This document presents a new distance protection scheme for series compensated transmission lines based on mutual impedance between phases. Conventional distance protection using positive sequence impedance can cause maloperation in series compensated lines due to changes in fault impedance. The proposed scheme calculates mutual impedance between the relay and fault point using voltages and currents from both line ends. Simulation results approve the efficiency of this method for protecting series compensated lines against single and double phase faults. The mutual impedance is not affected by series compensation, providing reliable backup protection.
Dynamic Performance of Distance Relayson Series Compensated Transmission Line...Premier Publishers
Series compensation is installed in power system networks to increase power transfer capacity, improve the system stability, reduce system losses, improve voltage regulation and for achieving flexible power flow control. Distance relays are widely used as main or backup protection of transmission lines including series-compensated transmission lines. The performance of conventional distance relays is affected by series capacitors and cause certain protection issues. This paper briefly discusses the problems like voltage inversion, current inversion, overreach and under reach during the fault conditions specific to series compensated lines. The behavior of capacitor protection techniques is discussed with simulations performed using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) simulator for a typical 400 kV system having series compensation. The analysis is based on Transmission Line fault simulations, internal and external to the 400-transmission line where the Fixed Series Compensation (FSC)is installed.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document discusses optimal placement of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices on transmission lines to maximize power transfer capability while maintaining stability. It presents a two-stage approach using conventional methods and fuzzy logic. In the first stage, optimal location of a shunt FACTS device is determined for a series-compensated transmission line. In the second stage, fuzzy logic determines the optimal placement. The method is applied to a 13.8kV, 6*350MVA, 360km transmission line. It is observed that the optimal shunt FACTS device location shifts towards the generator side as the level of series compensation increases.
This paper presents a study on a new full bridge series resonant converter (SRC) with wide zero voltage switching (ZVS) range, and higher output voltage. The high frequency transformer is connected in series with the LC series resonant tank. The tank inductance is therefore increased; all switches having the ability to turn on at ZVS, with lower switching frequency than the LC tank resonant frequency. Moreover, the step-up high frequency (HF) transformer design steps are introduced in order to increase the output voltage to overcome the gain limitation of the conventional SRC. Compared to the conventional SRC, the proposed converter has higher energy conversion, able to increase the ZVS range by 36%, and provide much higher output power. Finally, the a laboratory prototypes of the both converters with the same resonant tank parameters and input voltage are examined based on 1 and 2.2 kW power respectively, for veryfing the reliability of the performance and the operation principles of both converters.
Implementation Of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) In Transmissio...IJERA Editor
A grid of transmission lines operating at high or extra high voltages is required to transmit power from
generating stations to load. In addition to transmission lines that carry power from source to load, modern power
systems are highly interconnected for economic reasons. The large interconnected transmission networks are
prone to faults due to the lightning discharges and reduce insulation strength. Changing of loads and atmosphere
conditions are unpredictable factors. This may cause overloading of lines due to which voltage collapse takes
place. These problems can be eased by providing sufficient margin of working parameters and power transfer,
but it is not possible due to expansion of transmission network. Still the required margin is reduced by
introduction of fast dynamic control over reactive and active power by high power electronic controllers. This
paper describes about implementation of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line
model in order to enhance power flow at the receiving end. The triggering pulses to the thyristor are given using
Arduino.
This document outlines the course units for a transmission line theory course. Unit I covers the general theory of transmission lines, including characteristic impedance and the propagation constant which determines attenuation. The transmission line carries signals like telephone, computer data, TV and more. Unit II deals with transmission at radio frequencies including standing waves. Unit III covers impedance matching using techniques like stubs and the Smith chart. Unit IV discusses waveguides and wave behavior in guided structures. Unit V is about RF system design components and concepts. The goals are for students to analyze various transmission line types and impedance matching, and apply concepts to guided transmission systems and RF design.
IRJET- Distance Algorithm for Transmission Line with Mid-Point Connected ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses distance protection of a transmission line with a STATCOM installed at the mid-point. It begins with an introduction to FACTS devices and their impact on transmission line protection schemes. It then reviews the modeling and operation of STATCOM and distance relays. The performance of a two-zone distance protection scheme is evaluated for different fault conditions using EMTDC/PSCAD simulation. To address misoperations of the conventional distance relay when the line is compensated by STATCOM, an adaptive distance protection algorithm is presented and its flow diagram is shown. The algorithm adaptively selects the protection zones based on the STATCOM injection current and measured relay quantities to improve the reliability of distance protection.
This document discusses transmission line basics and concepts. It covers transmission line equivalent circuits, relevant equations for propagation and characteristic impedance, and examples of transmission line structures. It also discusses reflection coefficients and diagrams, and provides formulas for calculating per-unit length capacitance, inductance, impedance, and propagation delay of transmission lines. Special cases for reflection coefficients when a transmission line is terminated in its characteristic impedance, presents an open circuit, or is short circuited are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of transmission line basics and concepts. It discusses key transmission line parameters like characteristic impedance, propagation delay, per-unit-length capacitance and inductance. It covers transmission line equivalent circuit models and relevant equations. It also discusses transmission line structures, parallel plate approximations, reflection coefficients, and discontinuities. The goal is to understand transmission line behavior and analysis techniques.
