The document discusses optimizing the surface roughness of Inconel 718 during end milling. It aims to optimize surface roughness using four machining parameters: nose radius, depth of cut, feed rate, and cutting speed. 27 experimental runs were conducted using an L27 orthogonal array design from Taguchi methods. The document provides background information on Inconel 718, end milling processes, factors that influence surface roughness, and the methodology used for the experimental design.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis and Geometrical Effect on Mild Steel with Un...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental analysis of drilling mild steel with both uncoated and tungsten carbide coated high-speed steel drill bits using the Taguchi technique. The experiment analyzed the impact of drilling speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness, hole diameter, and material removal rate. Experiments were conducted on a CNC milling machine without cutting fluid. Results for the uncoated and coated drilling were collected and analyzed using Minitab software to determine the optimal drilling parameters.
A Literature Review on Optimization of Input Cutting Parameters for Improved ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on optimizing input cutting parameters to improve surface finish in turning processes. It aims to present various methodologies for predicting surface roughness. The literature compiles works on optimizing process parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, insert radius, and cutting fluid. It is concluded that these parameters most significantly impact surface roughness. Optimization techniques commonly used include Taguchi methodology, response surface methodology, full factorial analysis, and neural networks. The document provides a table summarizing 18 research papers on this topic, including details on materials machined, cutting parameters analyzed, outputs measured, and optimization methods employed.
Prediction of Tool Life of Different Coated Cutting Tools During Machining of...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on predicting the tool life of different coated cutting tools during machining of Inconel 718. Two coatings, TiAlSiN and TiAlN, were deposited on tungsten carbide end mills. Experiments were conducted to analyze tool wear and surface roughness at various cutting speeds, feeds, and depths of cut. The results showed that coated tools performed better than uncoated tools with longer tool life. TiAlSiN coated tools performed the best with the longest tool life. As flank wear increased with cutting time, the surface roughness of the machined parts also increased. Cutting forces generally increased with progression of tool wear and other factors like work hardening. Higher cutting speeds and feeds led
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality
products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning
process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal
rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out
by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and
insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system. This experiment also present the relation
between chip formations and controllable variables along with chip thickness, chip colors & chip
velocity from which its effect on insert wear, quality of product can be easily found out, because of
chip morphology gives indirectly the effect of it on the insert wear. In this dissertation work
minimum quantity lubrication system is used for reducing the cutting zone temperature properly and
very fastly. Finally comparison is carried out between wet and minimum quantity lubrication system
from which one can easily identify which system is better for higher productivity along with high
surface finish. This work also present the productivity (MRR) concept in production. The design of
experiment and optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time is carried
out by using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design method is used (CCD)
for the total experimental design work and its analysis and also for optimization of turning process
parameter by which wastage of the machining time, power can be avoided.
IRJET- Review on Cutting Process Parameter for Surface Roughness During Turni...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the effects of cutting parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, nose radius, and depth of cut on surface roughness during turning operations. It discusses previous research that has investigated these effects on various materials like steel, aluminum alloys, and cast iron. The key findings of previous studies are that feed rate often has the greatest influence on surface roughness, while depth of cut and cutting speed also significantly affect results. Response surface methodology and Taguchi experimental design approaches have been used to optimize cutting parameters and predict surface roughness. Overall, controlling cutting parameters is important for achieving the desired surface quality during turning.
Cutting force and surface roughness in cryogenic machining of elastomerIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on cryogenic machining of elastomers. Experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of rake angle, cutting speed, and feed rate on cutting force and surface roughness under ambient and cryogenic conditions. The results showed that cutting forces were higher for cryogenic machining but decreased with increasing rake angle. Cryogenic machining produced significantly lower surface roughness than ambient machining, especially at high rake angles and cutting speeds, due to increased material rigidity at lower temperatures.
Study on Microstructure and machining characteristics of 7% B4Cp reinforced i...IJTET Journal
The document discusses a study on the microstructure and machining characteristics of an aluminum 6061 metal matrix composite reinforced with 7% boron carbide particles produced by stir casting. The microstructure of the composite showed a homogeneous distribution of boron carbide particles in the aluminum matrix. Tests were conducted to analyze the effects of varying cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on the cutting forces and surface roughness when machining the aluminum-boron carbide composite.
