Convection is the movement of molecules within fluids and is one of the major modes of heat and mass transfer. Forced convection occurs when an external source, like a fan or pump, generates fluid motion. This allows for very efficient heat transport and is commonly used in heating, cooling, and machinery. Extended surfaces like fins and pins can be added normal to a surface to increase the surface area and improve heat transfer between the surface and surrounding fluid according to Newton's Law of Cooling. Comparing finned and unfinned surfaces under the same conditions demonstrates the effect of extended surfaces.
Recognize numerous types of heat exchangers, and classify them.
Develop an awareness of fouling on surfaces, and determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for a heat exchanger.
Perform a general energy analysis on heat exchangers.
Obtain a relation for the logarithmic mean temperature difference for use in the LMTD method, and modify it for different types of heat exchangers using the correction factor.
Develop relations for effectiveness, and analyze heat exchangers when outlet temperatures are not known using the effectiveness-NTU method.
Know the primary considerations in the selection of heat exchangers.
Summary of lmtd and e ntu. The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method (LMTD) The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference(LMTD) is valid only for heat exchanger with one shell pass and one tube pass. For multiple number of shell and tube passes the flow pattern in a heat exchanger is neither purely co-current nor purely counter-current. The temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids varies along the heat exchanger. It is convenient to have a mean temperature difference Tm for use in the relation. s mQ UA T
3. The mean temperature difference in a heat transfer process depends on the direction of fluid flows involved in the process. The primary and secondary fluid in an heat exchanger process may flow in the same direction - parallel flow or cocurrent flow in the opposite direction - countercurrent flow or perpendicular to each other - cross flow
Recognize numerous types of heat exchangers, and classify them.
Develop an awareness of fouling on surfaces, and determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for a heat exchanger.
Perform a general energy analysis on heat exchangers.
Obtain a relation for the logarithmic mean temperature difference for use in the LMTD method, and modify it for different types of heat exchangers using the correction factor.
Develop relations for effectiveness, and analyze heat exchangers when outlet temperatures are not known using the effectiveness-NTU method.
Know the primary considerations in the selection of heat exchangers.
Summary of lmtd and e ntu. The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method (LMTD) The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference(LMTD) is valid only for heat exchanger with one shell pass and one tube pass. For multiple number of shell and tube passes the flow pattern in a heat exchanger is neither purely co-current nor purely counter-current. The temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids varies along the heat exchanger. It is convenient to have a mean temperature difference Tm for use in the relation. s mQ UA T
3. The mean temperature difference in a heat transfer process depends on the direction of fluid flows involved in the process. The primary and secondary fluid in an heat exchanger process may flow in the same direction - parallel flow or cocurrent flow in the opposite direction - countercurrent flow or perpendicular to each other - cross flow
Definition and Requirements
Types of Heat Exchangers
The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
The Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients—Forced Convection
Heat Exchanger Analysis
Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Analysis
Fouling, in technical language, it is the general term of unwanted material which is accumulating on surfaces, such as inside pipes, machines or heat exchanger.
Governing of the Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/LmJtNo-zgjo
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This file contains slides on One-dimensional, steady state heat conduction without heat generation. The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students.
Topics covered: Plane slab - composite slabs – contact resistance – cylindrical Systems – composite cylinders - spherical systems – composite spheres - critical thickness of insulation – optimum thickness – systems with variable thermal conductivity
Definition and Requirements
Types of Heat Exchangers
The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
The Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients—Forced Convection
Heat Exchanger Analysis
Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Analysis
Fouling, in technical language, it is the general term of unwanted material which is accumulating on surfaces, such as inside pipes, machines or heat exchanger.
Governing of the Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/LmJtNo-zgjo
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
This file contains slides on One-dimensional, steady state heat conduction without heat generation. The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students.
Topics covered: Plane slab - composite slabs – contact resistance – cylindrical Systems – composite cylinders - spherical systems – composite spheres - critical thickness of insulation – optimum thickness – systems with variable thermal conductivity
Introduction
Mechanism of Heat Flow
Conduction
Heat Flow through a Cylinder-Conduction
Conduction through fluids
Convection
Film type condensation
Cold liquid-boiling of liquids
Modes of Feed-Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation
Black Body
Grey body
Equipments
References
2.1 Heat
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
2.2 Heat Transfer:-
Work is one of the basic modes of energy transfer in machines the action of force on a moving body is identified as work. The work is done by a force as it acts upon a body moving in the direction of the force.
Work transfer is considered as occurring between the system and the surroundings work is said to be done by a system is the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight.
If a system has a non-adiabatic boundary its temperature is not independent of the temperature of the surroundings and for the system between the states 1 and 2 the work w depends on path and the differential d-w is inexact. The work depends on the terminal state 1 and 2 as well as non-adiabatic path connecting them. For consistency with the principle of conservation of energy. Some type of energy transfer must have occurred because of the temperature difference between the system and its surroundings and it is identified as heat thus when an effect in a system occurs solely as result of temperature difference between the system and some other system the process in which the effect occur shall be called a transfer of heat from the system at the higher temperature to the system at the lower temperature.
