This document provides an overview of radiation safety topics for medical residents and fellows at UTHSC-H, including settings with potential radiation exposure, how to minimize exposure, typical dose levels, and monitoring requirements. It discusses which specialties may involve radiation exposure above 10% of limits, requiring monitoring. It aims to educate trainees on safely managing radiation use for patients and personnel by understanding dose limits, biological effects, and minimizing exposure through time, distance and shielding.
Radiation protection and personnel monitoring devicesRubiSapkota
This document discusses radiation protection and personnel monitoring devices. It begins with an introduction to radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum. It then covers the effects of radiation, principles of radiation protection including justification of practice, optimization of protection, and dose limits. The document discusses various personnel monitoring devices including film badges, thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD), and optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters. It provides details on how each device works and their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses the key principles of a radiation safety program including justification, optimization and dose limits. It describes common sources of radiation exposure including medical procedures like CT scans and x-rays. The objectives of radiation safety programs are to minimize radiation hazards for workers and the public by following principles like time, distance and shielding. Radiation safety involves proper training and use of protective equipment as well as monitoring devices like TLD badges.
This document provides an overview of basic radiation safety. It discusses the effects of radiation, including stochastic effects like cancer and genetic effects, as well as deterministic effects that have a threshold dose. It outlines principles for protecting radiation workers, patients, and the public, including minimizing time, distance and shielding exposure. Specific protections like lead aprons, signs, and dosimeters are also reviewed. Proper handling and storage of protective equipment is emphasized.
This document discusses radiation protection for patients and operators during dental x-ray procedures. It covers key concepts like total filtration, collimation, protective equipment like lead aprons and thyroid collars, proper techniques to minimize exposure, and guidelines for radiation safety. The document emphasizes that while dental x-rays provide benefits, it is important to use all available methods to minimize the amount of radiation received by patients and operators, in accordance with legislation and the ALARA principle of keeping exposures as low as reasonably achievable.
This document discusses radiation protection for medical workers. It explains that radiologists, radiographers and other medical staff are subject to some radiation exposure through their work, so radiation protection aims to keep doses as low as possible to prevent health risks. It describes different types of radiation effects and dose limits for workers. Various methods of radiation monitoring are outlined, including use of dosimeters like film badges, pocket ionization chambers and thermoluminescent dosimeters to measure individual radiation exposures.
Radiation hazard and safety measure of radiation hazard.pptxDeathhunter009
The document discusses radiation safety and protection measures for medical imaging professionals. It covers key topics like:
1. The three principles of radiation protection are time, distance, and shielding which can be applied to patients and radiographers.
2. Medical radiation exposure should always be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) for patients and imaging personnel through dose-reduction methods and use of protective equipment.
3. Proper patient education and obtaining consent are important to ensure highest quality of care while communicating risks and potential benefits of imaging procedures honestly.
Radiation protection and personnel monitoring devicesRubiSapkota
This document discusses radiation protection and personnel monitoring devices. It begins with an introduction to radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum. It then covers the effects of radiation, principles of radiation protection including justification of practice, optimization of protection, and dose limits. The document discusses various personnel monitoring devices including film badges, thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD), and optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters. It provides details on how each device works and their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses the key principles of a radiation safety program including justification, optimization and dose limits. It describes common sources of radiation exposure including medical procedures like CT scans and x-rays. The objectives of radiation safety programs are to minimize radiation hazards for workers and the public by following principles like time, distance and shielding. Radiation safety involves proper training and use of protective equipment as well as monitoring devices like TLD badges.
This document provides an overview of basic radiation safety. It discusses the effects of radiation, including stochastic effects like cancer and genetic effects, as well as deterministic effects that have a threshold dose. It outlines principles for protecting radiation workers, patients, and the public, including minimizing time, distance and shielding exposure. Specific protections like lead aprons, signs, and dosimeters are also reviewed. Proper handling and storage of protective equipment is emphasized.
This document discusses radiation protection for patients and operators during dental x-ray procedures. It covers key concepts like total filtration, collimation, protective equipment like lead aprons and thyroid collars, proper techniques to minimize exposure, and guidelines for radiation safety. The document emphasizes that while dental x-rays provide benefits, it is important to use all available methods to minimize the amount of radiation received by patients and operators, in accordance with legislation and the ALARA principle of keeping exposures as low as reasonably achievable.
This document discusses radiation protection for medical workers. It explains that radiologists, radiographers and other medical staff are subject to some radiation exposure through their work, so radiation protection aims to keep doses as low as possible to prevent health risks. It describes different types of radiation effects and dose limits for workers. Various methods of radiation monitoring are outlined, including use of dosimeters like film badges, pocket ionization chambers and thermoluminescent dosimeters to measure individual radiation exposures.
