International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents the application of modular multilevel converter (MMC) as a static compensator (STATCOM) for reactive current control. The current control is mostly achieved using proportional controller, proportional-integral (PI) controller, and hysteresis controller among others. PI controllers have the advantage of low harmonics and small variations. However, due to the PI controller’s dependency on the system parameters and also due to the variations within the MMC during capacitors voltage control, variation in the MMC performance during the STATCOM non-ideal operations occur. To mitigate this, an improved performance of MMC will be presented using vector-based compensation concept. The proposed control will be introduced to depress the effect of the dynamics of the MMC based STATCOM non-ideal variations considering the impact of the voltage disturbance. This will be achieved by the introduction of voltage variables to subtract the transient variations from PI controllers’ outputs at the grid-interface; thus, improving the performance.
This document proposes using a PWM voltage source converter with an input filter as a front end converter to improve power quality by drawing a sinusoidal input current with low harmonic distortion and adjustable power factor close to unity. It describes the modeling and control strategy for the converter. The control strategy uses a synchronous reference frame and PI controllers to control the d-q axis currents and maintain the DC bus voltage. Simulation results show the converter achieves near unity power factor with low current harmonic distortion and regulates the DC bus voltage during load changes while allowing power reversal capability. The values of the input inductor and DC bus capacitor are designed based on the system specifications and ripple requirements.
Evolve the Controller for Static Synchronous Series Compensator Based on Cont...IJPEDS-IAES
Real and Reactive power flow in an alternating current transmission line can be independently controlled by connecting, to the transmission line, a series- compensating voltage, which is variable in magnitude and phase angle. The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), a solid-state voltage source inverter (VSC) coupled with a transformer, is connected in series with a transmission line. An SSSC injects an almost sinusoidal voltage, of variable magnitude, in series with a transmission line. This injected voltage is almost in quadrature with the line current, thereby emulating an inductive or a capacitive reactance in series with the transmission line. This emulated variable reactance, inserted by the injected voltage source, influences the electric power flow in the transmission line. In this report, an attempt is made to evolve the model of SSSC and VSC with preliminary studies for the controller design.
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
Impact of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Insertion on Short-circuit Ca...IJAPEJOURNAL
This research paper presents a study on phase to earth fault short-circuit calculation with fault resistance on a single transmission line 400 kV in eastern Algerian transmission networks at Algerian Company of Electricity and Gas (Sonelgaz Group) compensated by series Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) i.e. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) installed in midline. The facts are used for controlling transmission voltage, power flow, reactive power, and damping of power system oscillations at high power transfer levels. The direct impacts of TCSC insertion on the total impedance, active power and reactive power a electrical transmission line and also parameters of short-circuit : symmetrical currents, line currents, symmetrical voltages and line voltages are carried out. More the effects of injected voltage by TCSC for three case studies are presented.
This document discusses the design and analysis of a multi-level D-STATCOM to improve power quality. A D-STATCOM is a shunt connected custom power device that can regulate voltage and compensate for reactive power and current harmonics. The paper proposes using a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter for the D-STATCOM due to its advantages of low harmonic distortion and reduced switching losses. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show that the D-STATCOM is able to regulate the voltage and compensate for reactive power drawn by a non-linear diode rectifier load, improving the power factor and eliminating total harmonic distortion.
Improved Controller for the Dual Topology of the Unified Power Quality Condit...IRJET Journal
This document presents an improved controller for the dual topology unified power quality conditioner (iUPQC) that extends its applicability for power quality compensation and microgrid applications. The iUPQC can provide reactive power support to regulate the voltage at both the load bus and grid-side bus, acting as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) on the grid side while also providing typical UPQC functions like mitigating voltage sags/swells at the load side. Simulation results are provided to validate the new functionality of the device.
This paper presents the application of modular multilevel converter (MMC) as a static compensator (STATCOM) for reactive current control. The current control is mostly achieved using proportional controller, proportional-integral (PI) controller, and hysteresis controller among others. PI controllers have the advantage of low harmonics and small variations. However, due to the PI controller’s dependency on the system parameters and also due to the variations within the MMC during capacitors voltage control, variation in the MMC performance during the STATCOM non-ideal operations occur. To mitigate this, an improved performance of MMC will be presented using vector-based compensation concept. The proposed control will be introduced to depress the effect of the dynamics of the MMC based STATCOM non-ideal variations considering the impact of the voltage disturbance. This will be achieved by the introduction of voltage variables to subtract the transient variations from PI controllers’ outputs at the grid-interface; thus, improving the performance.
This document proposes using a PWM voltage source converter with an input filter as a front end converter to improve power quality by drawing a sinusoidal input current with low harmonic distortion and adjustable power factor close to unity. It describes the modeling and control strategy for the converter. The control strategy uses a synchronous reference frame and PI controllers to control the d-q axis currents and maintain the DC bus voltage. Simulation results show the converter achieves near unity power factor with low current harmonic distortion and regulates the DC bus voltage during load changes while allowing power reversal capability. The values of the input inductor and DC bus capacitor are designed based on the system specifications and ripple requirements.
Evolve the Controller for Static Synchronous Series Compensator Based on Cont...IJPEDS-IAES
Real and Reactive power flow in an alternating current transmission line can be independently controlled by connecting, to the transmission line, a series- compensating voltage, which is variable in magnitude and phase angle. The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), a solid-state voltage source inverter (VSC) coupled with a transformer, is connected in series with a transmission line. An SSSC injects an almost sinusoidal voltage, of variable magnitude, in series with a transmission line. This injected voltage is almost in quadrature with the line current, thereby emulating an inductive or a capacitive reactance in series with the transmission line. This emulated variable reactance, inserted by the injected voltage source, influences the electric power flow in the transmission line. In this report, an attempt is made to evolve the model of SSSC and VSC with preliminary studies for the controller design.