Dynamic Performance of Distance Relayson Series Compensated Transmission Line...Premier Publishers
Series compensation is installed in power system networks to increase power transfer capacity, improve the system stability, reduce system losses, improve voltage regulation and for achieving flexible power flow control. Distance relays are widely used as main or backup protection of transmission lines including series-compensated transmission lines. The performance of conventional distance relays is affected by series capacitors and cause certain protection issues. This paper briefly discusses the problems like voltage inversion, current inversion, overreach and under reach during the fault conditions specific to series compensated lines. The behavior of capacitor protection techniques is discussed with simulations performed using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) simulator for a typical 400 kV system having series compensation. The analysis is based on Transmission Line fault simulations, internal and external to the 400-transmission line where the Fixed Series Compensation (FSC)is installed.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document discusses optimal placement of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices on transmission lines to maximize power transfer capability while maintaining stability. It presents a two-stage approach using conventional methods and fuzzy logic. In the first stage, optimal location of a shunt FACTS device is determined for a series-compensated transmission line. In the second stage, fuzzy logic determines the optimal placement. The method is applied to a 13.8kV, 6*350MVA, 360km transmission line. It is observed that the optimal shunt FACTS device location shifts towards the generator side as the level of series compensation increases.
This paper presents a study on a new full bridge series resonant converter (SRC) with wide zero voltage switching (ZVS) range, and higher output voltage. The high frequency transformer is connected in series with the LC series resonant tank. The tank inductance is therefore increased; all switches having the ability to turn on at ZVS, with lower switching frequency than the LC tank resonant frequency. Moreover, the step-up high frequency (HF) transformer design steps are introduced in order to increase the output voltage to overcome the gain limitation of the conventional SRC. Compared to the conventional SRC, the proposed converter has higher energy conversion, able to increase the ZVS range by 36%, and provide much higher output power. Finally, the a laboratory prototypes of the both converters with the same resonant tank parameters and input voltage are examined based on 1 and 2.2 kW power respectively, for veryfing the reliability of the performance and the operation principles of both converters.
Implementation Of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) In Transmissio...IJERA Editor
A grid of transmission lines operating at high or extra high voltages is required to transmit power from
generating stations to load. In addition to transmission lines that carry power from source to load, modern power
systems are highly interconnected for economic reasons. The large interconnected transmission networks are
prone to faults due to the lightning discharges and reduce insulation strength. Changing of loads and atmosphere
conditions are unpredictable factors. This may cause overloading of lines due to which voltage collapse takes
place. These problems can be eased by providing sufficient margin of working parameters and power transfer,
but it is not possible due to expansion of transmission network. Still the required margin is reduced by
introduction of fast dynamic control over reactive and active power by high power electronic controllers. This
paper describes about implementation of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line
model in order to enhance power flow at the receiving end. The triggering pulses to the thyristor are given using
Arduino.
This document outlines the course units for a transmission line theory course. Unit I covers the general theory of transmission lines, including characteristic impedance and the propagation constant which determines attenuation. The transmission line carries signals like telephone, computer data, TV and more. Unit II deals with transmission at radio frequencies including standing waves. Unit III covers impedance matching using techniques like stubs and the Smith chart. Unit IV discusses waveguides and wave behavior in guided structures. Unit V is about RF system design components and concepts. The goals are for students to analyze various transmission line types and impedance matching, and apply concepts to guided transmission systems and RF design.
IRJET- Distance Algorithm for Transmission Line with Mid-Point Connected ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses distance protection of a transmission line with a STATCOM installed at the mid-point. It begins with an introduction to FACTS devices and their impact on transmission line protection schemes. It then reviews the modeling and operation of STATCOM and distance relays. The performance of a two-zone distance protection scheme is evaluated for different fault conditions using EMTDC/PSCAD simulation. To address misoperations of the conventional distance relay when the line is compensated by STATCOM, an adaptive distance protection algorithm is presented and its flow diagram is shown. The algorithm adaptively selects the protection zones based on the STATCOM injection current and measured relay quantities to improve the reliability of distance protection.
This document discusses transmission line basics and concepts. It covers transmission line equivalent circuits, relevant equations for propagation and characteristic impedance, and examples of transmission line structures. It also discusses reflection coefficients and diagrams, and provides formulas for calculating per-unit length capacitance, inductance, impedance, and propagation delay of transmission lines. Special cases for reflection coefficients when a transmission line is terminated in its characteristic impedance, presents an open circuit, or is short circuited are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of transmission line basics and concepts. It discusses key transmission line parameters like characteristic impedance, propagation delay, per-unit-length capacitance and inductance. It covers transmission line equivalent circuit models and relevant equations. It also discusses transmission line structures, parallel plate approximations, reflection coefficients, and discontinuities. The goal is to understand transmission line behavior and analysis techniques.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Novel Hybrid Dstatcom Topology for Load Compensation with Non-Stiff SourceIJERA Editor
The distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is a shunt active filter, which injects currents into the point
of common coupling (PCC) (the common point where load, source, and DSTATCOM are connected) such that
the harmonic filtering, power factor correction, and load balancing can be achieved. The distribution static
compensator (DSTATCOM) is used for load compensation in power distribution network. A new topology for
DSTATCOM applications with non-stiff source is proposed. The proposed topology enables DSTATCOM to
have a reduced dc-link voltage without compromising the compensation capability. It uses a series capacitor
along with the interfacing inductor and a shunt filter capacitor. With the reduction in dc-link voltage, the
average switching frequency of the insulated gate bipolar transistor switches of the D-STATCOM is also
reduced. Consequently, the switching losses in the inverter are reduced. Detailed design aspects of the series and
shunt capacitors are discussed in this paper. A simulation study of the proposed topology has been carried out
using MATLAB environment and the results analyzed.
