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R32
This document discusses next-generation refrigerants and focuses on R32. It begins by listing the objectives and discussing refrigerants in general and their effects on the environment. Specifically, it covers ozone depletion and global warming. R32 is then introduced as a solution and its features and benefits are described. The document evaluates R32's physical and chemical properties and regulations around refrigerants. It includes assessments to test the reader's understanding.
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R32
- 1.
- 2. R32 At the endof this module you will be able to: Discuss about refrigerants List effects of refrigerants on environment Discuss about R32 as a refrigerant Identify the features of R32 refrigerant List the benefits of R32 refrigerant Objectives
- 3. R32 • A RefrigerantIntroduction Isused in an air conditioning and refrigeration cycle Is fluid or mixture which acts as heat carrier Can change state from gas to liquid, make air conditioning possible May contain chlorine which can damage the ozone layer, if leaked
- 4. • R32 Refers to the damages caused in theOzone layer of Earth Is measured in terms of Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Ozone Depletion Refers to the rise in Earth’s average surface temperature Is measured in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP) Global Warming Environmental IssuesProblem
- 5. • R32 Effects of OzoneDepletionProblem In Human •Damages DNA •Suppresses immune system •Increases cases of infectious diseases In Plants •Reduces crop production •Causes damage to seeds •Reduces crop quality In Aquatic Life •Damages plankton •Damages larvae •Imbalances the aquatic food chain On Materials •Damages rubber, paints, plastic, wood On Environment •Causes hole in the ozone layer •Increases formation of pollutants Click each effect area to know more.
- 6. • R32 Ozone Depletion andHole in Ozone LayerProblem <OST1> <OST2>
- 7. • R32 Global Warming: GreenhouseEffectProblem Some of solar radiation reflected back into space. Extra heat gets trapped causing Earth's temperature to rise. Some of this heat is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, keeping the Earth warm enough to sustain life. 1
- 8. • R32 Greenhouse Effect: Risein Sea Level Place Height from Sea level Mumbai 20.13 m Chennai 1.52 m Vizag 9.3 m Porbandar 6.05 m Puri 8.17 m Bangkok 8.83 m Singapore 23.38 m Problem
- 9. • R32 Global Efforts ToCombat Environmental IssuesMeasures • Was signed in 1985 to protect the ozone layer • Served as framework for efforts to protect the ozone layer • Focused on adopting measures against ozone layer depleting activities Vienna Convention • Was signed in 1987 as a means of identifying possible ozone-depleting substances • Resulted in further reviews and subsequent implementation of tougher regulationsMontreal Protocol Click each convention to know more <OST1> <OST2>
- 10. • R32 Refrigerant Regulations: TheHole StoryMeasures Screening Factors for Next Generation Refrigerant Next Generation Refrigerants Ozone Protection Climate Change Peak Load Safety Affordability Energy Resources CFC Phase-out HCFC Phase-out Lower GWP Low Emissions High COP Low Toxic No/Low Flammable Compact/Light Easy Installation & Maintenance Reduced Charge High Efficiency Market Penetration Efficient Use Downsizing Regulation Recycle Patent Natural Resources <OST1> <OST2>
- 11. • R32 Introduction of R32OurSolution <OST2> <OST1>
- 12. • R32 Physical and ChemicalProperties of R32 Chemical Properties of R32 Molecular weight : 52.02 g/mol Melting point of solid phase: -137 °C Relative liquid density (Water=1) of liquid phase: 1.1 Boiling point: -51.65 °C Latent heat of vaporization (1.013 bar at boiling point): 360.24 kJ/kg Vapor pressure (at 20 °C or 68 °F): 13.8 bar Critical temperature: 78.4 °C Critical pressure: 53.8 bar Properties <OST1> <OST2>
- 13. • R32 R32: Features ofNext Generation RefrigerantFeatures
- 14. • R32 Benefits of R32As A RefrigerantBenefits Gives nearly 15.3% more cooling as compared to R410A Gives 5% more power savings as compared to R410A Has 30% less charging volume as compared to R410A and R22 Is a single component refrigerant, easy to recycle Easy to recycle as compared to R410A Has best overall life-cycle climate performance <OST2><OST1> Refrigerant ODP GWP Carbon Dioxide 0 1 Ammonia 0 0 Water 0 0 R-11 1 4000 R-12 1 8500 R-22 0.05 1500 R32 0 675 R-410A 0 1730 R-134a 0 1300