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
Impact of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Insertion on Short-circuit Ca...IJAPEJOURNAL
This research paper presents a study on phase to earth fault short-circuit calculation with fault resistance on a single transmission line 400 kV in eastern Algerian transmission networks at Algerian Company of Electricity and Gas (Sonelgaz Group) compensated by series Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) i.e. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) installed in midline. The facts are used for controlling transmission voltage, power flow, reactive power, and damping of power system oscillations at high power transfer levels. The direct impacts of TCSC insertion on the total impedance, active power and reactive power a electrical transmission line and also parameters of short-circuit : symmetrical currents, line currents, symmetrical voltages and line voltages are carried out. More the effects of injected voltage by TCSC for three case studies are presented.
This document discusses the design and analysis of a multi-level D-STATCOM to improve power quality. A D-STATCOM is a shunt connected custom power device that can regulate voltage and compensate for reactive power and current harmonics. The paper proposes using a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter for the D-STATCOM due to its advantages of low harmonic distortion and reduced switching losses. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show that the D-STATCOM is able to regulate the voltage and compensate for reactive power drawn by a non-linear diode rectifier load, improving the power factor and eliminating total harmonic distortion.
Improved Controller for the Dual Topology of the Unified Power Quality Condit...IRJET Journal
This document presents an improved controller for the dual topology unified power quality conditioner (iUPQC) that extends its applicability for power quality compensation and microgrid applications. The iUPQC can provide reactive power support to regulate the voltage at both the load bus and grid-side bus, acting as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) on the grid side while also providing typical UPQC functions like mitigating voltage sags/swells at the load side. Simulation results are provided to validate the new functionality of the device.
Power factor improvement in switched reluctance motor drive using pwmIAEME Publication
This document discusses improving the power factor of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive system by using a three-level pulse width modulation (PWM) converter. A conventional SRM drive using a diode bridge rectifier produces high current harmonics and a poor power factor. The proposed system uses a PWM converter as the front-end converter to improve the power factor at the AC mains supply with low current harmonics. The performance of the proposed SRM drive system with the PWM converter is modeled and simulated in Matlab/Simulink. The results show the system is capable of improving the power factor close to unity while meeting IEEE standards for total harmonic distortion and power quality.
This document discusses the use of passive harmonic trap filters called HarmonicGuard filters to meet IEEE 519-1992 harmonic limits. It provides an overview of IEEE 519-1992, which sets limits for both voltage and current harmonics. The document explains key terms used in IEEE 519-1992, particularly Point of Common Coupling (PCC), which is important for determining the proper harmonic limits. It also presents examples to illustrate how to interpret the harmonic limits in IEEE 519-1992 based on the PCC location and other factors.
Small Signal Modeling Of Controller For Statcom Used In Distribution System F...IJERA Editor
This document presents a small signal model of a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) used for reactive power management in a distribution system. A PI controller is designed for the reactive current component of the STATCOM. The model linearizes the nonlinear STATCOM model and performs small signal modeling of the phase angle and modulation index. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the model with PI controllers can improve the power factor of the grid current for linear inductive loads by adjusting the reactive power output of the STATCOM.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power flow control in parallel transmission lines based on UPFCjournalBEEI
The power flow controlled in the electric power network is one of the main factors that affected the modern power systems development. The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a FACTS powerful device that can control both active and reactive power flow of parallel transmission lines branches. In this paper, modelling and simulation of active and reactive power flow control in parallel transmission lines using UPFC with adaptive neuro-fuzzy logic is proposed. The mathematical model of UPFC in power flow is also proposed. The results show the ability of UPFC to control the flow of powers components "active and reactive power" in the controlled line and thus the overall power regulated between lines.
Mitigation of harmonics using thyristor based 12 pulse voltage source pwm rec...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses improving power system performance using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It describes three types of FACTS devices: Static Var Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The SVC and TCSC are able to control voltage and improve the voltage profile. Simulations showed adding FACTS devices decreased power losses and improved the voltage level. The UPFC can simultaneously control parameters like line impedance, voltage, and phase angle to regulate power flow.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes a study that investigates using series compensation to improve voltage quality in isolated power systems. The study aims to develop a control method for the series compensator to regulate the fundamental component of the sensitive load terminal voltage. This is achieved by controlling harmonic power flow through adjustment of the phase angle. The series compensator is able to import harmonic power from the external system to improve the sensitive load's voltage sag ride-through capability. The document presents models of the system components and analyzes harmonic mitigation and power flow control using the series compensator.
This document presents a comparative study of the effects of GCSC (GTO Controlled Series Capacitor) and TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) on the setting zones of a distance relay protecting a 400 kV transmission line in Algeria. It investigates the modified setting of the forward zones (Z1, Z2, Z3) and reverse zone (Z4) with GCSC and TCSC in capacitive and inductive modes at different firing angles. The study is performed using MATLAB software. Distance relays measure impedance by calculating the ratio of voltage to current. The presence of FACTS devices influences the total impedance seen by the relay, requiring zone settings to be modified to
Multi Carrier based Multilevel Inverter with Minimal Harmonic DistortionIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents performance features of Asymmetric Cascaded
Multilevel inverter. Multilevel inverters are commonly modulated by using
multicarrier pulse width modulation (MCPWM) techniques such as phaseshifted
multicarrier modulation and level-shifted multicarrier modulation.
