dental ExtractionsDental Extractions
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120. Teeth located in areas not included in theTeeth located in areas not included in the
radiation fields can be extracted safely.radiation fields can be extracted safely.
All too frequently, patients present whoAll too frequently, patients present who
have need of multiple extractions.With thehave need of multiple extractions.With the
use of hyperbaric oxygen, extensive oraluse of hyperbaric oxygen, extensive oral
surgery can be performed with asurgery can be performed with a
substantially diminished risk of necrosissubstantially diminished risk of necrosis
(Marx, 1983).(Marx, 1983).
Dental ExtractionsDental Extractions
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122. Hyperbaric protocols involve a series of upHyperbaric protocols involve a series of up
to 20 "dives" before and after surgery in ato 20 "dives" before and after surgery in a
small, sealed hyperbaric chamber. Eachsmall, sealed hyperbaric chamber. Each
daily dive is 90 minutes long.daily dive is 90 minutes long.
Teeth are extracted following the initial 20Teeth are extracted following the initial 20
dives.dives.
Dental ExtractionsDental Extractions
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123. Extractions are generally performed in theExtractions are generally performed in the
operating room.operating room.
Necessary surgery including extractions,Necessary surgery including extractions,
alveolectomies, and tori removal arealveolectomies, and tori removal are
completed using atraumatic technique.completed using atraumatic technique.
The wounds are closed primarily.The wounds are closed primarily.
Dental ExtractionsDental Extractions
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124. Following the surgical procedures, theFollowing the surgical procedures, the
patient returns for the completion of thepatient returns for the completion of the
second phase of the hyperbaricsecond phase of the hyperbaric
protocol.protocol.
Additional dives may be necessary ifAdditional dives may be necessary if
wound healing is not complete.wound healing is not complete.
Dental ExtractionsDental Extractions
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126. OsteoradionecrosisOsteoradionecrosis
It has been proposed in the past that ORNIt has been proposed in the past that ORN
may result from trauma, exposure ofmay result from trauma, exposure of
radiated bone, and infection.radiated bone, and infection.
Others have more recently advocated thatOthers have more recently advocated that
the cause may be related to thethe cause may be related to the
hypovascular, hypocellular, and hypoxichypovascular, hypocellular, and hypoxic
conditions that exist in bone followingconditions that exist in bone following
radiation.radiation.
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127. Although trauma is thought by some to beAlthough trauma is thought by some to be
a necessary initiating factor, numerousa necessary initiating factor, numerous
spontaneous cases of ORN have beenspontaneous cases of ORN have been
reported.reported.
The type of radiation treatment employed,The type of radiation treatment employed,
dosage, and tissue volume involved aredosage, and tissue volume involved are
also considered contributing factors.also considered contributing factors.
OsteoradionecrosisOsteoradionecrosis
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128. Clinical observation indicates ORN isClinical observation indicates ORN is
more prevalent in the mandible thanmore prevalent in the mandible than
maxilla.maxilla.
Improved radiation techniques and betterImproved radiation techniques and better
cooperation between dentist and radiationcooperation between dentist and radiation
oncologist have reduced the incidences ofoncologist have reduced the incidences of
ORN from highs in the 1960s of 32% toORN from highs in the 1960s of 32% to
about 9% today.about 9% today.
OsteoradionecrosisOsteoradionecrosis
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129. Clinical examination will generally reveal aClinical examination will generally reveal a
soft tissue ulcer and an area of exposedsoft tissue ulcer and an area of exposed
bone.bone.
Any such wound should be viewed withAny such wound should be viewed with
suspicion, and the possibility of recurrentsuspicion, and the possibility of recurrent
tumor must be ruled out.tumor must be ruled out.
OsteoradionecrosisOsteoradionecrosis
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131. Initial treatment should be conservative.Initial treatment should be conservative.
The lesion is carefully cleansed and anyThe lesion is carefully cleansed and any
small sequestered bony fragments aresmall sequestered bony fragments are
carefully removed.carefully removed.
Oral hygiene procedures are reviewed andOral hygiene procedures are reviewed and
the patient is asked to rinse frequently withthe patient is asked to rinse frequently with
dilute hydrogen peroxide or a salt anddilute hydrogen peroxide or a salt and
soda solution in an effort to keep the areasoda solution in an effort to keep the area
moist and clean.moist and clean.
OsteoradionecrosisOsteoradionecrosis
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132. Dentures, if present, are relieved over theDentures, if present, are relieved over the
affected area, and the patient may beaffected area, and the patient may be
cautioned to use the dentures only whilecautioned to use the dentures only while
eating.eating.