- Transmission and distribution is the infrastructure that transports electricity from generation sites over long distances to users.
- There are various levels in a power system including generation, transmission, and distribution with different standard voltages used at each level. In India, generation is typically at 400kV, transmission at 400kV, 220kV, and 110kV, and distribution at 33kV and below.
- High voltage transmission allows for lower transmission losses and reduced material costs. However, it requires special insulation and safety precautions to handle the high voltages involved.
This document presents a technique for locating faults on double circuit transmission lines using wavelet transform and wavelet modulus maxima. The technique uses traveling wave theory and modal decomposition to transform coupled three-phase voltages and currents into independent modal components. Wavelet analysis is then used to obtain the wavelet transform coefficients of each modal component. The time difference between wavelet modulus maxima peaks of the modal components indicates the fault location. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the technique for various fault types, locations, resistances, and inception angles. The technique can accurately locate faults using data from a single line terminal.
This document discusses the design and analysis of a multi-level D-STATCOM to improve power quality. A D-STATCOM is a shunt connected custom power device that can regulate voltage and compensate for reactive power and current harmonics. The paper proposes using a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter for the D-STATCOM due to its advantages of low harmonic distortion and reduced switching losses. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show that the D-STATCOM is able to regulate the voltage and compensate for reactive power drawn by a non-linear diode rectifier load, improving the power factor and eliminating total harmonic distortion.
The DC-fault Blocking Capability by a New Hybrid Multilevel Converter in HVDC...Editor IJCATR
This paper explains the working principles, supported by simulation results, of a new converter topology in-tended for HVDC
application, called the Alternate Arm Con-verter (AAC). Modular Multilevel Converters deliver small footprints and efficiencies above
99% in their half-bridge format, but only deliver DC-fault blocking with full-bridge sub-modules, and with an unacceptable penalty in
efficiency. The Alternate Arm Converter (AAC) is a hybrid circuit topology using a mixture of full-bridge sub-modules and director
switches which is capable of current control through DC faults while maintaining good efficiency in normal operation. It is hybrid
between the modular multi-level converter, because of the presence of H-bridge cells, and the 2-level converter, in the form of director
switches in each arm. This converter is able to generate a multi-level AC voltage and, since its stacks of cells consist of H-bridge cells
instead of half-bridge cells, they are able to generate higher AC voltage than the DC terminal voltage. This allows the AAC to operate
at an optimal point, called the “sweet spot”, where the AC and DC energy flows equal. The director switches in the AAC are responsible
for alternating the conduction period of each arm, leading to a significant reduction in the number of cells in the stacks. Furthermore,
the AAC can keep control of the current in the phase reactor even in case of a DC-side fault and support the AC grid, through a
STATCOM mode. Simulation results and loss calculations are presented in this paper in order to support the claimed features of the
AAC
IRJET- SVPWM Technique based D-STATCOM to Improve Power Quality in Distributi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a D-STATCOM with SVPWM and SPWM control techniques to improve power quality in a distribution system. It begins by introducing D-STATCOM and its role in distribution systems for reactive power compensation and power quality improvement. It then describes the operation of D-STATCOM and the SVPWM control technique. SVPWM is presented as a more advanced PWM method that provides lower harmonic distortion compared to SPWM. The document concludes by stating that the methodology involves simulating a distribution system with D-STATCOM using both SPWM and SVPWM control techniques to compare their effects on total harmonic distortion during different power quality problems.
a report on Off-line Fault Localization Technique on HVDC Submarine Cable via Time-Frequency Domain Reflectometry.
other fault tech like TDR, FDR included.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design aspects of high voltage transmission linejournalBEEI
The transmission lines are very important in the transmitted of electrical power, and the process of selecting the voltage of the line is an important task in the design and implementation process. The process of transferring electrical power from one side then onto the next place for long away. While maintaining the percentage regulation within the permissible limits is an important problem in the transfer of energy. In electrical transmission line there are important elements are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The purpose of this paper is to study and calculate economic high-tension voltage and selection of overhead line conductor ACSR.
Wavelet-Based Fault Location and Distance Protection Method for Transmission ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a single-ended traveling wave -based fault location and distance protection method for a hybrid transmission line: an overhead line combined with an underground cable. Dis-crete wavelet transformation (DWT) is used to extract transient information from the measured voltages. Support vector machine (SVM) classifiers are utilized to identify the faulty-section and faulty-half. Bewley diagrams are observed for the traveling wave patterns and the wavelet coeffi cients of the aerial mode voltage are used to locate the fault. The transient simulation for different fault types and locations are obtained by ATP using frequency - de-pendent line and cable models. MATLAB is used to process the simulated transients and apply the proposed method. The perfor-mance of the method is tested for different fault inception angles (FIA), different fault resistances, non-linear high impedance faults (NLHIF), and non-ideal faults with satisfactory results. The impact of cable aging on the proposed method accuracy is also investigated.