Amongst these, level-shifted multicarrier modulation technique produces the
best harmonic performance. This work studies about multilevel inverter with
unequal DC sources using level shifting MCPWM technique. The
Performances indices like Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), number of
switches and DC Sources are considered. A procedure to achieve an
appropriate level shifting is also presented is this paper.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Analysis and Implementation of Unipolar PWM Strategies for Three Phase Cascad...IJAAS Team
This paper presents unipolar pulse width modulation technique with sinusoidal sampling pulse width modulation are analyzed for three-phase five-level, seven-level, nine-level and eleven-level cascaded multi-level inverter. The unipolar PWM method offers a good opportunity for the realization of the Three-phase inverter control, it is better to use the unipolar PWM method with single carrier wave compared to two reference waves. In such case the motor harmonic losses will be considerably lower.The necessary calculations for generation of unipolar pulse width modulation strategies have presented in detail. The unipolar SPWM voltage switching scheme is selected in this paper because this method offers the advantages of effectively doubling the switching frequency of the inverter voltage. The cascaded multi level inverter fed induction motor is simulated and compared the total harmonic distroction for all level (five-level, seven-level, nine-level and elevel-level)of the inverter. Theoretical investigations were confirmed by the digital simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Analysis of symmetrical & asymmetrical pwm based three phase ac to ac con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A Three phase bidirectional AC to AC buck converter circuit using power MOSFET operating in high frequency chopping mode is simulated and analyzed for electrical parameters such as output phase voltage, input line current, input power factor, harmonic profile and efficiency using MATLAB/simulink software package. The various PWM techniques such as symmetrical ramp-DC PWM (SRDPWM), asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM (ARTPWM), asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-1 [ASPWM1] and asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-2 [ASPWM2] techniques are adopted to analyze the harmonic profile, input power factor and efficiency of the converter. The rms value of the output phase voltage, output line current and source current can be significantly increased by varying the duty ratio K in case of symmetrical PWM control strategy and modulation index MI in case of asymmetrical PWM control strategies independent of variation in switching frequency. It is observed from the simulation results that the ASPWM1 switching strategy gives more output phase voltage, input power factor, efficiency by increasing modulation index MI and reduced low order harmonics of output voltage and source current by increasing the number of pulses per half cycle P compared to other PWM techniques rendering easy and economical filteration.
Keywords: Three phase AC chopper, symmetrical ramp-DC PWM, asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM, asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM technique, harmonic profile, power factor, efficiency
PWM control techniques for three phase three level inverter drivesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper two very efficient pulse width modulation techniques were discussed named Sin pulse width modulation and space vector pulse width modulation. The basic structure of the three-level inverter neutral-point clamped is introduced and the basic idea about space vector pulse width modulation for three-level voltage source inverter has been discussed in detail. Nearest three vectors space vector pulse width modulation control algorithm is adopted as the control strategy for the three phase three level NPC inverter in order to compensate the neutral-point shifting. Mathematical formulation for calculating switching sequence has determined. Comparative analysis proving superiority of the space vector pulse width modulation technique over the conventional pulse width modulation, and the results of the simulations of inverter confirm the feasibility and advantage of the space vector pulse width modulation strategy over sin pulse width modulation in terms of good utilization of dc-bus voltage, low current ripple and reduced switching frequency. Space vector pulse width modulation provides advantages better fundamental output voltage and useful in improving harmonic performance and reducing total harmonic distortion.
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document describes a novel bidirectional DC-DC converter that can provide high step-up and step-down voltage gains. It utilizes a coupled inductor with the same number of turns in the primary and secondary windings to achieve these high voltage gains. The steady-state analysis and operating principles of the converter in continuous conduction mode are presented. Simulations in MATLAB are used to verify the performance of the proposed converter and show it can provide constant output voltage when feedback is applied. Compared to a conventional bidirectional DC-DC converter, the proposed design offers higher voltage conversion ratios in both step-up and step-down modes of operation.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
This document summarizes a study of CEO succession events among the largest 100 U.S. corporations between 2005-2015. The study analyzed executives who were passed over for the CEO role ("succession losers") and their subsequent careers. It found that 74% of passed over executives left their companies, with 30% eventually becoming CEOs elsewhere. However, companies led by succession losers saw average stock price declines of 13% over 3 years, compared to gains for companies whose CEO selections remained unchanged. The findings suggest that boards generally identify the most qualified CEO candidates, though differences between internal and external hires complicate comparisons.
The impact of innovation on travel and tourism industries (World Travel Marke...Brian Solis
From the impact of Pokemon Go on Silicon Valley to artificial intelligence, futurist Brian Solis talks to Mathew Parsons of World Travel Market about the future of travel, tourism and hospitality.
We’re all trying to find that idea or spark that will turn a good project into a great project. Creativity plays a huge role in the outcome of our work. Harnessing the power of collaboration and open source, we can make great strides towards excellence. Not just for designers, this talk can be applicable to many different roles – even development. In this talk, Seasoned Creative Director Sara Cannon is going to share some secrets about creative methodology, collaboration, and the strong role that open source can play in our work.
Reuters: Pictures of the Year 2016 (Part 2)maditabalnco
This document contains 20 photos from news events around the world between January and November 2016. The photos show international events like the US presidential election, the conflict in Ukraine, the migrant crisis in Europe, the Rio Olympics, and more. They also depict human interest stories and natural phenomena from various countries.
Power factor improvement in switched reluctance motor drive using pwmIAEME Publication
This document discusses improving the power factor of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive system by using a three-level pulse width modulation (PWM) converter. A conventional SRM drive using a diode bridge rectifier produces high current harmonics and a poor power factor. The proposed system uses a PWM converter as the front-end converter to improve the power factor at the AC mains supply with low current harmonics. The performance of the proposed SRM drive system with the PWM converter is modeled and simulated in Matlab/Simulink. The results show the system is capable of improving the power factor close to unity while meeting IEEE standards for total harmonic distortion and power quality.
This document discusses the use of passive harmonic trap filters called HarmonicGuard filters to meet IEEE 519-1992 harmonic limits. It provides an overview of IEEE 519-1992, which sets limits for both voltage and current harmonics. The document explains key terms used in IEEE 519-1992, particularly Point of Common Coupling (PCC), which is important for determining the proper harmonic limits. It also presents examples to illustrate how to interpret the harmonic limits in IEEE 519-1992 based on the PCC location and other factors.