Radiation hazard and safety measure of radiation hazard.pptxDeathhunter009
The document discusses radiation safety and protection measures for medical imaging professionals. It covers key topics like:
1. The three principles of radiation protection are time, distance, and shielding which can be applied to patients and radiographers.
2. Medical radiation exposure should always be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) for patients and imaging personnel through dose-reduction methods and use of protective equipment.
3. Proper patient education and obtaining consent are important to ensure highest quality of care while communicating risks and potential benefits of imaging procedures honestly.
Radiation hazard and safety measure of radiation hazard.pptxDeathhunter009
The document discusses radiation safety and protection measures for medical imaging professionals. It covers key topics like:
1. The three principles of radiation protection are time, distance, and shielding which can be applied to patients and radiographers.
2. Medical radiation exposure should always be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) for patients and imaging personnel through dose-reduction methods and use of protective equipment.
3. Proper patient education and obtaining consent are important to ensure highest quality of care while communicating risks and potential benefits of imaging procedures honestly.
Radiation Protection Course For Orthopedic Specialists: Lecture 3 of 4: Basic...Amin Amin
The document discusses the basics of radiation protection for orthopedic specialists, including the principles of justification, optimization and dose limitation for patients, staff and the public. It covers natural and artificial sources of radiation, dose limits, and the importance of controlling areas where radiation is used through procedures, signage and monitoring to restrict exposure.
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
The document discusses guidelines for orthodontic radiographs, including the damaging effects of radiation on human tissue and legislation regarding medical radiation exposure in the UK. It covers justifying the need for exposures, optimizing techniques to minimize radiation dose, and estimating effective radiation doses received from common orthodontic radiographs. Guidelines are provided on indication for taking radiographs at different treatment stages and ages based on clinical need. Techniques to reduce patient radiation dose include using faster film/receptors, appropriate collimation and filtration, and digital radiography.
X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation that produces positively and negatively charged particles when passing through matter. The goals of radiation protection are to protect persons from both short-term and long-term effects of radiation by adhering to an established radiation protection program. Effective radiation protection measures are employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation.
This document discusses radiation and its uses in medicine. It defines radiation as energy emitted in the form of particles or waves. Radiation is useful for medical imaging and treatment. It describes different types of radiation including electromagnetic radiation, alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and x-rays. It discusses how various medical imaging techniques like CT scans, x-rays, and mammograms expose patients to radiation, but ensure doses are kept as low as reasonably achievable. The document emphasizes principles of radiation safety for both patients and workers through justification of exposures, dose optimization and limitation.
Principle of Radiation Protection- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
Radiation protection is the science whose aim is to minimize the risks generated by the use of ionizing radiation. Briefly discusses The ICRP System of Radiological Protection, STRUCTURAL SHIELDING OF
IMAGING FACILITIES, APPLICATION OF INDIVIDUAL DOSE LIMTS, RADIATION EXPOSURE IN PREGNANCY, Diagnostic reference level, Personnel Protection in
Medical X-ray Imaging, Dose Optimization in CT, Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine.
This document provides an overview of radiation awareness and safety. It defines radiation as energy that can penetrate materials and cause ionization. There are two types: photons and particles. Radiation is not visible or detectable by our senses. Natural sources include cosmic rays, materials in our environment and bodies. Radiation protection aims to prevent deterministic effects and limit stochastic effects. The principles of justification, optimization and dose limits are explained in relation to patients, public and radiation workers. Various methods of protection include time, distance, shielding, protective equipment and monitoring with devices like film badges and TLD badges. The annual fatality rates from accidents are lower in radiation industries than most other occupations.
X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation that produces charged particles when passing through matter. The goals of radiation protection are to protect persons from both short-term and long-term effects of radiation by adhering to an established radiation protection program. Effective radiation protection employs measures to safeguard patients, personnel, and the public from unnecessary radiation exposure.
Radiation protection principles aim to safeguard patients, personnel, and the public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation during medical procedures. Key concepts include justifying procedures, applying ALARA principles to minimize dose, monitoring personnel dose, and protecting sensitive populations like pregnant workers and children. Radiation safety is an ongoing responsibility requiring adherence to protection programs and guidelines.
This document discusses radiation safety, including types of radiation like ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It describes the biological effects of radiation such as deterministic effects from higher doses causing cell death and stochastic effects from lower doses causing DNA damage and potential cancer. Exposure limits and dose units are provided, as well as principles of radiation protection like ALARA and use of time, distance, and shielding to reduce exposure. Specific radiation safety techniques for endovascular procedures are covered, like positioning, angulation, shielding and monitoring. Recommendations are provided for radiation safety of pregnant workers.
