This document discusses heat transfer via radiation, convection, and conduction. It begins with an introduction explaining that heat transfer occurs due to temperature differences and can happen through radiation, convection, or conduction. The objective is then stated as measuring heat transfer from an extended surface via all three modes combined. Equations for calculating heat transfer via each mode are provided. The methodology section outlines the experimental set up, which involves a heat transfer unit and extended surface accessory with 9 thermocouples to measure temperature at various points.
This presentation gives you information om Clausius Statement, its proof, Entropy change for Open System and reversible and irreversible processes with simple explanation and day to day examples.
This presentation gives you information om Clausius Statement, its proof, Entropy change for Open System and reversible and irreversible processes with simple explanation and day to day examples.
Thermodynamics is a branch of science concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.he behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics.
The Entropy is a thermodynamic property of a working substance and serves as a valuable tool in the second law analysis of engineering devices.
Entropy is a function of a quantity of heat which shows the possibility of conversion of that into work.
Entropy is a thermodynamic property; it can be viewed as a measure of disorder i.e. More disorganized a system the higher its entropy.
“ When a system undergoes a complete cyclic process, the integral of around the cycle is less than zero.”
Mathematically : ( ) ≤ 0
δQ is energy flow into the system due to heating and T being absolute temperature of the body when that energy is absorbed.
The following equation must be found true for any cyclical process that is possible, reversible or not.
Thermodynamics is a branch of science concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.he behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics.
The Entropy is a thermodynamic property of a working substance and serves as a valuable tool in the second law analysis of engineering devices.
Entropy is a function of a quantity of heat which shows the possibility of conversion of that into work.
Entropy is a thermodynamic property; it can be viewed as a measure of disorder i.e. More disorganized a system the higher its entropy.
“ When a system undergoes a complete cyclic process, the integral of around the cycle is less than zero.”
Mathematically : ( ) ≤ 0
δQ is energy flow into the system due to heating and T being absolute temperature of the body when that energy is absorbed.
The following equation must be found true for any cyclical process that is possible, reversible or not.
One Dimensional Steady State Heat ConductionBektu Dida
In this chapter, Heat diffusion equation in cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate system is covered. Representation of plane wall, cylindrical wall using thermal resistance and Composite material steady state heat analysis is also covered.
Learn about Conduction, Convection, Radiation and Heat exchangers in a most comprehensive and interactive way. Derivations of formulas, concepts, Numerical, examples are inculcated in the course with advance applications. The course aims at covering all the topics and concepts of HMT as per academics of students. Following are the topics (in detail) that will be covered in the course.
Conduction
Thermal conductivity, Heat conduction in gases, Interpretation Of Fourier's law, Electrical analogy of heat transfer, Critical radius of insulation, Heat generation in a slab and cylinder, Fins, Unsteady/Transient conduction.
Convection
Forced convection heat transfer, Reynold’s Number, Prandtl Number, Nusselt Number, Incompressible flow over flat surface, HBL, TBL, Forced convection in flow through pipes and ducts, Free/Natural convection.
Heat Exchangers
Types of heat exchangers, First law of thermodynamics, Classification of heat exchangers, LMTD for parallel and counter flow, NTU, Fouling factor.
Radiation
Absorbtivity, Reflectivity, Transmitivity, Laws of thermal radiation, Shape factor, Radiation heat exchange
COPY-PASTE below URL to ENROLL in the COMPLETE course & see the hidden contents with proper explanations.
https://www.udemy.com/course/heat-and-mass-transfer
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
1. TRANSFERENCIA DE CALOR POR RADIACIÓN
CONVECCIÓN Y CONDUCCIÓN
López Martínez Ana Cristina.
Luna Vejar Veronica Mercedes.
Rivera Ruíz José Humberto.
2. INTRODUCCIÓN
La transferencia de energía como
calor siempre se produce de un
sistema a otro como resultado de
la diferencia de temperatura, del
medio que tiene la temperatura
más elevada hacia el de
temperatura más baja. La
transferencia de calor se detiene
cuando los dos medios alcanzan
la misma temperatura. El calor se
puede transferir en tres modos
diferentes: conducción,
convección, y radiación.
3. OBJETIVO
Medir la transferencia de calor desde una superficie extendida
como resultado de los modos combinados de transferencia de
calor por convección, conducción y radiación.
4. La convección es el modo de transferencia de energía entre una superficie solida y el líquido o gas adyacentes que están en
movimiento y comprende los efectos combinados de la conducción y el movimiento de fluidos. Entre más rápido es el
movimiento de un fluido, mayor es la transferencia de calor por convección. La presencia de movimiento masivo del fluido
acrecienta la transferencia de calor entre la superficie solida y el fluido, pero también complican la determinación de las
razones
de esta transferencia.
La convección recibe el nombre de convección forzada si el fluido es forzado a fluir sobre la superficie mediante medios
externos como un ventilador, una bomba o el viento. Se dice que la convección es natural (o libre) si el movimiento del fluido es
causado por las fuerzas de empuje que son inducidas por las diferencias de densidad debidas a la variación de temperatura en
ese fluido.