Conversely, it is thought by some that theConversely, it is thought by some that the
denture serves to protect the wound anddenture serves to protect the wound and
prevent further irritation from movementsprevent further irritation from movements
of the tongue.of the tongue.
OsteoradionecrosisOsteoradionecrosis
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133. Following initial treatment, the patient isFollowing initial treatment, the patient is
seen at frequent intervals to evaluate theseen at frequent intervals to evaluate the
wound and reinforce home carewound and reinforce home care
procedures.procedures.
When sequestra are evident, they may beWhen sequestra are evident, they may be
judiciously removed and the area keptjudiciously removed and the area kept
smooth to avoid irritation to surroundingsmooth to avoid irritation to surrounding
tissues.tissues.
OsteoradionecrosisOsteoradionecrosis
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134. Unfortunately, healing does not alwaysUnfortunately, healing does not always
occur with conservative treatment.occur with conservative treatment.
The non responsive affected area willThe non responsive affected area will
enlarge with time, be subject to moreenlarge with time, be subject to more
frequent severe infection, and causefrequent severe infection, and cause
considerable pain.considerable pain.
Pathologic fracture of the mandible mayPathologic fracture of the mandible may
also be a finding.also be a finding.
OsteoradionecrosisOsteoradionecrosis
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135. In these situations the patient is referred forIn these situations the patient is referred for
hyperbaric oxygen therapy.hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
After the initial series of dives, surgery, in mostAfter the initial series of dives, surgery, in most
instances, is performed followed by a secondinstances, is performed followed by a second
series of dives.series of dives.
Substantial portions of the mandible may beSubstantial portions of the mandible may be
removed leading to discontinuity defects.removed leading to discontinuity defects.
Mandibular reconstruction using microvascularMandibular reconstruction using microvascular
surgical techniques may be necessary to restoresurgical techniques may be necessary to restore
patient function.patient function.
OsteoradionecrosisOsteoradionecrosis
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136. Prosthodontic ManagementProsthodontic Management
Patients treated with radiation sufferPatients treated with radiation suffer
substantial changes to the oral mucosasubstantial changes to the oral mucosa
and are often candidates for newand are often candidates for new
complete or partial dentures.complete or partial dentures.
The oral soft tissue must be adequatelyThe oral soft tissue must be adequately
healed before necessary prosthodontichealed before necessary prosthodontic
procedures can be initiated.procedures can be initiated.
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137. Since trauma caused by denturesSince trauma caused by dentures
may increase the potential risk ofmay increase the potential risk of
mucosal irritation and subsequentmucosal irritation and subsequent
bone exposure, some havebone exposure, some have
suggested waiting at least 6 monthssuggested waiting at least 6 months
to a year before dentures areto a year before dentures are
contemplated.contemplated.
Prosthodontic management
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138. Clinical experience has demonstrated thatClinical experience has demonstrated that
dentures can be made for somedentures can be made for some
individuals in a matter of 2 or 3 monthsindividuals in a matter of 2 or 3 months
following radiation with little complication.following radiation with little complication.
Conversely, some patients will never wearConversely, some patients will never wear
dentures successfully because of radiationdentures successfully because of radiation
effects.effects.
Prosthodontic management
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139. Dentures should be carefully fabricatedDentures should be carefully fabricated
using conventional prosthodonticsusing conventional prosthodontics
techniques.techniques.
The dentist may be well served by using aThe dentist may be well served by using a
familiar technique, thereby avoiding thefamiliar technique, thereby avoiding the
need for multiple remakes and anneed for multiple remakes and an
unpredictable result.unpredictable result.
Prosthodontic management
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140. It has been reported that plaster or zincIt has been reported that plaster or zinc
oxide may cause some discomfort relatedoxide may cause some discomfort related
to tissue friability and the lack of saliva.to tissue friability and the lack of saliva.
Prosthodontic management
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141. Denture border extensions are developedDenture border extensions are developed
with modeling plastic.with modeling plastic.
This material must be properly temperedThis material must be properly tempered
prior to placement in the mouth to preventprior to placement in the mouth to prevent
soft tissue irritation.soft tissue irritation.
Soft tissues are manipulated as gently asSoft tissues are manipulated as gently as
possible during the impression process.possible during the impression process.
Prosthodontic management
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142. A closed vertical dimension is believed to placeA closed vertical dimension is believed to place
less stress on the alveolar ridges during functionless stress on the alveolar ridges during function
and parafunction and may also be an advantageand parafunction and may also be an advantage
in positioning the denture should trismus orin positioning the denture should trismus or
fibrosis develop.fibrosis develop.