Small Signal Modeling Of Controller For Statcom Used In Distribution System F...IJERA Editor
This document presents a small signal model of a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) used for reactive power management in a distribution system. A PI controller is designed for the reactive current component of the STATCOM. The model linearizes the nonlinear STATCOM model and performs small signal modeling of the phase angle and modulation index. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the model with PI controllers can improve the power factor of the grid current for linear inductive loads by adjusting the reactive power output of the STATCOM.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power flow control in parallel transmission lines based on UPFCjournalBEEI
The power flow controlled in the electric power network is one of the main factors that affected the modern power systems development. The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a FACTS powerful device that can control both active and reactive power flow of parallel transmission lines branches. In this paper, modelling and simulation of active and reactive power flow control in parallel transmission lines using UPFC with adaptive neuro-fuzzy logic is proposed. The mathematical model of UPFC in power flow is also proposed. The results show the ability of UPFC to control the flow of powers components "active and reactive power" in the controlled line and thus the overall power regulated between lines.
Mitigation of harmonics using thyristor based 12 pulse voltage source pwm rec...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses improving power system performance using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It describes three types of FACTS devices: Static Var Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The SVC and TCSC are able to control voltage and improve the voltage profile. Simulations showed adding FACTS devices decreased power losses and improved the voltage level. The UPFC can simultaneously control parameters like line impedance, voltage, and phase angle to regulate power flow.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes a study that investigates using series compensation to improve voltage quality in isolated power systems. The study aims to develop a control method for the series compensator to regulate the fundamental component of the sensitive load terminal voltage. This is achieved by controlling harmonic power flow through adjustment of the phase angle. The series compensator is able to import harmonic power from the external system to improve the sensitive load's voltage sag ride-through capability. The document presents models of the system components and analyzes harmonic mitigation and power flow control using the series compensator.
This document presents a comparative study of the effects of GCSC (GTO Controlled Series Capacitor) and TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) on the setting zones of a distance relay protecting a 400 kV transmission line in Algeria. It investigates the modified setting of the forward zones (Z1, Z2, Z3) and reverse zone (Z4) with GCSC and TCSC in capacitive and inductive modes at different firing angles. The study is performed using MATLAB software. Distance relays measure impedance by calculating the ratio of voltage to current. The presence of FACTS devices influences the total impedance seen by the relay, requiring zone settings to be modified to
Multi Carrier based Multilevel Inverter with Minimal Harmonic DistortionIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents performance features of Asymmetric Cascaded
Multilevel inverter. Multilevel inverters are commonly modulated by using
multicarrier pulse width modulation (MCPWM) techniques such as phaseshifted
multicarrier modulation and level-shifted multicarrier modulation.
Amongst these, level-shifted multicarrier modulation technique produces the
best harmonic performance. This work studies about multilevel inverter with
unequal DC sources using level shifting MCPWM technique. The
Performances indices like Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), number of
switches and DC Sources are considered. A procedure to achieve an
appropriate level shifting is also presented is this paper.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Analysis and Implementation of Unipolar PWM Strategies for Three Phase Cascad...IJAAS Team
This paper presents unipolar pulse width modulation technique with sinusoidal sampling pulse width modulation are analyzed for three-phase five-level, seven-level, nine-level and eleven-level cascaded multi-level inverter. The unipolar PWM method offers a good opportunity for the realization of the Three-phase inverter control, it is better to use the unipolar PWM method with single carrier wave compared to two reference waves. In such case the motor harmonic losses will be considerably lower.The necessary calculations for generation of unipolar pulse width modulation strategies have presented in detail. The unipolar SPWM voltage switching scheme is selected in this paper because this method offers the advantages of effectively doubling the switching frequency of the inverter voltage. The cascaded multi level inverter fed induction motor is simulated and compared the total harmonic distroction for all level (five-level, seven-level, nine-level and elevel-level)of the inverter. Theoretical investigations were confirmed by the digital simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Analysis of symmetrical & asymmetrical pwm based three phase ac to ac con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A Three phase bidirectional AC to AC buck converter circuit using power MOSFET operating in high frequency chopping mode is simulated and analyzed for electrical parameters such as output phase voltage, input line current, input power factor, harmonic profile and efficiency using MATLAB/simulink software package. The various PWM techniques such as symmetrical ramp-DC PWM (SRDPWM), asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM (ARTPWM), asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-1 [ASPWM1] and asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-2 [ASPWM2] techniques are adopted to analyze the harmonic profile, input power factor and efficiency of the converter. The rms value of the output phase voltage, output line current and source current can be significantly increased by varying the duty ratio K in case of symmetrical PWM control strategy and modulation index MI in case of asymmetrical PWM control strategies independent of variation in switching frequency. It is observed from the simulation results that the ASPWM1 switching strategy gives more output phase voltage, input power factor, efficiency by increasing modulation index MI and reduced low order harmonics of output voltage and source current by increasing the number of pulses per half cycle P compared to other PWM techniques rendering easy and economical filteration.
Keywords: Three phase AC chopper, symmetrical ramp-DC PWM, asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM, asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM technique, harmonic profile, power factor, efficiency
PWM control techniques for three phase three level inverter drivesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper two very efficient pulse width modulation techniques were discussed named Sin pulse width modulation and space vector pulse width modulation. The basic structure of the three-level inverter neutral-point clamped is introduced and the basic idea about space vector pulse width modulation for three-level voltage source inverter has been discussed in detail. Nearest three vectors space vector pulse width modulation control algorithm is adopted as the control strategy for the three phase three level NPC inverter in order to compensate the neutral-point shifting. Mathematical formulation for calculating switching sequence has determined. Comparative analysis proving superiority of the space vector pulse width modulation technique over the conventional pulse width modulation, and the results of the simulations of inverter confirm the feasibility and advantage of the space vector pulse width modulation strategy over sin pulse width modulation in terms of good utilization of dc-bus voltage, low current ripple and reduced switching frequency. Space vector pulse width modulation provides advantages better fundamental output voltage and useful in improving harmonic performance and reducing total harmonic distortion.