La rapidez de la transferencia de calor por convección es proporcional a la diferencia de temperatura y se expresa en forma
conveniente por la ley de Newton del enfriamiento como
𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣=ℎ𝐴𝑠(𝑇𝑠− 𝑇∞) (W)
En donde 𝑄 es el flujo de calor por convección (𝑊/𝑚2
), h es el coeficiente de transferencia de calor por convección, As es
el área superficial a través de la cual tiene lugar la transferencia de calor por convección, Ts es la temperatura de la
superficie y 𝑇∞ es la temperatura del fluido suficientemente alejado de esta superficie. El coeficiente de transferencia
de calor por convección h no es una propiedad del fluido. Es un parámetro que se determina en forma experimental y
cuyo valor depende de todas las variables que influyen sobre la convección como la configuración geométrica de la
superficie, la naturaleza del movimiento del fluido, las propiedades de éste y la velocidad masiva del mismo.
METODOLOGÍA
5. La radiación es la energía emitida por la materia en forma de ondas electromagnéticas (o fotones) como resultado de los cambios
en las configuraciones electrónicas de los átomos o moléculas. La transferencia de calor por radiación no requiere la presencia de
un medio interventor. Este modo de transferencia es la más rápida (a la velocidad de la luz) y no sufre atenuación en un vacío.
𝑄̇𝑟𝑎𝑑=𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑠(𝑇𝑠4
− 𝑇𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑑4
)
La transferencia de calor por radiación hacia una superficie, o desde esta, rodeada por un gas como el aire, ocurre paralela a
la conducción (o convección si se tiene un movimiento masivo del gas) entre esa superficie y el gas. Por tanto la
transferencia de calor se determina al sumar las contribuciones de los dos mecanismos de transferencia. Por sencillez y
conveniencia esto se lleva a cabo mediante la definición de un coeficiente combinado de transferencia de calor, h combinado, que
incluye tanto los efectos de la convección como de la radiación. Entonces la razón total de transferencia de calor hacia una
superficie, o desde esta, por convección y radiación se expresa como:
𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏=ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝐴𝑠(𝑇𝑠− 𝑇∞)
La radiación suele ser significativa con relación a la conducción o a la convección natural, pero despreciable con
relación a la convección forzada. Por tanto en las aplicaciones de convección forzada se suele descartar la radiación en
especial cuando las superficies que intervienen tienen emisividades bajas y temperaturas de bajas a moderadas.
En este caso particular la ecuación se expresa como:
𝑄̇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙=ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝐴𝑠(𝑇𝑠− 𝑇∞)
Donde ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏=ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣+ ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 Área superficial correspondiente a un cilindro es 𝐴𝑠=𝜋𝐷𝐿 L es el largo del cilindro (distancia entre
las termocuplas 1 y 8) D es el diámetro del cilindro.
6. El coeficiente promedio de la transferencia de calor por convección puede calcularse usando la siguiente relación empírica:
Donde
Ts: Temperatura promedio en la superficie del cilindro (determinado por el promedio de las temperaturas T1 hasta T8)
Ta: Temperatura ambiente (T9)
El coeficiente de transferencia de calor radiactivo promedio puede calcularse usándose la siguiente expresión:
Donde:
σ = Constante de Stefan Boltzmann 56.7 x 10-9
ξ = Emisividad de la superficie
F = 1 = Factor de vista
7. MATERIAL Y EQUIPO
HT10X - Unidad de servicio de transferencia
de calor.
HT15 - Accesorio de transferencia de calor
de superficie extendida
8. • Ubique el HT15 Extended Surface Heat Transfer Accesory
al lado del HT10X Heat Transfer Service Unit sobre un soporte
apropiado.
• Verifique que los equipos se encuentren lejos de cualquier
corriente o fuente de radiación, ya que la transferencia de calor
desde la superficie extendida solo se debe a la convección
natural y a la radiación de los alrededores.
• Conecte las nueve (9) termocuplas en la correspondiente
toma del panel del HT15 y verifique que los números de
las termocuplas concuerden con la posición en la que deben
estar ubicadas.
• Ajuste el potenciómetro de control de voltaje al mínimo y mueva
el switch a la posición Manual.
• Conecte la unidad de servicio a la toma de corriente regulado y
verifique que los brakers se encuentran en posición ‘on’.
• Encienda la unidad de servicio y el calentador.
PUNTOS A REVISAR ANTES DE INICIAR LA
PRÁCTICA:
9. 1.Revise si el equipo se está correctamente instalado.
2.Encienda el equipo dándole suministro eléctrico al sistema. Ajuste la perilla del voltaje a 20 V,
y la corriente en 0.66 A.
3.Monitoreé regularmente la temperatura T1 hasta cuando se estabilice en
aproximadamente 80°C, después de esto reduzca el voltaje a 9 V.
4.Monitoree las temperaturas y permita que los sensores de temperatura se estabilicen.
5.Registre el voltaje y la corriente de salida suministrada para calcular la potencia.
6.Registre las temperaturas en las nueve posiciones a lo largo del cilindro, incluyendo la
temperatura ambiente T9.
7.Ajuste nuevamente la perilla del voltaje a 16 V y espere a que las temperaturas se estabilicen.
Nuevamente registre los datos para las nueve temperatura.
PROCEDIMIENTO