Prosthodontic management
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143. The plastic, monoplane tooth is frequentlyThe plastic, monoplane tooth is frequently
the tooth of choice.the tooth of choice.
Prosthodontic management
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144. A well-balanced, non interferingA well-balanced, non interfering
occlusion is an absolute necessityocclusion is an absolute necessity
regardless of the tooth form used.regardless of the tooth form used.
Prosthodontic management
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145. Soft materials have been suggested forSoft materials have been suggested for
use as denture bases.use as denture bases.
These materials have offered littleThese materials have offered little
advantage over hard base materialsadvantage over hard base materials
because of their coarse surface andbecause of their coarse surface and
propensity for support of fungal growth.propensity for support of fungal growth.
Prosthodontic management
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146. Delivery procedures must be meticulouslyDelivery procedures must be meticulously
performed.performed.
Indicating paste is used to identify theIndicating paste is used to identify the
areas of excessive pressure.areas of excessive pressure.
Denture borders should be carefullyDenture borders should be carefully
evaluated for areas of overextension,evaluated for areas of overextension,
paying special attention to thepaying special attention to the
retromylohyoid area.retromylohyoid area.
Prosthodontic management
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147. The dentures should be highly polished.The dentures should be highly polished.
Some clinicians advocate that the tissue-bearingSome clinicians advocate that the tissue-bearing
surface of the denture also be polished tosurface of the denture also be polished to
eliminate any surface roughness in an effort toeliminate any surface roughness in an effort to
minimize tissue irritationminimize tissue irritation
Prosthodontic management
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148. The patient should be advised regardingThe patient should be advised regarding
the effect xerostomia and compromisedthe effect xerostomia and compromised
mucosa have on the potential formucosa have on the potential for
prosthodontic success and should beprosthodontic success and should be
cautioned to remove the dentures if anycautioned to remove the dentures if any
soreness or irritation develop and to seesoreness or irritation develop and to see
the dentist as quickly as possible.the dentist as quickly as possible.
Prosthodontic management
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149. The benefits of removing the dentures whileThe benefits of removing the dentures while
asleep and maintaining appropriate oral hygieneasleep and maintaining appropriate oral hygiene
procedures must be explained.procedures must be explained.
Prosthodontic management
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150. Additionally, the patient must be seen atAdditionally, the patient must be seen at
frequent intervals during the first fewfrequent intervals during the first few
weeks allowing delivery of the dentures.weeks allowing delivery of the dentures.
Two appointments a week provide ampleTwo appointments a week provide ample
opportunity to intercept any problems thatopportunity to intercept any problems that
may develop.may develop.
Prosthodontic management
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151. Implants in the irradiated boneImplants in the irradiated bone
The long term function of osseointegratedThe long term function of osseointegrated
implants is dependent on the presence ofimplants is dependent on the presence of
viable bone that is capable of remodelingviable bone that is capable of remodeling
as the implant is subjected to the stressesas the implant is subjected to the stresses
associated with the support of a prostheticassociated with the support of a prosthetic
restoration.restoration.
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152. When implants are considered for theWhen implants are considered for the
irradiated patient, several issues requireirradiated patient, several issues require
careful assessment:careful assessment:
Risk of osteoradionecrosis.Risk of osteoradionecrosis.
Potential benefit provided by implantsPotential benefit provided by implants
Potential morbidity associated with implantPotential morbidity associated with implant
failurefailure
Possible use of HBO as an adjunct treatment.Possible use of HBO as an adjunct treatment.
Implants in the irradiated boneImplants in the irradiated bone
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153. The predictability of endosseous implantsThe predictability of endosseous implants
in irradiated bone depends upon:in irradiated bone depends upon:
Selected anatomic siteSelected anatomic site
Dosage to the siteDosage to the site
Use of HBOUse of HBO
Timing of implant placement in relation to theTiming of implant placement in relation to the
radiation treatment.radiation treatment.
Implants in the irradiated boneImplants in the irradiated bone
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154. A study by Larsen et al demonstrated thatA study by Larsen et al demonstrated that
the mean integration of implants placed inthe mean integration of implants placed in
a non-irradiated group of dogs wasa non-irradiated group of dogs was
significantly greater than in an irradiatedsignificantly greater than in an irradiated
group.group.
Implants in the irradiated boneImplants in the irradiated bone
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155. Asikainen et al showed that in an experimentalAsikainen et al showed that in an experimental
dog model, implant survival was dose related.dog model, implant survival was dose related.
The animals received 4000, 5000, or 6000 cGy,The animals received 4000, 5000, or 6000 cGy,
and implants were placed 2 months later. After 4and implants were placed 2 months later. After 4
months of osseointegration, the implants weremonths of osseointegration, the implants were
loaded for 6 months.loaded for 6 months.