This document discusses a two-level voltage source converter (VSC) with a third-harmonic injection bus-clamping space vector modulation (SVM) strategy. It aims to further investigate this topology compared to other common VSC topologies. The modulation strategy implements bus-clamping SVM through triangle-comparison-based pulse width modulation. The strategy is investigated using simulations of a passive RL load and an active induction motor load. Simulation results show the impact on total harmonic distortion and motor performance from using this bus-clamping control strategy.
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
Optimal Placement of TCSC and SVC Using PSOIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a particle swarm optimization technique to determine the optimal placement of TCSC and SVC devices on power systems. The objective is to minimize a cost function that considers the costs of installing the devices, load bus voltage deviations from nominal values, and line loadings. The paper formulates the objective function and describes models for TCSC and SVC devices. It then provides an overview of the particle swarm optimization technique before describing the algorithm used to apply PSO to determine the optimal location and sizing of TCSC and SVC devices on IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus and 57-bus test systems while considering different load levels. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the method.
Power loss reduction in radial distribution system by using plant growth simu...Alexander Decker
This document discusses methods for reducing power losses in radial distribution systems through optimal capacitor placement using plant growth simulation algorithms. It begins with an introduction describing how distribution systems experience significant power losses and how capacitor placement can help reduce losses and improve voltage regulation. It then describes the problem formulation as a constrained optimization aiming to minimize losses while meeting voltage constraints. Sensitivity analysis is used to determine candidate nodes for capacitor placement by calculating loss sensitivity factors. The plant growth simulation algorithm is then applied to determine optimal capacitor locations and sizes on test systems. The objective is to minimize losses while considering capacitor costs.
Off-line Fault Localization Technique on HVDC Submarine Cable via Time-Freque...ABHISHEK MALAV
The document presents a technique called time-frequency domain reflectometry (TFDR) for locating faults in HVDC submarine cables. TFDR uses a signal with both time and frequency localization to address limitations of prior techniques. An experimental setup is used to send a chirp signal into a cable and detect the reflected signal. Euclidean distance identifies fault location while tangent distance provides reliability by distinguishing actual reflections from artifacts. The proposed TFDR method is shown to more accurately locate cable failures compared to previous time domain reflectometry approaches.
Impact of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Insertion on Short-circuit Ca...IJAPEJOURNAL
This research paper presents a study on phase to earth fault short-circuit calculation with fault resistance on a single transmission line 400 kV in eastern Algerian transmission networks at Algerian Company of Electricity and Gas (Sonelgaz Group) compensated by series Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) i.e. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) installed in midline. The facts are used for controlling transmission voltage, power flow, reactive power, and damping of power system oscillations at high power transfer levels. The direct impacts of TCSC insertion on the total impedance, active power and reactive power a electrical transmission line and also parameters of short-circuit : symmetrical currents, line currents, symmetrical voltages and line voltages are carried out. More the effects of injected voltage by TCSC for three case studies are presented.
Approaches were applied to miniaturize two different types of antennas for applications at UHF, without losing performance when losing physical volume.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modelling and Testing of a Numerical Pilot Distance Relay for Compensated Tra...MohammadMomani26
Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) technologies are wildly used in the high voltage and extra-high voltage AC transmission systems to control the power flow. The existence of FACTS devices in the transmission lines makes a misoperation of the traditional distance relay. In this paper, a new special pilot distance protection scheme is presented for any compensated transmission line. This scheme is valid for any type of FACTS device (shunt, series, and compound) and different operation points (capacitive mode or inductive mode). The proposed scheme is modeled and tested in MATLAB 2020a/Simulink. The model includes a fault detection algorithm, phase selection, measured impedance, and five zones mho characteristic. The proposed scheme includes two additional reversed zones with the three traditional zones. The model is verified under deferent fault scenarios, including single-line to ground faults, double-line faults, double-line to ground faults, and three-phase faults. The results show the model robustness for different FACTS devices, including Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) as examples on the shunt, series, and compound FACTS devices respectively. All results show that the relay operates correctly under different FACTD device locations, different types of faults, different types of FACTS devices, and different operation points.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Novel Hybrid Dstatcom Topology for Load Compensation with Non-Stiff SourceIJERA Editor
The distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is a shunt active filter, which injects currents into the point
of common coupling (PCC) (the common point where load, source, and DSTATCOM are connected) such that
the harmonic filtering, power factor correction, and load balancing can be achieved. The distribution static
compensator (DSTATCOM) is used for load compensation in power distribution network. A new topology for
DSTATCOM applications with non-stiff source is proposed. The proposed topology enables DSTATCOM to
have a reduced dc-link voltage without compromising the compensation capability. It uses a series capacitor
along with the interfacing inductor and a shunt filter capacitor. With the reduction in dc-link voltage, the
average switching frequency of the insulated gate bipolar transistor switches of the D-STATCOM is also
reduced. Consequently, the switching losses in the inverter are reduced. Detailed design aspects of the series and
shunt capacitors are discussed in this paper. A simulation study of the proposed topology has been carried out
using MATLAB environment and the results analyzed.