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document describes a novel bidirectional DC-DC converter that can provide high step-up and step-down voltage gains. It utilizes a coupled inductor with the same number of turns in the primary and secondary windings to achieve these high voltage gains. The steady-state analysis and operating principles of the converter in continuous conduction mode are presented. Simulations in MATLAB are used to verify the performance of the proposed converter and show it can provide constant output voltage when feedback is applied. Compared to a conventional bidirectional DC-DC converter, the proposed design offers higher voltage conversion ratios in both step-up and step-down modes of operation.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
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Power Quality Improvement Using Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Based D...IJERA Editor
Cascaded multilevel configuration of the inverter has the advantage of its simplicity and modularity over the
configurations of the diode-clamped and flying capacitor multilevel inverters. This paper presents a threephase,
five-level and seven level cascaded multilevel voltage source inverter based active filter for power line
conditioning to improve power quality in the distribution network. The DSTATCOM helps to improve the
power factor and eliminate the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) drawn from a Non-Liner Diode Rectifier
Load (NLDRL). The compensation process is based on concept of p-q theory. A CHB Inverter is considered for
shunt compensation of a 11 kV distribution system. Finally a level shifted PWM (LSPWM) and phase shifted
PWM (PSPWM) techniques are adopted to investigate the performance of CHB Inverter. The results are
obtained through Matlab/Simulink software package.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Improved dynamic response of dstatcom using genetic algorithmAlexander Decker
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IRJET- Simulation of Energization and De-Energization of Capacitor Banks and ...IRJET Journal
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1. Energization of capacitor banks causes larger transient overvoltage peaks compared to de-energization. Peak voltages of 2.48 PU and currents of 2567 A were observed during energization.
2. Different mitigation techniques for transients were simulated, including pre-insertion resistors, inductors, and impedance. Pre-insertion impedance was found to be most effective at reducing transients.
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1) The document discusses different control strategies for DSTATCOM (distribution static synchronous compensator), including Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) methods, to mitigate voltage sags and compensate reactive power.
2) It analyzes the SRF method, SRF without phase locked loop (PLL), and a modified SRF method through mathematical modeling and MATLAB simulation.
3) The comparison of results from the different control strategies indicates that SRF provides effective compensation of voltage sags and reactive power under steady state conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents a new voltage sag compensation scheme that uses a pulse width modulation (PWM) switched autotransformer. The proposed scheme aims to maintain the rated voltage at critical load terminals during voltage sag events. It consists of an IGBT switch and autotransformer connected in series with the load. During normal operation, the thyristors bypass the compensator and supply power directly to the load. During a sag, the IGBT is controlled by PWM pulses to inject the missing voltage and regulate the load voltage. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the performance of the three-phase compensator under different sag and swell conditions. The proposed approach has fewer switching devices and good compensating capability compared to other common compensators.
Design and Simulation of Power Factor Correction Boost Converter using Hyster...ijtsrd
Nowadays various power converters like AC DC or DC DC are widely used due to their flexible output voltage and high efficiency. But these converters take the current in the form of pulses from the utility grid so that the high Total Harmonic Distortion THD and poor Power Factor PF are the major disadvantages of these converters. Hence there is a continuous need for PF improvement and reduction of line current harmonics. The most popular topology for Active Power Factor Correction APFC is a boost converter as it draws continuous input current. This input current can be manipulated by Hysteresis control technique. The boost converter can perform this type of active power factor correction in many discontinuous and continuous modes. The design and simulation of boost converter with power factor correction in continuous conduction mode is represented by using MATLAB SIMULINK software. Yu Yu Khin | Yan Aung Oo "Design and Simulation of Power Factor Correction Boost Converter using Hysteresis Control" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27905.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27905/design-and-simulation-of-power-factor-correction-boost-converter-using-hysteresis-control/yu-yu-khin
This document summarizes research on using a Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) to enhance power quality in a distribution system network. It begins by describing common power quality issues like voltage sags and how DSTATCOM can help mitigate them. It then provides details on the components of a DSTATCOM including the voltage source converter, controller, and instantaneous current component theory for control. Simulations are presented showing that a DSTATCOM is effective at mitigating voltage sags and fluctuations caused by load and line disturbances. The conclusions are that DSTATCOM is an efficient means of compensating for power quality issues from distributed energy resources on distribution grids.
Control of grid connected inverter system for sinusoidal current injection wi...ijiert bestjournal
The control strategy for the grid connected inverter (GCI) during abnormal conditions like voltage sag,swell and line to ground fault has been presented. The strategy adopted here operates even during faulty conditions,unlike the conventional controller which fails to operate during fault y conditions. The Multi-Reference Frame (MRF) PI Controller is used for this purpose. In order to study the D ynamic Performance of the system,it is simulated in Matlab Simulink environment. The overall system is simulated for normal condition that is without the presence of fault,and with the presence of fault. The performance is also studied during abnormal conditions of the grid and its results are analyzed. The simulat ion results exhibit improved performance of the system during normal as well as abnormal conditions.
Distribution Network Power Quality Improvement by D-STATCOM & DVR Under Vario...IRJET Journal
This document discusses simulation of a Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) to improve power quality under fault conditions. It first provides background on power quality issues and defines DSTATCOM and DVR. It then outlines the methodology, including components of each system like the voltage source converter, isolation transformer, and energy storage. The results of simulations showing the DSTATCOM injecting current and DVR injecting voltage during faults to maintain power quality are presented. The document evaluates these custom power devices for mitigating the effects of faults on distribution systems.