OPTIMIZATION OF TURNING PROCESS PARAMETER IN DRY TURNING OF SAE52100 STEELIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experiment to optimize surface roughness and material removal rate during dry turning of SAE52100 steel. The experiment varied cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut using a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Surface roughness increased with increasing feed rate and decreasing cutting speed. Material removal rate models were developed that showed it increases with cutting speed and depth of cut but decreases with feed rate. Analysis found feed rate has the greatest influence on surface roughness, while depth of cut most influences material removal rate. The goal of the experiment was to determine optimal machining parameters that minimize surface roughness and maximize material removal rate and productivity during dry turning of SAE52100 steel.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis and Geometrical Effect on Mild Steel with Un...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental analysis of drilling mild steel with both uncoated and tungsten carbide coated high-speed steel drill bits using the Taguchi technique. The experiment analyzed the impact of drilling speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness, hole diameter, and material removal rate. Experiments were conducted on a CNC milling machine without cutting fluid. Results for the uncoated and coated drilling were collected and analyzed using Minitab software to determine the optimal drilling parameters.
A Literature Review on Optimization of Input Cutting Parameters for Improved ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on optimizing input cutting parameters to improve surface finish in turning processes. It aims to present various methodologies for predicting surface roughness. The literature compiles works on optimizing process parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, insert radius, and cutting fluid. It is concluded that these parameters most significantly impact surface roughness. Optimization techniques commonly used include Taguchi methodology, response surface methodology, full factorial analysis, and neural networks. The document provides a table summarizing 18 research papers on this topic, including details on materials machined, cutting parameters analyzed, outputs measured, and optimization methods employed.
Prediction of Tool Life of Different Coated Cutting Tools During Machining of...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on predicting the tool life of different coated cutting tools during machining of Inconel 718. Two coatings, TiAlSiN and TiAlN, were deposited on tungsten carbide end mills. Experiments were conducted to analyze tool wear and surface roughness at various cutting speeds, feeds, and depths of cut. The results showed that coated tools performed better than uncoated tools with longer tool life. TiAlSiN coated tools performed the best with the longest tool life. As flank wear increased with cutting time, the surface roughness of the machined parts also increased. Cutting forces generally increased with progression of tool wear and other factors like work hardening. Higher cutting speeds and feeds led
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality
products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning
process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal
rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out
by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and
insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system. This experiment also present the relation
between chip formations and controllable variables along with chip thickness, chip colors & chip
velocity from which its effect on insert wear, quality of product can be easily found out, because of
chip morphology gives indirectly the effect of it on the insert wear. In this dissertation work
minimum quantity lubrication system is used for reducing the cutting zone temperature properly and
very fastly. Finally comparison is carried out between wet and minimum quantity lubrication system
from which one can easily identify which system is better for higher productivity along with high
surface finish. This work also present the productivity (MRR) concept in production. The design of
experiment and optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time is carried
out by using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design method is used (CCD)
for the total experimental design work and its analysis and also for optimization of turning process
parameter by which wastage of the machining time, power can be avoided.
IRJET- Review on Cutting Process Parameter for Surface Roughness During Turni...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the effects of cutting parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, nose radius, and depth of cut on surface roughness during turning operations. It discusses previous research that has investigated these effects on various materials like steel, aluminum alloys, and cast iron. The key findings of previous studies are that feed rate often has the greatest influence on surface roughness, while depth of cut and cutting speed also significantly affect results. Response surface methodology and Taguchi experimental design approaches have been used to optimize cutting parameters and predict surface roughness. Overall, controlling cutting parameters is important for achieving the desired surface quality during turning.
Cutting force and surface roughness in cryogenic machining of elastomerIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on cryogenic machining of elastomers. Experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of rake angle, cutting speed, and feed rate on cutting force and surface roughness under ambient and cryogenic conditions. The results showed that cutting forces were higher for cryogenic machining but decreased with increasing rake angle. Cryogenic machining produced significantly lower surface roughness than ambient machining, especially at high rake angles and cutting speeds, due to increased material rigidity at lower temperatures.
Study on Microstructure and machining characteristics of 7% B4Cp reinforced i...IJTET Journal
The document discusses a study on the microstructure and machining characteristics of an aluminum 6061 metal matrix composite reinforced with 7% boron carbide particles produced by stir casting. The microstructure of the composite showed a homogeneous distribution of boron carbide particles in the aluminum matrix. Tests were conducted to analyze the effects of varying cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on the cutting forces and surface roughness when machining the aluminum-boron carbide composite.
OPTIMIZATION OF TURNING PROCESS PARAMETER IN DRY TURNING OF SAE52100 STEELIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experiment to optimize surface roughness and material removal rate during dry turning of SAE52100 steel. The experiment varied cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut using a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Surface roughness increased with increasing feed rate and decreasing cutting speed. Material removal rate models were developed that showed it increases with cutting speed and depth of cut but decreases with feed rate. Analysis found feed rate has the greatest influence on surface roughness, while depth of cut most influences material removal rate. The goal of the experiment was to determine optimal machining parameters that minimize surface roughness and maximize material removal rate and productivity during dry turning of SAE52100 steel.