- 15. • R32 Identify Correct Statement/sKnowledge Check Refrigerants aresuch atoms which change from gas to liquid and vice versa in the air conditioning cycle. The extent of damage or potential of various refrigerants to deplete the ozone is measured in terms of their GWP. Ozone layer depletion and global warming affects living beings as well as non-livings materials. In 1987, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was signed in order to protect the ozone layer. Air conditioners having R32 as refrigerant have shown 30% reduction in electricity consumption. 1 2 3 4 5
- 16. • R32 Fill in theblanksKnowledge Check 1. Refrigerant is usually a fluid or mixture which acts as ________. 2. Various gases and ________ contribute to the global warming. 3. Ozone protects human beings from _____________. Options Submit
- 17. R32 In this moduleyou learntSummary Refrigerants are compounds which change from gas to liquid and vice versa in the air conditioning cycle. Some refrigerants are potentially harmful for ozone layer and contribute to global warming. In 1985, the Vienna Convention was signed in order to protect the ozone layer. R32 is the most balanced refrigerant available
- 18. R32 Instructions: • The followingquestions contain equal weightage • Read the questions carefully before answering • You will be given only one chance • Review your answers before submitting • No negative marking will be done for the incorrect responses • You must secure at least 70% to pass the course and get certificate Assessment
- 19. R32 Print Certificate Re-visitCourse Assessment Congratulations! You have successfully completed the course. If your score is less than 70%, restudy all the topics and then once again give your assessment. If your score is more than 70% you can print your certificate by clicking the link provided.
Editor's Notes
- #2 <Audio1> Over the ages, we have been using air conditioners to keep ourselves cool, with which came the use of refrigerants. Earliest air conditioners employed toxic or flammable gases, such as ammonia, methyl chloride, or propane, that could result in fatal accidents when they are leaked. Later, Freon and CFCs were introduced which were non-toxic. However, even CFCs are being phased out owing to various environmental hazards that are associated with these. Therefore, we are left with the dire need to replace these refrigerants. Here comes the next generation refrigerant, R32. <Audio2> Hello and welcome to the course R32 The Next Generation Refrigerant.
- #3 At the end of this module, you will be able to discuss about refrigerants, list effects of refrigerants on environment, discuss about R32 as a refrigerant, and compare R32 refrigerant with other refrigerants. The course also helps you identify the features of R32 refrigerant and lists their benefits.
- #4 Refrigerant is a compound used in an air conditioning and refrigeration cycle. It is usually a fluid or mixture which acts as heat carrier. Refrigerants change their state from gas to liquid and vice versa during this cycle and make air conditioning possible. Most common refrigerants are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Such refrigerants contain chlorine, which can damage the ozone layer, if leaked from the air conditioners. This phenomenon is called Ozone Depletion. Let us discuss about the impact of refrigerants on the environment. Later we will discuss about alternate refrigerant, that are free from chlorine, and hence, are safe for the environment. Click next to proceed.
- #5 The upper layer of Earth is a tri-atomic molecule of oxygen (O3). This layer is known as Ozone. It protects human beings from harmful Ultra Violet rays coming from Sun. Some refrigerants are potentially harmful for this layer, causing it to deplete. The extent of damage or potential of various refrigerants to deplete the ozone is measured in terms of their Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP). Global warming is another environmental issue other than ozone depletion, which is caused by refrigerants. It refers to the rise in Earth’s average surface temperature. Various gases and other emissions also contribute to the global warming. Global warming is measured in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP). Click next to see the effects of ozone depletion on living organisms.