Radiation Protection by Irum Khan (Medical Imaging Technologist)irumk746
Radiation Protection
Introduction:Since the announcement of the discovery of X Rays by Röntgen in December 1895, X-rays and the radiological techniques associated with their use have become increasingly central tools in medical diagnosis and management.
As a result of the growth in the usefulness of imaging, other, non-radiation-based, imaging techniques have been developed (e.g. ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging), and image-guided interventional means of treating patients have become common place. The benefits to patients from these methods of investigation and treatment have been immeasurable.
However, it would be unwise to imagine that no harm can come to patients from the use of radiation-based and other imaging techniques, or from interventional radiology procedures.
Radiation protection is a key aspect of maintaining the safety of patients and Radiation worker in diagnostic and interventional radiology.
Human Responses to Ionizing Radiation DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
1. Acute radiation syndrome
a. Hematologic syndrome
b. Gastrointestinal syndrome
c. Central nervous system syndrome
2. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Extremities
3. Hematologic depression
4. Cytogenetic damage
STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
. Leukemia
2. Other malignant disease
a. Bone cancer
b. Lung cancer
c. Thyroid cancer
d. Breast cancer
3. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Eyes
4. Shortening of life span
5. Genetic damage
EFFECTS OF FETAL IRRADIATION
Prenatal death
2. Neonatal death
3. Congenital malformation
4. Childhood malignancy
5. Diminished growth and development
Purpose Of Radiation Protection
The principle purpose of radiation protection are
To minimize patient exposure in medical diagnostic radiology
To ensure adequate protection of person operating or using x ray equipment.(Radiologist, Medical Imaging Technologist, Radiographer)
To ensure adequate protection of the general public in the vicinity areas where diagnostic procedure are in progress.
The three fundamental principles of radiation protection of patients are
Justification
Optimisation
The application of Dose Limit
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is responsible for the development of these principles.
Justification
The justification principle is anecdotally known as the benefit vs risk principle; that is, an individual's exposure to medical radiation should always have a greater benefit to the patient as to outweigh the negative consequences of the proposed examination. For example, the benefit in requesting a CT brain for a patient that has suffered significant head trauma generally outweighs any negative outcomes associated with that radiation exposure.
If the exposure has no justification then it should be avoided regardless of how small the dose might be.
Ionizing Radiation -How is Gray different from Sievert -Deterministic & Stochastic Radiation Risks -Air Kerma-Time, Distance and Shielding Principles -Dosimetry
The document discusses the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), which sets standards for radiation protection. The ICRP relies on the linear no-threshold model to establish dose limits for workers and the public. This model assumes that any amount of radiation exposure increases cancer risk proportionally. The ICRP cites data from studies of atomic bomb survivors and other exposed groups to determine that radiation carries a 5% increased risk of cancer per sievert of lifetime dose. Using this risk factor, the ICRP calculates annual dose limits of 20 millisieverts for occupational workers and 1 millisievert for members of the public. Though other models question the linear no-threshold model, the ICRP maintains it is a
This document provides information about emergency radiography in hospitals. It discusses how radiography is a vital component of emergency medical care for trauma patients. It describes the steps of evaluating patients and some common conditions that require emergency radiography like broken bones, chest pain, head injuries, and abdominal pain. It also outlines the role of radiographers and some challenges like equipment availability, staffing shortages, and radiation exposure. Finally, it provides examples of different radiography procedures used in emergencies like x-rays, CT scans, and examples of imaging findings.
The document discusses radioprotection techniques for angiography procedures. It defines key radiation concepts like equivalent dose, effective dose, and dose area product. It explains the linear no-threshold model for stochastic radiation injuries and thresholds for deterministic injuries. Techniques to reduce staff and patient radiation exposure are presented, including minimizing time, increasing distance, optimal collimation and positioning, and use of protective equipment like lead aprons and shields. Factors influencing patient absorbed dose are also reviewed.
Current literature on dental radiology was reviewed in order to seek justification for radiological protection of patients in dental radiography, to explore the different factors affecting patient dose and to derive practical guidance on how to achieve radiological protection of patients in dentistry. Individual doses incurred in dental radiology are in general relatively low, however it is generally accepted that there is no safe level of radiation dose and that no matter how low the doses received are, there is a mathematical probability of an effect. Hence appropriate patient protection measures must be instituted to keep the exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). The literature review demonstrated that there is considerable scope for significant dose reductions in dental radiology using the techniques of optimization of protection.
Most dental professionals are not convinced of the need for regulatory control of dental radiography practice. They believe doses are too low to warrant regulatory control and consequently patient protective measures. This study shows that individual doses in dental radiology are relatively low. However, there is no safe level of radiation dose and that no
matter how low the doses received are, there is a
mathematical probability of an effect. Consequently, appropriate patient protection measures must be instituted to keep exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).