The success rates were 100% in the 4,000 cGyThe success rates were 100% in the 4,000 cGy
group, 20% in the 5,000 cGy group, and 0% ingroup, 20% in the 5,000 cGy group, and 0% in
the 6,000-cGy group.the 6,000-cGy group.
Implants in the irradiated boneImplants in the irradiated bone
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156. Parel and Tjellstroerrv in a survey ofParel and Tjellstroerrv in a survey of
centers in the United States and Sweden,centers in the United States and Sweden,
reported 64.7% and 57% success rates,reported 64.7% and 57% success rates,
respectively, for extraoral implants placedrespectively, for extraoral implants placed
in irradiated facial bones.in irradiated facial bones.
Implants in the irradiated boneImplants in the irradiated bone
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157. Roumanas et alRoumanas et al reported resultsreported results
accumulated over 14 years for craniofacialaccumulated over 14 years for craniofacial
implants placed in the facial skeleton toimplants placed in the facial skeleton to
retain facial prostheses.retain facial prostheses.
The success rate of implants placed inThe success rate of implants placed in
irradiated bone was 52%, versus 85% forirradiated bone was 52%, versus 85% for
those placed in nonirradiated bone.those placed in nonirradiated bone.
Long-term success rates in the irradiatedLong-term success rates in the irradiated
orbit were particularly low (27%).orbit were particularly low (27%).
Implants in the irradiated boneImplants in the irradiated bone
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158. Marx’s ProtocolMarx’s Protocol
20 dives before and 10 after implant placement20 dives before and 10 after implant placement
at 2.4 atmospheric pressure for 90 minutes.at 2.4 atmospheric pressure for 90 minutes.
Niimi et al conducted a nationwide survey inNiimi et al conducted a nationwide survey in
Japan on oral implants placed followingJapan on oral implants placed following
radiation. The success rate for implants placedradiation. The success rate for implants placed
in the maxilla without HBO was 62.5%; thein the maxilla without HBO was 62.5%; the
success rate for maxillary implants that receivedsuccess rate for maxillary implants that received
HBO treatment was 80%.HBO treatment was 80%.
Implants in the irradiated boneImplants in the irradiated bone
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159. Irradiation of Implants in BoneIrradiation of Implants in Bone
Irradiation of titanium implants already inIrradiation of titanium implants already in
place results in backscatter; therefore, theplace results in backscatter; therefore, the
tissues on the ra-diation source side of thetissues on the ra-diation source side of the
implants receive a higher dose than theimplants receive a higher dose than the
other tissues in the field.other tissues in the field.
The dose is increased by about 15% at 1The dose is increased by about 15% at 1
mm from the implant.mm from the implant.
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160. ConclusionConclusion
Dental management of the irradiated patient is aDental management of the irradiated patient is a
serious undertaking since the standard of careserious undertaking since the standard of care
certainly has an effect on the patient's quality ofcertainly has an effect on the patient's quality of
life. Dentists assuming the responsibility forlife. Dentists assuming the responsibility for
treating this group must be willing to make a long,treating this group must be willing to make a long,
term commitment to each individual patient's care.term commitment to each individual patient's care.
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161. They must also have an understanding ofThey must also have an understanding of
basic radiation and dental oncologybasic radiation and dental oncology
techniques and their own limitations.techniques and their own limitations.
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162. REFERENCES
• Clinical Maxillofacial Prosthetics – Thomas D.
Taylor
• Maxillofacial Prosthetics - WR Laney.
• Maxillofacial Prosthetics : Multidisciplinary Practice
– Chalian, Drane & Standish.
• Radiation therapy for oral cavity cancer. DCNA
1990;34(2):205-222.
• Oral tissue changes of radiation oncology and their
management. DCNA 1990;34(2):223-238.
163. • Fleming TJ, Rambach SC. A tongue shielding
radiation stent. J Prosthet Dent 1983;48:389-392.
• Marx RE. A new concept in treatment of
osteoradionecrosis. J oral maxillofac Surg
1983;41:351-356.
• Marx RE. Osteoradionecrosis: A new concept in
its pathophysiology. J oral Maxillofac Surg
1986;41:283-287.
• Oral management of a radiotherapy patient.
DCNA 2004.
164. • Oral Tissue and radiation. JPD
1963;72-84.
• Implants in qualitatively
compromised bone. Watzenick 2nd
ed.
Editor's Notes
The edges of the tray should be made as smooth as possible to avoid soft tissue irritation. This is an important step since the patient will be expected to use the carrier during therapy while experiencing severe mucositis.