- Transmission and distribution is the infrastructure that transports electricity from generation sites over long distances to users.
- There are various levels in a power system including generation, transmission, and distribution with different standard voltages used at each level. In India, generation is typically at 400kV, transmission at 400kV, 220kV, and 110kV, and distribution at 33kV and below.
- High voltage transmission allows for lower transmission losses and reduced material costs. However, it requires special insulation and safety precautions to handle the high voltages involved.
This document presents a technique for locating faults on double circuit transmission lines using wavelet transform and wavelet modulus maxima. The technique uses traveling wave theory and modal decomposition to transform coupled three-phase voltages and currents into independent modal components. Wavelet analysis is then used to obtain the wavelet transform coefficients of each modal component. The time difference between wavelet modulus maxima peaks of the modal components indicates the fault location. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the technique for various fault types, locations, resistances, and inception angles. The technique can accurately locate faults using data from a single line terminal.
This document discusses the design and analysis of a multi-level D-STATCOM to improve power quality. A D-STATCOM is a shunt connected custom power device that can regulate voltage and compensate for reactive power and current harmonics. The paper proposes using a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter for the D-STATCOM due to its advantages of low harmonic distortion and reduced switching losses. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show that the D-STATCOM is able to regulate the voltage and compensate for reactive power drawn by a non-linear diode rectifier load, improving the power factor and eliminating total harmonic distortion.
The DC-fault Blocking Capability by a New Hybrid Multilevel Converter in HVDC...Editor IJCATR
This paper explains the working principles, supported by simulation results, of a new converter topology in-tended for HVDC
application, called the Alternate Arm Con-verter (AAC). Modular Multilevel Converters deliver small footprints and efficiencies above
99% in their half-bridge format, but only deliver DC-fault blocking with full-bridge sub-modules, and with an unacceptable penalty in
efficiency. The Alternate Arm Converter (AAC) is a hybrid circuit topology using a mixture of full-bridge sub-modules and director
switches which is capable of current control through DC faults while maintaining good efficiency in normal operation. It is hybrid
between the modular multi-level converter, because of the presence of H-bridge cells, and the 2-level converter, in the form of director
switches in each arm. This converter is able to generate a multi-level AC voltage and, since its stacks of cells consist of H-bridge cells
instead of half-bridge cells, they are able to generate higher AC voltage than the DC terminal voltage. This allows the AAC to operate
at an optimal point, called the “sweet spot”, where the AC and DC energy flows equal. The director switches in the AAC are responsible
for alternating the conduction period of each arm, leading to a significant reduction in the number of cells in the stacks. Furthermore,
the AAC can keep control of the current in the phase reactor even in case of a DC-side fault and support the AC grid, through a
STATCOM mode. Simulation results and loss calculations are presented in this paper in order to support the claimed features of the
AAC
IRJET- SVPWM Technique based D-STATCOM to Improve Power Quality in Distributi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a D-STATCOM with SVPWM and SPWM control techniques to improve power quality in a distribution system. It begins by introducing D-STATCOM and its role in distribution systems for reactive power compensation and power quality improvement. It then describes the operation of D-STATCOM and the SVPWM control technique. SVPWM is presented as a more advanced PWM method that provides lower harmonic distortion compared to SPWM. The document concludes by stating that the methodology involves simulating a distribution system with D-STATCOM using both SPWM and SVPWM control techniques to compare their effects on total harmonic distortion during different power quality problems.
a report on Off-line Fault Localization Technique on HVDC Submarine Cable via Time-Frequency Domain Reflectometry.
other fault tech like TDR, FDR included.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design aspects of high voltage transmission linejournalBEEI
The transmission lines are very important in the transmitted of electrical power, and the process of selecting the voltage of the line is an important task in the design and implementation process. The process of transferring electrical power from one side then onto the next place for long away. While maintaining the percentage regulation within the permissible limits is an important problem in the transfer of energy. In electrical transmission line there are important elements are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The purpose of this paper is to study and calculate economic high-tension voltage and selection of overhead line conductor ACSR.
Wavelet-Based Fault Location and Distance Protection Method for Transmission ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a single-ended traveling wave -based fault location and distance protection method for a hybrid transmission line: an overhead line combined with an underground cable. Dis-crete wavelet transformation (DWT) is used to extract transient information from the measured voltages. Support vector machine (SVM) classifiers are utilized to identify the faulty-section and faulty-half. Bewley diagrams are observed for the traveling wave patterns and the wavelet coeffi cients of the aerial mode voltage are used to locate the fault. The transient simulation for different fault types and locations are obtained by ATP using frequency - de-pendent line and cable models. MATLAB is used to process the simulated transients and apply the proposed method. The perfor-mance of the method is tested for different fault inception angles (FIA), different fault resistances, non-linear high impedance faults (NLHIF), and non-ideal faults with satisfactory results. The impact of cable aging on the proposed method accuracy is also investigated.