Parasitic Boost Circuit for Transform Less Active Voltage Quality RegulatorIJMTST Journal
The voltage sag compensator, based on a series-connected voltage-source inverter, is among the most cost-effective solution against voltage sags. When voltage sags happen, the transformers, which are often installed in front of critical loads for electrical isolation, are exposed to the disfigured voltages and a dc offset will occur in its flux linkage. In this paper, a new topology of series-connected compensator is presented to mitigate long duration deep sags, and the compensation ability is highly improved with a unique shunt converter structure acting as a parasitic boost circuit that has been theoretically analyzed using open loop & closed loop control schemes. Additionally, the proposed active voltage quality regulator is a cost effective solution for long duration sags that are lower than 50% of the nominal voltage as it is transformer less compared with the traditional dynamic voltage restorer. a new topology of series-connected compensator is presented to mitigate long duration deep sags, and the compensation ability is highly improved with a unique shunt converter structure acting as a parasitic boost circuit that has been theoretically analyzed.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AND FAULT RIDE THROUGH OF GRID CONNECTED WIND ENE...Bharadwaj S
This work tries to improve the power quality by compensating reactive power with Active Power Filters and also to analyze Fault Ride Through of Grid connected wind energy conversion systems.
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2) It aims to compensate reactive power using active power filters to improve power quality and analyze the fault ride through of grid connected wind turbines.
3) A crowbar protection scheme is analyzed to enhance the system's power quality and meet grid code requirements by controlling the doubly fed induction generator through vector control strategies.
Simulation of D-STATCOM to study Voltage Stability in Distribution systemijsrd.com
This document presents a simulation study of a D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) to improve voltage stability in a distribution system. It first provides background on voltage dips and describes the structure of a STATCOM, which includes a voltage source inverter, transformer, and controller. The simulation model of the D-STATCOM and distribution network is developed using SimPowerSystems blocks. Simulation results show that without the D-STATCOM, voltage dips to 0.93 p.u. during a load change, but with the D-STATCOM the voltage is stabilized at 1.0 p.u., demonstrating its effectiveness in mitigating power quality issues like voltage instability.
1. The document describes a five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter used as a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) to compensate for reactive power and harmonics in a power system.
2. A DSTATCOM is connected in shunt with the distribution system and uses a voltage source converter to generate a set of three-phase output voltages that can be adjusted to control the exchange of active and reactive power with the system.
3. The five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter topology reduces device voltage stress and output harmonics. Level shifted pulse width modulation and phase shifted pulse width modulation techniques are investigated for controlling the DSTATCOM.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
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Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
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This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
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Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
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Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
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Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
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Bob Boule
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Gopinath Rebala
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Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
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While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
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Monitoring Java Application Security with JDK Tools and JFR Events
Dp35648654
1. B.Hari Prasad et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.648-654
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
A Mitigation Technique for Inrush Currents in Load
Transformers for the Series Voltage Sag Compensator
B.Hari Prasad *, P.Harsha Vardhan Reddy**, Dr. M. Padma Lalitha***,
*( PG student, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Annamacharya Institute of Technology&
sciences )
**( Assistant professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,Annamacharya Institute of
Technology & science)
***(Professor & Head of the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Annamacharya Institute of
Technology &Sciences) – Rajampet, Kadapa.
Abstract
In many countries, high-tech manufacturers concentrate in industry parks. Survey results suggest that 92% of
interruption at industrial facilities is voltage sag related. An inrush mitigation technique is proposed and
implemented in a synchronous reference frame sag compensator controller. The voltage sag compensator
consists of a three phase voltage source inverter and a coupling transformer for serial connection. It is the most
cost effective solution against voltage sags. When voltage sag happen, the transformers, which are often
installed in front of critical loads for electrical isolation, are exposed to the disfigured voltages and a DC offset
will occur in its flux linkage. When the compensator restores the load voltage, the flux linkage will be driven to
the level of magnetic saturation and severe inrush current occurs. The compensator is likely to be interrupted
because of its own over current protection. This paper proposes an inrush current mitigation technique together
with a state-feedback controller for the Voltage sag compensator.
Key Words – Voltage sag, Flux linkage, inrush current, Transformer, power quality, voltage sag compensator.
I.
Introduction.
Power quality issues have received much
attention in recent years. Therefore, any power quality
events in the utility grid can affect a large number of
manufactures. Records show that voltage sag,
transients, and momentary interruption constitute 92%
of the power quality problems [1].Voltage sags often
interrupt critical loads and results in substantial
productivity losses. Industries have adopted the voltage
sag compensators as one of the most cost-effective
ride-through solutions [2]–[7], and most compensators
can accomplish voltage restoration within a quarter
cycles. However, the load transformer is exposed under
the deformed voltages before the restoration, and
magnetic flux deviation may be developed within the
load transformers. Once the load voltage is restored, the
magnetic flux may further drift beyond the saturation
knee of the core and lead to significant inrush current.
The over current protection of the compensator could
be easily triggered and lead to compensation failure.
Various transformer inrush reduction techniques have
been presented, like controlling power-on angle and the
voltage magnitude [8], or actively controlling the
transformer current [9]. These methods could easily
alter the output voltage waveforms of the converter,
and thus, is not suitable for voltage sag compensators,
which demand precise point-on wave restoration of the
load voltages.
In this paper, the inrush issue of load
transformers under the operation of the sag
www.ijera.com
compensator is presented. An inrush mitigation
technique is proposed and implemented in a
synchronous reference frame voltage sag compensator
controller. The proposed technique can be integrated
with the conventional closed-loop control on the load
voltages. The new integrated control can successfully
reduce inrush current of load transformers and improve
the disturbance rejection capability and the robustness
of the sag compensator system. Simulation results are
presented to validate the proposed technique.