The purpose of radiation protection is to provide an appropriate level of protection for humans without unduly limiting the beneficial actions giving rise to radiation exposure. Radiation protection is to prevent the occurrence of harmful deterministic effects and to reduce the probability of occurrence of stochastic effects (e.g. cancer and hereditary effects).The ICRP recommends, develops and maintains the International System of Radiological Protection, based on evaluation of the large body of scientific studies available to equate risk to received dose levels. The system's health objectives are "to manage and control exposures to ionising radiation so that deterministic effects are prevented, and the risks of stochastic effects are reduced to the extent reasonably achievable The ICRP's recommendations flow down to national and regional regulators, which have the opportunity to incorporate them into their own law; this process is shown in the accompanying block diagram. In most countries a national regulatory authority works towards ensuring a secure radiation environment in society by setting dose limitation requirements that are generally based on the recommendations of the ICRP.There are three basic principles of radiation protection: justification, optimization, and dose limitation. Justification involves an appreciation for the benefits and risks of using radiation for procedures or treatments. Physicians, surgeons, and radiologic personnel all play a key role in educating patients on the potential adverse effects of radiation exposure. The benefits of exposure should be well known and accepted by the medical community. Often, procedures that expose patients to relatively higher doses of radiation—for example, interventional vascular procedures—are medically necessary, and thus the benefits outweigh the risks. The As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle, defined by the code of federal regulations, was created to ensure that all measures to reduce radiation exposure have been taken while acknowledging that radiation is an integral part of diagnosing and treating patients. Any amount of radiation exposure will increase the risk of stochastic effects, namely the chances of developing malignancy following radiation exposure. These effects are thought to occur as a linear model in which there is no specific threshold to predict whether or not malignancy will develop reliably. For these reasons, the radiologic community teaches protection practices under the ALARA principle.The duration of radiation exposure, distance from the radiation source, and physical shielding are the key facets in reducing exposure. The exposure duration can be minimized in several ways. When exposing a patient to radiation, the technician or physician should preplan the required images to avoid unnecessary and redundant exposure. Magnification significantly increases the exposure to the patient; therefore, magnification should be used judiciously and gently.
Radiation hazard and safety measure of radiation hazard.pptxDeathhunter009
The document discusses radiation safety and protection measures for medical imaging professionals. It covers key topics like:
1. The three principles of radiation protection are time, distance, and shielding which can be applied to patients and radiographers.
2. Medical radiation exposure should always be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) for patients and imaging personnel through dose-reduction methods and use of protective equipment.
3. Proper patient education and obtaining consent are important to ensure highest quality of care while communicating risks and potential benefits of imaging procedures honestly.
Radiation Protection Course For Orthopedic Specialists: Lecture 3 of 4: Basic...Amin Amin
The document discusses the basics of radiation protection for orthopedic specialists, including the principles of justification, optimization and dose limitation for patients, staff and the public. It covers natural and artificial sources of radiation, dose limits, and the importance of controlling areas where radiation is used through procedures, signage and monitoring to restrict exposure.
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
The document discusses guidelines for orthodontic radiographs, including the damaging effects of radiation on human tissue and legislation regarding medical radiation exposure in the UK. It covers justifying the need for exposures, optimizing techniques to minimize radiation dose, and estimating effective radiation doses received from common orthodontic radiographs. Guidelines are provided on indication for taking radiographs at different treatment stages and ages based on clinical need. Techniques to reduce patient radiation dose include using faster film/receptors, appropriate collimation and filtration, and digital radiography.
X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation that produces positively and negatively charged particles when passing through matter. The goals of radiation protection are to protect persons from both short-term and long-term effects of radiation by adhering to an established radiation protection program. Effective radiation protection measures are employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation.
This document discusses radiation and its uses in medicine. It defines radiation as energy emitted in the form of particles or waves. Radiation is useful for medical imaging and treatment. It describes different types of radiation including electromagnetic radiation, alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and x-rays. It discusses how various medical imaging techniques like CT scans, x-rays, and mammograms expose patients to radiation, but ensure doses are kept as low as reasonably achievable. The document emphasizes principles of radiation safety for both patients and workers through justification of exposures, dose optimization and limitation.
Principle of Radiation Protection- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
Radiation protection is the science whose aim is to minimize the risks generated by the use of ionizing radiation. Briefly discusses The ICRP System of Radiological Protection, STRUCTURAL SHIELDING OF
IMAGING FACILITIES, APPLICATION OF INDIVIDUAL DOSE LIMTS, RADIATION EXPOSURE IN PREGNANCY, Diagnostic reference level, Personnel Protection in
Medical X-ray Imaging, Dose Optimization in CT, Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine.