Optimization of turning process parameter in dry turning of sae52100 steelIAEME Publication
This document discusses optimizing surface roughness and material removal rate in dry turning of SAE52100 steel. Experiments were conducted using different cutting speeds, feeds, and depths of cut. Surface roughness and material removal rate were measured for each experimental condition. The results were analyzed using Taguchi methods to determine the optimal levels for each process parameter to minimize surface roughness and maximize material removal rate. The analysis found that feed rate had the greatest influence on surface roughness, while cutting speed had the greatest influence on material removal rate.
IRJET- A Review on Optimization of Cutting Parameters in Machining using ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews optimization of cutting parameters in machining using the Taguchi method. It summarizes previous research that has investigated the effects of cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate on surface finish in end milling processes using the Taguchi method. The document also provides background on end milling, Taguchi methods, design of experiments, and reviews several previous studies that optimized cutting parameters for different materials using Taguchi methods and found that cutting speed typically has the greatest influence on surface finish, while depth of cut tends to have the smallest effect.
A review on effect of various parameters on cutting tool in orthogonal metal ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In recent years there is great progress in the field of tool design. Tool is an important factor for machinability process. In the
metal cutting process various cutting parameters affecting on the cutting tool. The various parameters include as cutting speed,
feed rate, depth of cut, rake angle. The effect of these parameters on the cutting forces, tool temperature, and surface roughness
studied. This helps in evaluating the tool life and tool wear. This effect of parameters on tool is important for efficient machining
and machining conditions. The paper also covers the effect of cutting parameters on the chip formation and residual stresses
produced during cutting process.
Keywords: Cutting parameters, orthogonal, cutting process, cutting tool
Optimizing of High Speed Turning Parameters of Inconel 625 (Super Alloy) by u...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing cutting parameters for high speed turning of Inconel 625 super alloy using the Taguchi technique. Inconel 625 is difficult to machine due to its properties. The study aims to determine optimal cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut to minimize surface roughness and maximize material removal rate. Experiments are conducted on a CNC turning machine using tungsten carbide tools and Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array. The cutting forces and responses of surface roughness and material removal rate are measured. Regression and Taguchi design of experiments methods are used for analysis to determine the optimal cutting parameters for high speed machining of Inconel 625 super alloy.
A literature review on optimization of cutting parameters for surface roughne...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes literature on optimizing cutting parameters to improve surface roughness in turning processes. Several studies used Taguchi methods to optimize parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and nose radius. Most found feed rate was the most influential parameter on surface roughness. Other key findings include that lower feed rates and depths of cut produce better surface finishes, and coatings on carbide inserts can improve tool performance and surface roughness when machining steels. Future work could optimize additional parameters and study different tool coatings.
Determining the influence of cutting fluids on tool wear and surface roughnes...Lepuufu
Knowledge of the performance of cutting fluids in machining different work materials is
of critical importance in order to improve the efficiency of any machining process. The
efficiency can be evaluated based on certain process parameters such as flank wear, surface
roughness on the work piece, cutting forces developed, temperature developed at the tool
chip interface, etc. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of cutting fluids
on tool wear and surface roughness during turning of AISI 304 with carbide tool. Further
an attempt has been made to identify the influence of coconut oil in reducing the tool
wear and surface roughness during turning process. The performance of coconut oil is also
being compared with another two cutting fluids namely an emulsion and a neat cutting oil
(immiscible with water). The results indicated that in general, coconut oil performed better
than the other two cutting fluids in reducing the tool wear and improving the surface finish.
Coconut oil has been used as one of the cutting fluids in this work because of its thermal
and oxidative stability which is being comparable to other vegetable-based cutting fluids
used in the metal cutting industry.
Study of Manufacturing of Multi-Saddle ClampIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design and manufacturing of a multi-saddle clamp die. Previously, single cavity dies were used to manufacture individual saddle clamps through bending or blanking operations. However, this was an inefficient process. The proposed multi-saddle clamp die allows for multiple clamps to be manufactured simultaneously through bending and blanking operations in the same die, improving productivity. Key requirements for the die design include producing quality products efficiently while minimizing manufacturing costs and scrap material. The methodology involves identifying the problem, collecting information, and developing a solution to design a die that can manufacture multiple saddle clamps in a single cycle through different operations like surface grinding, drilling, tapping, and wire drawing.
Surface residual stresses in machined austenitic stainless steelLepuufu
Surface residual stresses due to turning operations in AISI 304 type stainless steel were studied as a function of machining speed, feed rate,
depth of cut, and tool geometry and coating. Residual stress tensors were determined using X-ray diffraction technique. The effects of turning
conditions and tool on the residual stresses were discussed in terms of mechanically and thermally induced non-homogeneous plastic
deformation of the surface layers of the workpiece.