- #6 Let us now see the consequences and health hazards due to Ozone layer depletion and global warming. Click each effect area to know more. <Audio for In Human> Ozone depletion has far-reaching effects on human health. It damages DNA, thereby suppressing immune system. As a result, humans face increased cases of infectious diseases such as cancer, cataract and so on. <Audio for In Plants> Plants and animals also have to deal with damages due to ozone layer depletion. Such damages include reduced crop production, damage to seeds, reduction in the crop quality, and so on. <Audio for In Aquatic Life> Effect of ozone layer depletion on aquatic organisms result in damages to plankton and larvae of aquatic animals. This in turn imbalances the aquatic food chain. <Audio for On Materials> Not only living beings, but materials such as rubber, paints, plastic, wood etc. get damaged due to ozone layer depletion. This phenomenon is more common in the tropical regions. <Audio for On Environment> The most prominent effect of ozone layer depletion is the hole in the ozone layer. Also, there is an increased formation of pollutants, which is also because of the ozone layer depletion. The next frame shows how Ozone layer depletion occurs and what are its effect. Click next to view.
- #7 Ozone is made of three molecules of Oxygen. When the refrigerants are released into the air, chlorine disintegrates from the CFC molecule in the presence of sunlight, and is released into the atmosphere. This chlorine radical reacts with Ozone molecule. As a result, oxygen bond from ozone layer is broken. The free chlorine radical combines with the free oxygen molecule to form chlorine monoxide and diatomic oxygen. The free oxygen atoms from the ozone layer are released into the atmosphere. Later, this free oxygen atom breaks the bond in chlorine monoxide molecule to produce diatomic oxygen and free chlorine radical. The cycle continues like this. The ozone keeps on depleting and breaking into diatomic oxygen, which is absorbed by the living beings and converted into carbon dioxide. As a result, a hole is created in the ozone layer. Click next to see effects of Ozone layer depletion.
- #8 <Audio1> As is evident from the above illustration, the refrigerants that we commonly use have some adverse effects on the Ozone and global environment. Let us now discuss about global warming and its effects. <Audio2> Global warming is caused due to heating up of the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s warmth is trapped in the lower atmosphere, it leads to greenhouse effect. Let us understand this process with the help of this diagram. When solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere, some of it is reflected back into space. Rest of the sun's energy is absorbed by the Earth surface and the oceans; thereby heating the Earth. The heat from the heated Earth again radiates towards space. However, not all of this heat is sent to space. Some of this heat is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, keeping the Earth warm enough to sustain life. As a result extra heat gets trapped causing Earth's temperature to rise. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture and land clearing are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. Refrigerants, if leaked from the air conditioning system go to lower atmosphere, and contribute to global warming. Click next.
- #9 <Audio3> The rise in the greenhouse gases has increased the temperature of the Earth so much that the glaciers have started melting. The melting water from the glacier’s snow in turn increases the sea level. Therefore, a world-wide rise in the sea level is being noticed. This puts the low-lying areas, particularly those lying near the sea area at high risk of submergence. The screen shows the latest recorded sea-levels of few low-lying areas. According to recent studies, Maldives, a collection of islands and a famous tourist place, would be under water by 2050. However, measures to curb the ill effects of greenhouse effect has already been started. Click Next to know more.
- #10 <Audio1> The rising level of sea water imposes a threat globally, which needs to be addressed with immediate effect. Global efforts are being made to combat the environmental issues that we discussed above. The screen shows the two important conventions relating to global efforts to combat environmental issues. Click each convention to know more. <Audio for Vienna Convention> In 1985, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was signed in order to protect the ozone layer. This convention is often called a framework convention, because it served as a framework for efforts that followed to protect the ozone layer. The objectives of the Vienna convention for all the countries were to promote cooperation on the effects of human activities on the ozone layer. It also focused on adopting measures against ozone layer depleting activities. <Audio for Montreal Protocol> In accordance with the provisions of the Vienna convention, the countries of the world agreed upon the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987 as a means of identifying possible ozone-depleting substances and restricting their production, consumption and trade. However, Ozone layer continued to be depleted after adoption of the Montreal Protocol, resulting in further reviews and subsequent implementation of tougher regulations over five different occasions by 2006. Click next to know more about refrigerant regulations.