This document provides an overview of radiation awareness and safety. It defines radiation as energy that can penetrate materials and cause ionization. There are two types: photons and particles. Radiation is not visible or detectable by our senses. Natural sources include cosmic rays, materials in our environment and bodies. Radiation protection aims to prevent deterministic effects and limit stochastic effects. The principles of justification, optimization and dose limits are explained in relation to patients, public and radiation workers. Various methods of protection include time, distance, shielding, protective equipment and monitoring with devices like film badges and TLD badges. The annual fatality rates from accidents are lower in radiation industries than most other occupations.
X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation that produces charged particles when passing through matter. The goals of radiation protection are to protect persons from both short-term and long-term effects of radiation by adhering to an established radiation protection program. Effective radiation protection employs measures to safeguard patients, personnel, and the public from unnecessary radiation exposure.
Radiation protection principles aim to safeguard patients, personnel, and the public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation during medical procedures. Key concepts include justifying procedures, applying ALARA principles to minimize dose, monitoring personnel dose, and protecting sensitive populations like pregnant workers and children. Radiation safety is an ongoing responsibility requiring adherence to protection programs and guidelines.
This document discusses radiation safety, including types of radiation like ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It describes the biological effects of radiation such as deterministic effects from higher doses causing cell death and stochastic effects from lower doses causing DNA damage and potential cancer. Exposure limits and dose units are provided, as well as principles of radiation protection like ALARA and use of time, distance, and shielding to reduce exposure. Specific radiation safety techniques for endovascular procedures are covered, like positioning, angulation, shielding and monitoring. Recommendations are provided for radiation safety of pregnant workers.
Radiation Protection by Irum Khan (Medical Imaging Technologist)irumk746
Radiation Protection
Introduction:Since the announcement of the discovery of X Rays by Röntgen in December 1895, X-rays and the radiological techniques associated with their use have become increasingly central tools in medical diagnosis and management.
As a result of the growth in the usefulness of imaging, other, non-radiation-based, imaging techniques have been developed (e.g. ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging), and image-guided interventional means of treating patients have become common place. The benefits to patients from these methods of investigation and treatment have been immeasurable.
However, it would be unwise to imagine that no harm can come to patients from the use of radiation-based and other imaging techniques, or from interventional radiology procedures.
Radiation protection is a key aspect of maintaining the safety of patients and Radiation worker in diagnostic and interventional radiology.
Human Responses to Ionizing Radiation DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
1. Acute radiation syndrome
a. Hematologic syndrome
b. Gastrointestinal syndrome
c. Central nervous system syndrome
2. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Extremities
3. Hematologic depression
4. Cytogenetic damage
STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
. Leukemia
2. Other malignant disease
a. Bone cancer
b. Lung cancer
c. Thyroid cancer
d. Breast cancer
3. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Eyes
4. Shortening of life span
5. Genetic damage
EFFECTS OF FETAL IRRADIATION
Prenatal death
2. Neonatal death
3. Congenital malformation
4. Childhood malignancy
5. Diminished growth and development
Purpose Of Radiation Protection
The principle purpose of radiation protection are
To minimize patient exposure in medical diagnostic radiology
To ensure adequate protection of person operating or using x ray equipment.(Radiologist, Medical Imaging Technologist, Radiographer)
To ensure adequate protection of the general public in the vicinity areas where diagnostic procedure are in progress.
The three fundamental principles of radiation protection of patients are
Justification
Optimisation
The application of Dose Limit
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is responsible for the development of these principles.
Justification
The justification principle is anecdotally known as the benefit vs risk principle; that is, an individual's exposure to medical radiation should always have a greater benefit to the patient as to outweigh the negative consequences of the proposed examination. For example, the benefit in requesting a CT brain for a patient that has suffered significant head trauma generally outweighs any negative outcomes associated with that radiation exposure.
If the exposure has no justification then it should be avoided regardless of how small the dose might be.
Ionizing Radiation -How is Gray different from Sievert -Deterministic & Stochastic Radiation Risks -Air Kerma-Time, Distance and Shielding Principles -Dosimetry
The document discusses the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), which sets standards for radiation protection. The ICRP relies on the linear no-threshold model to establish dose limits for workers and the public. This model assumes that any amount of radiation exposure increases cancer risk proportionally. The ICRP cites data from studies of atomic bomb survivors and other exposed groups to determine that radiation carries a 5% increased risk of cancer per sievert of lifetime dose. Using this risk factor, the ICRP calculates annual dose limits of 20 millisieverts for occupational workers and 1 millisievert for members of the public. Though other models question the linear no-threshold model, the ICRP maintains it is a
This document provides information about emergency radiography in hospitals. It discusses how radiography is a vital component of emergency medical care for trauma patients. It describes the steps of evaluating patients and some common conditions that require emergency radiography like broken bones, chest pain, head injuries, and abdominal pain. It also outlines the role of radiographers and some challenges like equipment availability, staffing shortages, and radiation exposure. Finally, it provides examples of different radiography procedures used in emergencies like x-rays, CT scans, and examples of imaging findings.