This document discusses a two-level voltage source converter (VSC) with a third-harmonic injection bus-clamping space vector modulation (SVM) strategy. It aims to further investigate this topology compared to other common VSC topologies. The modulation strategy implements bus-clamping SVM through triangle-comparison-based pulse width modulation. The strategy is investigated using simulations of a passive RL load and an active induction motor load. Simulation results show the impact on total harmonic distortion and motor performance from using this bus-clamping control strategy.
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
Optimal Placement of TCSC and SVC Using PSOIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a particle swarm optimization technique to determine the optimal placement of TCSC and SVC devices on power systems. The objective is to minimize a cost function that considers the costs of installing the devices, load bus voltage deviations from nominal values, and line loadings. The paper formulates the objective function and describes models for TCSC and SVC devices. It then provides an overview of the particle swarm optimization technique before describing the algorithm used to apply PSO to determine the optimal location and sizing of TCSC and SVC devices on IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus and 57-bus test systems while considering different load levels. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the method.
Power loss reduction in radial distribution system by using plant growth simu...Alexander Decker
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#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
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Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Distance Protection Scheme for Series Compensated Transmission Lines
1. Vanitha V Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -1) May 2015, pp.96-102
www.ijera.com 96 | P a g e
Distance Protection Scheme for Series Compensated
Transmission Lines
Vanitha.V*, Hemalatha.P**
*PG Scholar, M.P.N.M.J Engineering College, Erode, Tamilnadu, India.
**Assistant Professor, M.P.N.M.J Engineering College, Erode, Tamilnadu, India.
*vanithaeee@gmail.com,**hema12latha@gmail.com
Abstract
Conventional distance protection applies the positive sequence impedance to protect a line against short-circuit
faults. Series-compensated lines may considerably change the positive sequence impedance of the fault path and
cause the distance relays to maloperate. To overcome this problem, the mutual impedance between phases of a
transmission line is used for the design of a new distance protection scheme. The voltages and currents of both
ends of the line are applied to compute the mutual impedance between the relay and the fault point. The
proposed scheme has a reliable performance in protection against single-phase and double-phase-to-ground
faults and, therefore, it can be used as a backup protection. Simulation results approve the efficiency of the
proposed method in protection of series-compensated transmission lines.
Index Terms—Distance protection, mutual impedance, series compensation, transmission line.
I. INTRODUCTION
SERIES compensation is a common practice to
increase the loadability of transmission lines and
improve the power system stability. Series capacitors
are used to compensate a portion of inductive
impedance of the line and provide a better voltage
pro file along the transmission line [1]. Distance
relays provide the main protection of transmission
lines, as well as interconnected distribution networks.
These relays measure the positive-sequence
impedance to the fault and compare it with their
predefined characteristic. The presence of series
capacitor in the fault loop affects reach and
directionality of distance relays. The reach of
distance relays may experience two major problems:
1) the reduction of series inductance of line which
shifts down the locus of fault impedance in the R-X
plane, and decreases the reliability of relay and 2) sub
synchronous resonance which may introduce
remarkable delays in the response of digital phasor
estimation methods.
Directionality of the distance relay in series-
compensated lines may fail due to voltage or current
inversions. A common solution for this problem is
using memory voltage as the reference quantity to
detect fault direction.
The literature shows that protection of series-
compensated lines has been an interesting issue for
protection engineers and has been the subject of
many works for several decades.
Effects of series compensation on the
performance of directional comparison relaying, as
well as phase comparison protection, are analyzed in
[4]. A modified procedure is presented in [5] for the
protective zone setting of distance relays in series -
compensated lines. In [6], the problems of distance
protection in series-compensated lines are explained
in detail. Series capacitors are commonly protected
against transient over voltages by metal–oxide
varistors (MOVs). The nonlinear function of MOV is
considered in [7] and [8] to modify the distance
protection by computing the voltage drop along the
series compensator. This voltage drop is also used in
[9], as well as some additional logics, to increase the
accuracy and speed of the first zone of distance
relays. In [10], some modification techniques are pro-
vided for pilot protection schemes to prevent
malfunctions of the main line and its adjacent line
relays. Problems associated with the directionality of
protective relays in series- compensated lines are
addressed in [11] where a new process of directional
relaying using the phase difference between the pre
fault and post fault currents is presented. In [12], the
residual current is applied to compensate for the
impedance measurement error in MHO relays.
Proposed protective schemes for series-
compensated line are not limited to the distance
protection. Differential protection, in the form of the
phase comparison scheme, is expected to operate
properly in series-compensated lines [13]. Some
papers propose protection schemes using the transient
features of currents and voltages during fault
conditions. These schemes can be mainly divided into
the traveling wave based [14]–[17] and
superimposed-based methods [18], [19]. Despite
high-speed performance, these schemes are dealing
with two challenges: 1) If, for any reason such as
measurement errors, the current and voltage samples
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Vanitha V Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -1) May 2015, pp.96-102
www.ijera.com 97 | P a g e
of the transient time after fault inception are not
properly achieved, the schemes cannot operate
correctly. 2) In the case of slowly evolving faults,
superimposed voltages and current may graduate so
slowly that the required traveling waves are not
generated.
This paper proposes a new distance protection,
based on the mutual impedance between phases.