Fig1: Simplified one Line diagram of the off line series
voltage sag compensator.
II.
Compensator Configuration.
The voltage sag compensator consists of a
three-phase voltage-source inverter (VSI) and a
coupling transformer for serial connection as shown in
Fig.1.When the grid is normal, the compensator is
bypassed by the thyristors for high operating efficiency.
When voltage sags occur, the voltage sag compensator
injects the required compensation voltage through the
648 | P a g e
2. B.Hari Prasad et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.648-654
coupling transformer to protect critical loads from
being interrupted. However, certain detection time
(typically within 4.0 ms) is required by the sag
compensator controller to identify the sag event [10].
And the load transformer is exposed to the deformed
voltage from the sag occurrence to the moment when
the compensator restores the load voltage. Albeit its
short duration, the deformed voltage causes magnetic
flux deviation inside the load transformer, and the
magnetic saturation may easily occur when the
compensator restores the load voltage, and thus, results
in the inrush current. The inrush current could trigger
the over current protection of the compensator and lead
to compensation failure. Thus, this paper proposes an
inrush mitigation technique by correcting the flux
linkage offsets of the load transformer, and this
technique can be seamlessly integrated with the statefeedback controller of the compensator.
A. Dynamics of the Sag Compensator.
The dynamics of the sag compensator can be
represented by an equivalent circuit in Fig.2. Generally,
the sag compensator is rated for
Fig.2:Per-phase equivalent circuit of the series voltage
sag compensator
Compensating all three phase voltages down
to 50% of nominal grid voltage. The coupling
transformer is capable of electrical isolation or boosting
the compensation voltage. Moreover, the leakage
inductor of the coupling transformer is used as the
filter inductor Lf and is combined with the filter
capacitor Cf installed in the secondary winding of the
coupling transformer to suppress pulse width
modulated (PWM) ripples of the inverter output voltage
Lf
ima
vma
vc a
d
imb vmb vc b
dt
imc
vmc
vc c
1
vm. The dynamics equations are expressed as follows
vc a
ima
iLa
d
2
cf
vc b imb iLb
dt
vc c
imc
iLc
Where [VmaVmbVmc] T is the inverter output voltage,
[ImaImbImc] T is the filter inductor current,[VcaVcbVcc] Tis
the compensation voltage, and [ILa ILb ILc] T is the load
www.ijera.com
www.ijera.com
current. Equations (1) and (2) are transformed into the
synchronous reference frame as the following:
e
e
e
e
d imq 0 imq 1 vmq 1 vcq (3)
e e
e
e
dt imd 0 imd L f vmd L f vcd
e
e
e
e
d vcq 0 Vcq 1 imq 1 i Lq (4)
e e
e
e
dt vcd 0 vcd c f imd c f i Ld
where superscript “e” indicates the synchronous
reference frame representation of this variable and ω is
the angular frequency of the utility grid. Equations (3)
and (4) show the cross-coupling terms between the
compensation voltage and the filter inductor current.
The block diagram of the physical circuit dynamics are
illustrated in the right-hand side of Fig.3.
B. Voltage and Current Closed-Loop Controls
Fig.3 shows the block diagram of the proposed
control method. Note that the d-axis controller is not
Shown for simplicity. The block diagram consists of
the full state-feedback controller [12]and the proposed
inrush current mitigation technique. The feedback
control, feed forward control, and decoupling control
are explained as follows.
1) Feedback Control: The feedback control is to
improve the precision of the compensation voltage, the
disturbance rejection capability, and the robustness
against parameter variations. As shown in Fig.3.the
capacitor voltage Vecq and the inductor current iemq are
handled by the outer-loop voltage control and the innerloop current control, respectively. The voltage control
is implemented by a proportional gain Kpv with a
voltage command ve*cq produced by the voltage sag
compensation scheme. The current control also consists
of a proportional control gain Kpi to accomplish fast
current tracking.
2) Feed forward Control: To improve the dynamic
response of the voltage sag compensator, the feed
forward control is added to the voltage controller to
compensate the load voltage immediately when voltage
sag occurs. The feed forward voltage command can be
calculated by combining the compensation voltage and
the voltage drop across the filter inductor Lf.
3) Decoupling Control: The cross-coupling terms are
the result of the synchronous reference frame
transformation, as in (3) and (4). The controller utilizes
the decoupling terms to negate the cross coupling and
reduce the interferences between the d–q axes. Fig. 3
shows that the decoupling terms can be accomplished
by the filter capacitor voltage vecd, the filter inductor
current iemd and the estimated values of the filter
capacitor and the filter inductor.
C. Inrush Current Mitigation Technique
1) Flux Linkage Deviation due to Sags: The
flux linkage of the phase a and b winding is expressed
as follows:
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Lab t
t
v
Lab
d
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5
Fig.4.indicates Connection diagram of the proposed
system and the delta/wye load transformer.
Fig.5. illustrates the line-to-line voltage across the
transformer winding and the resulting flux linkage from
the sag occurrence to completion of the voltage
compensation. When voltage sag occurs (t=tsag ), The
controller detects the sagged voltage and injects the
required compensation voltage at t = taction. The flux
linkage of the transformer winding a and b during the
voltage compensation process can be expressed as
following:
where v*Lab is the normal load voltage defined as
follows
Equation (6) can be written as
Where V*Lab is the magnitude of load voltage, ω is the
grid frequency, and Φ*Lab is the phase angle. Thus, after
the voltage compensation is completed, the flux linkage
can be expressed as follows:
Fig.3:Block diagram of the proposed inrush current mitigation technique with the state-feedback control
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4. B.Hari Prasad et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.648-654
Fig.4: Connection diagram of the proposed system
and the delta/wye load transformer
2) Design of the Flux Linkage Estimator:
Fig.6 is a per phase model of a three-phase
transformer under load, where R1 and R2 represent
the copper losses, L11 and L12 are the equivalent
leakage inductances, Rc represents the core losses,
and Lm is the magnetizing inductance.