The document discusses radioprotection techniques for angiography procedures. It defines key radiation concepts like equivalent dose, effective dose, and dose area product. It explains the linear no-threshold model for stochastic radiation injuries and thresholds for deterministic injuries. Techniques to reduce staff and patient radiation exposure are presented, including minimizing time, increasing distance, optimal collimation and positioning, and use of protective equipment like lead aprons and shields. Factors influencing patient absorbed dose are also reviewed.
Current literature on dental radiology was reviewed in order to seek justification for radiological protection of patients in dental radiography, to explore the different factors affecting patient dose and to derive practical guidance on how to achieve radiological protection of patients in dentistry. Individual doses incurred in dental radiology are in general relatively low, however it is generally accepted that there is no safe level of radiation dose and that no matter how low the doses received are, there is a mathematical probability of an effect. Hence appropriate patient protection measures must be instituted to keep the exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). The literature review demonstrated that there is considerable scope for significant dose reductions in dental radiology using the techniques of optimization of protection.
Most dental professionals are not convinced of the need for regulatory control of dental radiography practice. They believe doses are too low to warrant regulatory control and consequently patient protective measures. This study shows that individual doses in dental radiology are relatively low. However, there is no safe level of radiation dose and that no
matter how low the doses received are, there is a
mathematical probability of an effect. Consequently, appropriate patient protection measures must be instituted to keep exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).
The purpose of radiation protection is to provide an appropriate level of protection for humans without unduly limiting the beneficial actions giving rise to radiation exposure. Radiation protection is to prevent the occurrence of harmful deterministic effects and to reduce the probability of occurrence of stochastic effects (e.g. cancer and hereditary effects).The ICRP recommends, develops and maintains the International System of Radiological Protection, based on evaluation of the large body of scientific studies available to equate risk to received dose levels. The system's health objectives are "to manage and control exposures to ionising radiation so that deterministic effects are prevented, and the risks of stochastic effects are reduced to the extent reasonably achievable The ICRP's recommendations flow down to national and regional regulators, which have the opportunity to incorporate them into their own law; this process is shown in the accompanying block diagram. In most countries a national regulatory authority works towards ensuring a secure radiation environment in society by setting dose limitation requirements that are generally based on the recommendations of the ICRP.There are three basic principles of radiation protection: justification, optimization, and dose limitation. Justification involves an appreciation for the benefits and risks of using radiation for procedures or treatments. Physicians, surgeons, and radiologic personnel all play a key role in educating patients on the potential adverse effects of radiation exposure. The benefits of exposure should be well known and accepted by the medical community. Often, procedures that expose patients to relatively higher doses of radiation—for example, interventional vascular procedures—are medically necessary, and thus the benefits outweigh the risks. The As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle, defined by the code of federal regulations, was created to ensure that all measures to reduce radiation exposure have been taken while acknowledging that radiation is an integral part of diagnosing and treating patients. Any amount of radiation exposure will increase the risk of stochastic effects, namely the chances of developing malignancy following radiation exposure. These effects are thought to occur as a linear model in which there is no specific threshold to predict whether or not malignancy will develop reliably. For these reasons, the radiologic community teaches protection practices under the ALARA principle.The duration of radiation exposure, distance from the radiation source, and physical shielding are the key facets in reducing exposure. The exposure duration can be minimized in several ways. When exposing a patient to radiation, the technician or physician should preplan the required images to avoid unnecessary and redundant exposure. Magnification significantly increases the exposure to the patient; therefore, magnification should be used judiciously and gently.