1.1 Evaporation
1.2 Distillation
1.3 Drying
1.4 Crystallization
1.5 Sterilization
Application of Heat Transfer in Pharmaceuticals Industries
Energy can exist in numerical forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, chemical, and nuclear their sum constitutes the total energy E (or e on a unit mass basis) of a system. The forms of energy related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity are referred to as the microscopic energy. The sum of all microscopic form of energy is called the internal energy of a system, and is denoted by U.
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
As companies examine their total cost of operations, energy usage and heat recovery deliver cost savings through increased energy utilization and efficiency. Heat exchangers offer companies the opportunity to reuse energy generated for a specific purpose instead of venting that energy to the atmosphere. Shell and tube heat exchangers are in wide use throughout the Food, Dairy, Beverage, Pharmaceutical, Chemicals, Petroleum Refining, and Utility industries. This paper briefly explores three modes of heat transfer and basic designs found in shell and tube heat exchangers. Also included are several case studies from different industries where
Enerquip’s heat exchangers have saved the operators energy and money.
Mention the major difference in the physical phenomena occurring rel.pdfsolimankellymattwe60
Mention the major difference in the physical phenomena occurring related to heat transfer in
external flow as opposed to internal flow.
Solution
Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. The rate ofheat
transfer is dependent on the temperatures of the systems and the properties of the intervening
medium through which the heat is transferred. The three fundamental modes of heat transfer are
conduction, convection and radiation.
On a microscopic scale, heat conduction occurs as hot, rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and
molecules interact with neighboring atoms and molecules, transferring some of their energy
(heat) to these neighboring particles. In other words, heat is transferred by conduction when
adjacent atoms vibrate against one another, or as electrons move from one atom to another.
Conduction is the most significant means of heat transfer within a solid or between solid objects
in thermal contact. Fluids—especially gases—are less conductive.Thermal contact conductance
is the study of heat conduction between solid bodies in contact.
Convection
The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields) by
buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume),
thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called \"natural convection\". All
convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well. Another form of convection is
forced convection. In this case the fluid is forced to flow by use of a pump, fan or other
mechanical means.
Convective heat transfer, or convection, is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the
movement of fluids, a process that is essentially the transfer of heat via mass transfer. Bulk
motion of fluid enhances heat transfer in many physical situations, such as (for example)
between a solid surface and the fluid. Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in
liquids and gases.
In a body of fluid that is heated from underneath its container, conduction and convection can be
considered to compete for dominance. If heat conduction is too great, fluid moving down by
convection is heated by conduction so fast that its downward movement will be stopped due to
its buoyancy, while fluid moving up by convection is cooled by conduction so fast that its
driving buoyancy will diminish. On the other hand, if heat conduction is very low, a large
temperature gradient may be formed and convection might be very strong..
1. INTRODUCTION
Convection is the movement of molecules within fluids (i.e. liquids, gases). It cannot take place in
solids, since either bulk current flows or significant diffusion can take place in solids. Convection is
one of the major modes of heat transfer and mass transfer.
Forced convection is a mechanism, or type of heat transport in which fluid motion is
generated by an external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.). It should be considered as
one of the main methods of useful heat transfer as significant amounts of heat energy can be
transported very efficiently and this mechanism is found very commonly in everyday life,
including central heating, air conditioning, steam turbines and in many other machines. Forced
convection is often encountered by engineers designing or analyzing heat exchangers, pipe flow,
and flow over a plate at a different temperature than the stream (the case of a shuttle wing during re-
entry, for example). However, in any forced convection situation, some amount of natural convection
is always present whenever there are g-forces present (i.e., unless the system is in free fall). When
the natural convection is not negligible, such flows are typically referred to as mixed convection.
The removal of excessive heat from system components is essential to avoid damaging
effects of burning or overheating. Therefore, the enhancement of heat transfer is an important
subject of thermal engineering. Extended surfaces (fins) are frequently use in heat exchanging
devices for the purpose of improve the heat transfer between a primary surface and the surrounding
fluid.
2. THEORY
Heat transfer from an object can be improve by increasing the surface area in contact with the air by
adding fins or pins normal to the surface. This can be seen in Newton’s Law of Cooling that states
that the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the difference in temperatures between the body
and its surroundings, which defines the convection heat transfer rate.
The constant of proportionality h is termed the convection heat-transfer coefficient. The heat
transfer coefficient h is a function of the fluid flow, so, it is influenced by the surface geometry, the
fluid motion in the boundary layer and the fluid properties as well. The effect of the surfaces can be
demonstrated by comparing finned and unfinned surfaces with a flat plate under the same conditions
of power and flow.
A heated surface dissipates heat to the surrounding fluid primarily through a process called
convection. Heat is also dissipated by conduction and radiation, however these effects are not
considered in this experiment. Air in contact with the hot surface is heated by the surface and rises
due to reduction in density. The heated air is replaced by cooler air, which is in turn heated by the
surface, and rises. This process is called free convection.
Convection heat transfer from an object can be improved by increasing the surface area in
contact with the air. In practical it may be difficult to increase the size of the body to suit. In these
circumstances the surface area in contact with the air may be increased by adding fins or pins
normal to the surface. These features are called extended surfaces. A typical example is the use of
fins on the cylinder and head on an air-cooled petrol engine. The effect of extended surfaces can be
demonstrated by comparing finned and pinned surfaces with a flat under the same conditions of
power input and airflow.