The dynamics equation of the load transformer
can be represented in the synchronous reference
frame as follows:
e
e
e v Lq
i Lq
mq
s e e R1 Ll1 s e
md v Ld
i Ld
e
0 iLq 0 e
Lq
Ll1
e 0 e
0 iLd
Ld
9
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Fig.5: Transformer voltage and corresponding
transient flux linkage
line-to-line voltage is applied to obtain the voltages
across the transformer windings. In practical
applications, moreover, the integrator in the proposed
flux estimator is usually implemented as the low-pass
filter with an extremely low cutoff frequency (1/(s +
ωc ) to provide stability and avoid any accumulative
errors caused by the signal offset from the
transducers and the analog/digital converters. In the
feedback control loop, the flux linkage command
λe*Lq is calculated based on pre fault load voltage
veLq, and the estimated flux linkage λeLq is generated
by the flux linkage estimator in Fig.7.The error
between λe*Lq and λeLq is regulated by a PI regulator.
To speed up the dynamics response of the inrush
current mitigation, the estimated flux linkage
deviation ΔλeLq (=λe*Lq− λeLq) is also utilized as a feed
forward control term. The feed forward command
calculator can generate a suitable feed forward flux
command according to the estimated flux linkage
deviation ΔλeLq and ΔλeLd to accelerate the correction
of flux linkage during the compensator starting
transient. Details of the feed forward command
calculator and the design process are given in [11].
Fig.6: Equivalent per-phase circuit model of the load
transformer
where the frequency ω (=377 rad/s) is the angular
frequency of the utility grid A flux linkage estimator
based on (9) can be implemented, as shown in Fig. 7.
This transformer flux estimation scheme is applied to
the proposed inrush mitigation technique, which
includes the feedback and feed forward control of the
flux linkage. The integration of voltage and current
closed-loop controllers and the transformer flux
estimator are shown in Fig.3.In the control block
diagram, the flux estimator is used for the load
transformer with delta–wye connection. Thus, a
transformation from the line-to-neutral voltage to the
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Fig.7: Proposed flux linkage estimator under the
synchronous reference frame.
The flux linkage controller eventually produce the
voltage command V e*λq, as shown in Fig.3.The
complete command voltages of the sag compensator
is established by the summation of V e*λq and Ve*xq
(from the voltage and current closed-loop control
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III.
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Simulation Results.
A prototype voltage sag compensator with
inrush current mitigation technique is implemented in
MATLAB. The one-line diagram is as given in Fig.1.
Fig. 8. shows that asymmetrical fault is introduced
in utility line, and the simulation results of voltage
sag compensator without the inrush current
mitigation technique.Fig.8(a) shows the source
voltage. The controller detects the voltage sag in
4.0ms after the fault occurs, and injects the required
compensation voltage immediately to maintain load
voltage in normal value as shown in Fig. 8(b). The
transformer flux linkage DC offsets caused by the
voltage sag can be clearly observed in Fig. 8(c),
which results in a significant inrush current of peak
value 14A as shown in Fig. 8(d). Fig. 8(e) shows the
transformer flux linkage under the synchronous
reference frame (λeLd). The voltage compensation
process causes the flux linkage λeLd
oscillate and naturally decays to the normal state by
core losses of the transformer and the power
consumption of the load.
Under the same asymmetrical fault, Fig. 9
shows The simulation waveforms when the inrush
current mitigation technique is utilized in
compensation process. Fig. 9(a) and (b) illustrate
proposed inrush current mitigation technique can
achieve fast voltage compensation and without any
flux linkage DC offset during the transient compared
with Fig. 8(b) and (c). Therefore, the inrush current
caused by the voltage sag can be avoided completely
compared to Fig. 8(d). Furthermore, Fig. 9(a) also
shows that the inrush current mitigation technique
generates an extra voltage to correct the trace of
transient flux linkage when the compensation is
initiated compared to Fig. 8(c). The magnitude of the
extra voltage is usually dependent on proportion gain
KP. Fig.9(d) shows the tracking performance of
proposed inrush current mitigation technique. The P-I
regulator proposed method can be recognized as a
the flux linkage λLd to track the flux linkage command
λ e*Ld. However, it may cause a high current in the
start transient.
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6. B.Hari Prasad et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.648-654
Fig.8:Test results under phase to phase voltage sag
without the proposed inrush current mitigation
technique. (a) Source voltage Vs. (b) Load voltage
VL-L (c) Flux linkage of the load transformer λ L-L (d)
Load current IL (e) Flux linkage of d-axis λeLd
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Fig.9:Test results under a phase to phase voltage sag
with the inrush current mitigation technique. (a) Load
voltage VL-L . (b) Flux linkage of the load transformer
λL-L . (c) Load current IL (d) Flux linkage of d-axis
λeLd..
IV.
Conclusion
This paper proposes an inrush current
mitigation technique incorporating with the full sate
feedback controller to prevent the inrush current
during the voltage compensation process. The
controller includes a voltage control, a current control
and a flux linkage control. The proposed control
method is based on the synchronous reference frame
which enables voltage sag compensator to achieve
fast voltage injection and prevent the inrush current.
When voltage sag occurs, the controller can track the
transient flux linkage and calculate a required
compensation voltage in real-time for fast
compensation and elimination of flux linkage DC
offset caused by voltage sags. It shows that the
proposed control method provides a high disturbance
rejection capability for voltage sag compensator
compared with conventional voltage-current state
feedback control method. The proposed method can
be easily integrated with the existing voltage sag
compensation control system without using any extra
sensors.
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