Similar to ResdientandFellowX-raySafetyrevisedlkw3 (1).ppt (20)
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
ResdientandFellowX-raySafetyrevisedlkw3 (1).ppt
1. Medical Resident and
Fellow Radiation Safety
An Educational Resource on
Exposure Settings and Exposure
Management
Adapted with permission from a program developed by The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
2. Introduction
This presentation covers the following topics:
Settings in which x-ray exposures may occur
How to minimize your radiation exposure
How to manage patient radiation exposure
Typical radiation doses and regulatory limits
Instructions for personnel in the radiation monitoring
program
Potential biological effects from radiation exposure, and
Radiation Safety Office contact information
3. UTHSC-H Residency and Fellowship
Programs
Anesthesiology
Cardiovascular & Thoracic
Surgery
Dermatology
Diagnostic & Interventional
Imaging (Radiology)
Emergency Medicine
Internal Medicine
Neurological Surgery
Neurology
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Ophthalmology
Orthopedic Surgery
Otolaryngology
Pathology
Pediatrics
Physical Medicine & Rehab
Preventive Medicine
Psychiatry
Surgery
Transitional Year
4. UTHSC-H Programs Where Residents and
Fellows Work in Radiation-Producing
Environments (in bold)
Anesthesiology
Cardiovascular & Thoracic
Surgery
Dermatology
Diagnostic & Interventional
Imaging (Radiology)
Emergency Medicine
Family Medicine
Internal Medicine
Neurological Surgery
Neurology
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Ophthalmology
Orthopedic Surgery
Otolaryngology
Pathology
Pediatrics
Physical Medicine &
Rehab
Preventive Medicine
Psychiatry
Surgery
Transitional Year
5. Radiation Monitoring
In settings where radiation sources may be encountered and
historical data indicate that occupational doses are not likely to
exceed 10% of the regulatory limit, periodic monitoring is
performed to ensure that these trends continue.
Personal radiation monitoring is required in settings where x-ray
exposures are likely to be in excess of 10% of the annual limit, as
determined by the nature of an individual’s working conditions.
6. UTHSC-H Residency and Fellowship
Programs With Possible X-ray Exposures
in Excess of 10% of the Limit (in purple)
Anesthesiology
Cardiovascular & Thoracic
Surgery
Dermatology
Diagnostic &
Interventional Imaging
Emergency Medicine
Family Medicine
Internal Medicine(1)
Neurological Surgery
Neurology
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Ophthalmology
Orthopedic Surgery
Otolaryngology
Pathology
Pediatrics
Physical Medicine &
Rehab
Preventive Medicine
Psychiatry
Surgery
Transitional Year
(1) Specifically cardiology catheterization and nuclear cardiology
7. Many UTHSC-H Residency and Fellowship
Programs Will Place You in Settings Where You
Will Be Exposed to Radiation
Radiation use is very prevalent throughout hospitals
Many steps have been taken to keep exposures to
personnel at a minimum
You are required to understand the nature of this use,
how to keep exposures under limits, and how to
maximize a healthy working environment.
For all personnel the rule is to keep exposures ALARA:
i.e., keep exposures As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
ALARA means that you must learn how to professionally
execute your duties while responsibly managing yours
and minimizing others’ radiation exposures.
8. Remember These Key Points To Keep
Machine-Produced Exposures To a
Minimum
For machine-produced X rays,
radiation emanates primarily from
the area of the patient that is
undergoing examination
A secondary source of much
lower intensity is radiation
escaping through the x-ray tube
housing.
Machine-produced X-ray radiation
exists only when the exposure
switch is activated
Patient
9. Remember These Key Points To Keep
Exposure To Everyone at a Minimum
Time
Physicians operating x-ray (fluoroscopy)
equipment should keep the x-ray “beam-
on time” to the minimum necessary. This
saves dose to patients and to personnel.
Personnel should limit the time they
spend in unshielded environments to that
which is necessary to complete their job
properly.
10. Minimizing Radiation Exposure
Distance
To the extent consistent with appropriate medical
care, maximize the distance between you and the
area of the patient that is actively being x rayed.
11. Minimizing Radiation Exposure
100 units 25 units 11 units
2’
4’
6’
Distance
Radiation source
How distance from source corresponds to drop off in radiation exposure intensity
12. Minimizing Radiation Exposure
Reduce your radiation exposure by stepping back
from the scanning ring. The lines below show how
distance can minimize radiation exposure.
Distance in a CT Room
13. Minimizing Radiation Exposure
Shielding
X rays are easily shielded
by a thin layer of dense
material, like lead.
Protective aprons and
leaded glass barriers in
diagnostic radiology block
most (~90% - 99%) of the
radiation.
When working in
fluoroscopy environments
without a stand-alone
radiation barrier for
protection, personnel must
wear a lead apron.
15. Radiation Dose - Regulatory Limits
Target Tissue Annual Limit (millirem*)
Whole Body 5,000
Extremity 50,000
Individual Organ 50,000
Lens of the eye 15,000
Embryo / Fetus 500 for gestation
The Texas Department of State Health
Services requires that occupational radiation
exposures not exceed the following:
*A miilirem is a small unit of radiation exposure, about what everyone gets everyday from naturally existing
radiation in the environment.
16. Sample Dosimeter Readings
(Average Annual Employee Exposures)
Work Group
Collar Badge
(radiation
monitor) Reading
(millirem)
Assigned Whole
Body Radiation
Dose
(millirem)
Interventional
Radiologists or
Cardiologists
2000 600*
OR X-ray
Technologists
500 500
ER Nurses 100 100
Anesthesiologists <100 <100
*Assigned whole-body dose is lower than dose measured at collar for these workers because they
wear a lead apron during procedures and dosimeter only monitors dose to unprotected area.