- #11 <Audio1> As discussed above, Vienna and Montreal Protocols were signed off to put a check on further depletion of the ozone layer. Subsequent to the sign-off of the Montreal Protocol, all such gases were banned to be used which add to ozone depletion. These gases were CFCs, HCFCs, and so on. In developing countries, like India, R22 is one of the mainstream refrigerants for air conditioners. R22 must be phased out due to its high ODP. <Audio2> When making choice for alternative to R22, various aspects must be taken into account. The screen shows the required properties and screening factors of the next generation refrigerants. The next few frames discusses about the best alternative, R32 refrigerant. Click next to proceed.
- #12 <Audio1> Previously, we have discussed that most refrigerants contain ozone depleting chlorine. However, there are a few refrigerants that are free from chlorine, such as R-410A and R32. <Audio2> R32 is the most balanced refrigerant available. The screen illustrates how R32 is the best solution for global environment. Have a look. Let us talk about R32 in detail. Click next to proceed.
- #13 <Audio1> R32 is chemically difluoromethane. It is a colorless and odorless gas with a boiling point of -51.6°C at standard atmospheric pressure. <Audio2> Further, chemical properties of difluoromethane, that is R32 are shown on the screen. Have a look. <Audio3> The physical and chemical attributes give R32 some special features, as compared to other refrigerants. Let us see what these features are. Click next to proceed.
- #14 <Audio1> The most important feature of R32 is that it is environmentally safe. R32 has a zero ODP as well as low GWP. Even if it is accidently leaked to the environment, it is neither expected to remain in water, soil or in sediment, nor expected to bio-accumulate because of its gaseous nature. That means R32 refrigerant poses less impact on global warming. Moreover, air conditioners having R32 as refrigerant consume less electricity. This increased efficiency of R32 makes it the most desirable, next generation refrigerant. <Audio2> These features of R32 make it beneficial to be deployed as a refrigerant. Let us now see the benefits of R32 as a refrigerant. Click next.
- #15 VO 1- If R32 is used as a refrigerant, it will give nearly 15.3% more cooling and 5% more power savings as compared to R410A. Also, R32 has approximately 30% less refrigerant charging volume as compared to R410A and R22. This makes R32 a better option as a refrigerant at higher temperature as compared to R22. Also, R32 is a single component refrigerant, making it easy to recycle as compared to R410A. This refrigerant has the lowest total emissions and best overall life-cycle climate performance. In short, use of R32 in new ranges of air conditioners which offers benefits as energy efficiency, excellent air quality and high comfort levels. At the same time it leads to lowering the environmental impact as imposed by other refrigerants. VO2- The screen shows a comparison of R32 with other refrigerants. Click next to have a look.
- #16 Well, this is all about R32 that you are required to understand. Let us see how much have you grasped from the course. Read the statements carefully and tick the statements that are True about R32.
- #17 Drag and drop the appropriate options in the blank spaces.
- #18 In this module you learnt that refrigerants are such compounds which change from gas to liquid and vice versa in the air conditioning cycle. Some refrigerants are potentially harmful for ozone layer and contribute to global warming. In 1985, the Vienna Convention was signed in order to protect the ozone layer. Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987 restricting production, consumption and trade of ozone-depleting substances. R32 is the most balanced refrigerant available.
- #19 The following questions contain equal weightage Read the questions carefully before answering You will be given only one chance Review your answers before submitting No negative marking will be done for the incorrect responses You must secure at least 70% to pass the course and get certificate
- #20 Congratulations! You have successfully completed the course. If your score is less than 70%, restudy all the topics and then once again give your assessment. If your score is more than 70% you can print your certificate by clicking the link provided.