Applying the voltages and currents of both ends of
the line, the proposed scheme can protect the line
against single-phase and double-phase-to-ground
faults. Since the mutual impedance is not affected by
series compensation, the proposed scheme can
provide a reliable backup protection for series-
compensated transmission lines. The rest of this
paper is organized as follows: Section II analyzes the
effects of series compensation on transmission lines.
Section III explains the characteristic of the proposed
relay .performance of proposed relay based on
positive sequence impedance is discussed in Section
IV. Simulation results are presented in Section V
Finally, Section VI contains the conclusion of this
paper.
II. EFFECTS OF SERIES
COMPENSATION ON
TRANSMISSION LINES
Series capacitive compensation in alternating
current transmission systems can yield several
benefits such as increases in power transfer capability
and enhancement in transient stability. In Figure 3.1
series capacitors are connected in series with the line
conductors to compensate the inductive reactance of
the line. This reduces the transfer reactance between
buses to which the line is connected, increases
maximum power that can be transmitted, and reduces
effective reactive power loss. Although series
capacitors are not usually installed for voltage
control, they do contribute to improving the voltage
profile of the line.
Fig.1.Ideal Series compensated system
To obtain maximum power transfer, series
compensation is used. The power equation is given
by P= (EV/XL) sin δ. If line length increases
inductive reactance also increases. If inductive
reactance increases means power also decreases. To
get maximum power XL to be reduced. It is not
possible to decrease the XL value because it is fixed
for conductors and tower configurations. Instead of
reducing XL value of the line a capacitor is placed in
series with the transmission line.
III. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
PROPOSED RELAY
The shape of the operation zones has developed
throughout the years. An overview of relay
characteristics can be seen in the Fig.2.Modern
distance relays offer quadrilateral characteristic,
whose resistive and reactive reach can be set
independently which is shown in Fig 2. It therefore
provides better resistive coverage than any mho-type
characteristic for short lines. This is especially true
for earth fault impedance measurement, where the arc
resistances and fault resistance to earth contribute to
the highest values of fault resistance. Polygonal
impedance characteristics are highly flexible in terms
of fault impedance coverage for both phase and earth
faults.
Fig.2 Different characteristic curves of distance
protection relay
3. Vanitha V Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -1) May 2015, pp.96-102
www.ijera.com 98 | P a g e
Fig.3.Quadrilateral characteristic curve of distance
protection relay
For this reason, most digital relays offer this
form of characteristic. Some numerical relays
measure the absolute fault impedance and then
determine whether operation is required according to
impedance boundaries defined on the R/X diagram.
Traditional distance relays and numerical relays
that emulate the impedance elements of traditional
relays do not measure absolute impedance. They
compare the measured fault voltage with a replica
voltage derived from the fault current and the zone
impedance setting to determine whether the fault is
within zone or out-of-zone. Distance relay impedance
comparators or algorithms which emulate traditional
comparators are classified according to their polar
characteristics, the number of signal inputs they have,
and the method by which signal comparisons are
made.
The common types compare either the relative
amplitude or phase of two input quantities to obtain
operating characteristics that are either straight lines
or circles when plotted on an R/X diagram.
IV. PERFORMANCE OF PROPOSED
RELAY BASED ON POSITIVE
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE
Assume resistance R=0.1Ω/km,Reactance
XL=0.4 Ω/km, line length=300km & XC = 75% of XL
therefore XC=75%x120 = 90Ω..Positive sequence
impedance measurement is suitable only for
uncompensated lines.In uncompensated line for load
flow analysis relay should not operate and for short
circuit it should operate.The total line impedance is
calculated as below Z = √(R2
+ X2
) = √(302
+ 1202
)
= 123.69Ω.
In distance relay, for positive sequence
measurement the setting of the impedance is 80% of
the total line impedance.Z set = 80% x Z= 80% x
123.09= 98.954 Ω.
Fig.4 shows the load flow analysis of an
uncompensated line using ETAP.The impedance is
measured by Z = Line voltage / √ 3 I= (400x103
)/(√
3x 672.3 ). Z measured = 343Ω. Condition for the
operation of the relay is Z measured < Z set , but here
Z measured >Z set = 343Ω > 98.954Ω.Relay does not
operate here.
The internal fault analysis of an uncompensated
line is shown in fig 5.The impedance is measured by
Z = Line voltage / √ 3 I= (363.3x103
)/(√ 3x 3.73x103
) Z measured = 56.23Ω. Condition for the operation of
the relay is Z measured < Z set = 56.23Ω < 98.954 Ω
.Relay identifies the fault in the uncompensated line
when there is real fault.
Fig.6.shows the external fault analysis of an
uncompensated line using ETAP. The impedance is
measured by Z = Line
voltage/√3I=Z=Linevoltage/√3I=
(384.5x103
)/(√3x1.57x103
). Z measured =
141.59Ω.Condition for the operation of the relay is: Z
measured < Z set but here Z measured > Z set =141.59Ω >
98.954 Ω .Therefore Relay does not operate.
The system for series compensated line is shown
in fig.7. For this total reactance X= XL - XC = 120Ω -
90Ω = 30Ω . After compensation net reactance value
is 30Ω .The total line impedance is calculated as Z =
√(R2
+ X2
) = √(302
+ 302
) = 42.42 Ω and Z set = 80%
x Z = 80% x 42.42=33.94 Ω.