17. Patient Dose
Medical X-rays require a prescription
from a physician
All medically ordered X-rays must be
justified by medical need
No regulatory dose limits exist for
patients (physicians are expected to use only what is
necessary for medical purposes)
Order only those x-ray studies
necessary to achieve clinical benefit
18. Range of Patient Effective Doses
Examination
Dose
(millirem)
from
Radiography
Dose (millirem)
from Computed
Tomography (CT)
Chest 10 700
Abdomen 150 800
Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis 220 1800
Head 10 200
Lesson: Computed Tomography (CT) generally requires much more
radiation than simple plane radiography. Do not overuse CT.
19. Personnel Monitoring
Radiation dosimetry (e.g.,
whole body badge and/or finger
ring) is provided to individuals
who are likely to receive an
exposure greater than 10% of
the annual limit.
The badge results are reviewed
by Radiation Safety to ensure
that radiation exposures are as
low as reasonably achievable
(ALARA).
20. Personnel Monitoring
If you are enrolled in the
personnel monitoring
program, you must:
1. Wear your collar badge near the
neck outside any protective apron
2. Wear any specially assigned
abdomen badge at the waist under
any protective apron
3. Store your badge away from
radiation sources when not in use.
4. If something happens to your
badge (lost, the dog ate it), contact
Radiation Safety 713-500-5840
Where should you wear your
collar badge?
At the collar
&
outside a lead apron
21. Personnel Monitoring
The timely return of radiation dosimeters assures prompt
processing
Dosimetry results are reviewed frequently by Radiation Safety
staff to monitor trends and work practices. If dose anomalies or
abnormal readings are found, you will be contacted
You can review your dosimetry results personally by contacting
Radiation Safety at 713 500 5840
If you are not in the program and believe you should be, contact
Radiation Safety
22. Biological Effects
Stochastic effects are the principal hazard from
diagnostic x-rays.
With a stochastic effect, the probability that the
effect will occur increases with dose (more dose,
higher risk). Minimizing dose minimizes the risk
of occurrence of stochastic effects.
Examples of stochastic effects are cancer and
genetic defects.
Cancer risk is ~ 0.00008% per millirem effective
dose.
23. If I receive a radiation dose that is
within occupational limits, will it cause
me to get cancer?
Unlikely. The risk of cancer from doses at or below
the occupational limits is considered acceptably low
and can be minimized only by professionally keeping
your exposure ALARA.
The risk at low doses is so low that scientific
investigation has never conclusively demonstrated
that there is or is not a slight risk. For the sake of
safety, common practice is to assume that even small
doses have some chance of causing cancer – thus
ALARA is our theme.
24. Biological Effects
Deterministic effects are effects where there is a
threshold or minimum dose necessary before the
effect occurs.
Once the threshold is achieved, the severity of the
injury increases as the dose increases.
Thresholds for occurrence in millirem:
Cataracts 100000 (to lens of eye only)
Hair loss 300000 (to scalp only)
Skin erythema 600000 (local to skin only)
Death ~200000 (whole body to a
few folks who are very sensitive )
25. Pregnancy & Radiation Exposure
The State of Texas requires exposure to the embryo/fetus of
a declared pregnant worker be kept below 500 millirem.
Early disclosure of pregnancy to the supervisor is
encouraged, but not required.
After a pregnant employee officially declares her pregnancy
in writing to the Radiation Safety Office, an exposure history
is conducted and extra precautions may be implemented.
If the pregnant employee wishes to informally notify the
Radiation Safety Office, the same safety review and
necessary added precautions will be implemented.
http://www.uth.tmc.edu/safety/radsafety/Pregnant%20Emplo
yee's%20Guide%20to%20Radiation.html
26.
27. Probability of Radiation
Effects for the Embryo/Fetus*
Embryo/Fetus Dose
(millirem) above
natural background
Estimated
probability of no
malformation
Estimated
probability of no
childhood cancer
0 97 99.7
100 97 99.7
500
(embryo/fetus limit)
97 99.7
1000 97 99.6
5000
(occupational limit)
97 99.4
*Source: International Commission on Radiological Protection. Publication 84: Pregnancy and Medical Radiation, p38, 2000.
28. Radiation Safety Office
Radiation Safety Website
http://www.uth.tmc.edu/safety/radiation_safety.
html
Forms is the repository for standard forms (e.g.,
pregnancy declaration, training & experience)
Policies lists the basic radiation safety policies
Office Phone Number: 713 500 5840
Radiation Emergency: 713 500 8100 or 911