Fig.8. shows the load flow analysis of a
compensated line using ETAP.The impedance is
measured by Z = Line voltage / √3 I=(400x103
)/(√ 3x
691.7),Z measured = 333.87Ω.
Condition for the operation of the relay is: Z
measured < Z set. But here Z measured >Z set = 333.87 Ω
> 98.954 Ω Therefore relay does not operate during
normal operation.
Fig.4.LoadFlow analysis of uncompensated line
Fig.9.shows the internal fault analysis of a series
compensated line. The impedance is measured by Z =
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Line voltage / √ 3 I=(363.3x103
)/ (√ 3x 3.73x103
),Z
measured = 56.23Ω. In case of fault in a series
compensated line the relay has to operate.
But actually it is failed to operate because the
measured impedance value here is 56.27 Ω.It is
greater than the set impedance value. If positive
sequence impedance is measured for compensated
line for distance protection means relay fails to
operate when there is the real fault.
Fig.5.Internal fault analysis of uncompensated line
Fig.6.External fault analysis of uncompensated line
Fig.7.Series compensated system
Fig.8.LoadFlow analysis of a series compensated line
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Fig.9.Internal fault analysis of a compensated line
V. VSIMULATION RESULTS
The transient stability analysis is done to detect
the internal fault in a series compensated line and the
simulation results are verified using ETAP.
Internal fault is created for a series compensated
line and simulation results are verified using ETAP.
Fig.10 shows the machine behavior during internal
fault. From the machine characteristics it is observed
that quad-characteristics of distance relay be pickup
and isolate the fault.The transient stability analysis is
done to detect the external fault in a series
compensated line and the simulation results are
verified using ETAP.
External fault is created for a series compensated
line and simulation results are verified using ETAP.
Fig.11shows the machine behavior during external
fault from machine characteristics it is observed that
quad-characteristics of distance relay will not pickup
and isolate the fault.
Table I Simulation system data
The data for the simulated system is shown in
Table I..The performance comparison of the
conventional distance protection relay with the
proposed protection scheme is analyzed for internal
and external single phase to ground fault simulation
done in ETAP software.
Fig.10.Machine behavior during internal fault in a
compensated line
Parameter Value Unit
System voltage
System frequency
Lines
length(AX,XY,YB)
Linespositiveseq.series
impedance
Lines positive seq.
capacitive reactance
Lines zero seq. series
impedance
Lines zero seq.
capacitive reactance
Sources positive seq.
impedance
Sources zero seq.
impedance
400
50
300
0.1+j0.4
3.6
0.1+j0.4
3.6
0.01802+j0.36
039
0.01802+j0.36
039
KV
Hz
Km
Ω/km
µΩx
km
Ω/km
µΩx
km
%
%
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Fig.11.Machine behavior during external fault in a
compensated line
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the significance of distance
protection relay and the need for series compensation
for transmission lines are studied and detailed
procedure of computation of mutual impedance both
for initial setting the distance protection relay and for
the mutual impedance to be seen by the relay during
fault. Simulation of single line to ground fault in a
series compensated line with and without the effect of
fault resistance is studied for both internal and
external fault.
Acknowledgement
We heartily convey our gratitude to
Prof.D.Sabapathi, ASP&HoD/EEE, M.P.N.M.J
Engg. College, for guiding and encouraging us to
develop this project.
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BIOGRAPHY
Ms.V.Vanitha is studying M.E.
(Power Systems Engineering) in
M.P.Nachimuthu M.Jaganathan
Engineering College,
chennimalai-638112, Tamilnadu,
India. She has presented a paper
in International conference & 9
papers in national conference at various reputed
institutions. She attended National Level seminars
like Energy Management in recent trends,
Investigation on Efficient Magnetic generators for
future power needs. She attended the workshops like
introduction to lab view for engineers organized by
Innovative Invaders Technologies Coimbatore,
Remote sensing &Digital Image Processing by ISRO
and ETAP (Electrical Transient Analysis Program).
She has presented many projects on project contest &
guided many UG projects. She has undergone the
prescribed course of training in Southern Railways
Erode, Thermal Power Station; Mettur.She completed
the courses like web designing, Hosting &
multimedia training. She has participated twice in
IEEE Student Professional Awareness Conference.
She has undergone the skill Development programme
on Artificial Intelligence methods in Engineering
&Mind without fear. She has attended the faculty
development programmes like enhancing academic
performance, Embedded Control applications in
Drives, Advances in process control & automation
and emerging trends in electrical & embedded
Technologies. She is the life member of Indian
Society for Technical Education (ISTE).She is one of
the members of IEEE. Her area of interest is in Power
System Protection.
Mrs.P.Hemelatha completed her
M.E Embedded System
Technologies in Nandha
Engineering College, Erode,
Completed B.E Electrical and
Electronics Engineering in Sasurie
College of Engineering, Erode and
has 6 years of teaching experience. Now working as
an assistant professor in EEE department in
M.P.Nachimuthu M.Jaganathan Engineering College,
Erode. She attended many workshops like MATLAB
based Training on Neural Networks in Engineering
Applications, Embedded Systems and its
Applications, Mat lab Simulation and Economic
Utilization of Energy Sources. She is one of the
members of ISTE.