COMPARISON OF MAIN EFFECT OF VEGETABLE OIL AND AL2O3 NANOFLUIDS USED WITH MQL...IAEME Publication
The growing demands for high productivity of machining need use of high cutting velocity and feed rate. Such machining inherently produces high cutting temperature, which not only reduces tool life but also impairs the product quality. Application of cutting fluids changes the performance of machining operations because of their lubrication, cooling, and chip flushing functions. But the conventional cutting fluids are not that effective in such high production machining, particularly in continuous cutting of materials likes steels. So Nanofluids have novel properties that make them potentially useful in heat transfer medium in cutting zone and Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) presents itself as a viable alternative for turning with respect to tool wear, heat dissipation, and machined surface quality.
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (din 38mns6)Lepuufu
This study evaluated the influence of tellurium content and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) flow rate on drilling performance when drilling microalloyed steel. Two grades of steel were tested, one with high tellurium content and one with low tellurium content. Drilling tests were conducted using two cutting speeds, two feed rates, two drill geometries, and two MQL flow rates. Statistical analysis showed that tellurium content most significantly impacted performance, doubling drill life for the high tellurium steel. MQL flow rate had the lowest influence, with a higher flow only reducing life 9%. Addition of tellurium improved machinability by reducing forces during chip formation.
An experiental investigation of effect of cutting parameters and tool materia...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An experiental investigation of effect of cutting parameters and tool materia...eSAT Journals
Abstract The major needs of machining are high material removal rate, good work surface finish and low tool wear. Industries are hiring to increase economical benefits by reducing the cost of production. These objectives can be achieved by using proper cutting tool material and cutting parameters. This report presents comparisons of two different coated carbide inserts under different cutting parameters used during machining of cylinder liners made up of grey cast iron. The comparison has been realized through the tool life tests and productivity. The measurement has been carried out from rough boring operation at three cutting speed (Vc) and feed rate (f). Depth of cut (doc) is kept constant at 1.5mm. Cutting tool used in this work is titanium nitride (TiN) coated carbide and comparing with Multilayer coated tool is titanium nitride (TiN) + titanium carbo nitride (TiCN) + Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) coated carbide inserts. The type of the insert is SNMG 120408. Cutting conditions used is speed (Vc) 100m/min, 125m/min, 150m/min. Feed rate (f) 0.25mm/rev,0.3mm/rev,0.35mm/rev. Finally results of the present work determine the appropriate parameter for increasing the tool life, and productivity. Key words: Tool life, Coated tool material, Process parameters, Productivity.
This document discusses research on using extrusion honing (EH) to improve the surface finish of Inconel 625 fabricated by electric discharge machining (EDM). EH involves flowing an abrasive-laden polymer media over a material's surface to deburr, polish, and remove defects. The study investigated the effect of EH process parameters on the surface roughness of square Inconel 625 samples. Results showed that EH significantly improved surface finish by removing microcracks and recast layers from EDM. Surface roughness decreased dramatically in the first few EH passes then continued to gradually improve up to the 11th pass. Scanning electron microscope images confirmed that EH successfully removed defects from EDM.
Surat lamaran pekerjaan adalah surat yang ditulis oleh seseorang yang ingin bekerja di suatu perusahaan atau instansi. Surat ini harus memenuhi aturan tertentu seperti menyertakan tanggal, alamat tujuan, lampiran, dan harus menjelaskan latar belakang pendidikan serta pengalaman kerja pelamar beserta harapannya. Surat ini bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan diri dan kualifikasi pelamar kepada perusahaan.
Survey Paper on Image Denoising Using Spatial Statistic son PixelIJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on image denoising using spatial statistics on pixel values. It begins with an abstract describing an approach that uses adaptive anisotropic weighted similarity functions between local neighborhoods derived from Mexican Hat wavelets to improve perceptual quality over existing methods. It then reviews literature on various denoising techniques including non-local means, non-uniform triangular partitioning, undecimated wavelet transforms, anisotropic diffusion, and support vector regression. Key types of image noise like Gaussian, salt and pepper, Poisson, and speckle noise are described. Limitations of blurring and noise in digital images are discussed. In conclusion, the document provides an overview of image denoising research using spatial and transform domain techniques.
Study of Effecting Factors on Housing Price by Hedonic Model A Case Study of ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study that used hedonic pricing models to analyze factors influencing housing prices in the ninth district of Mashhad, Iran. The study analyzed 516 housing units using 10 variables related to physical and location characteristics. The final model found that infrastructure area and number of bedrooms had significant positive impacts on price, while age, distance from downtown, and distance from parks negatively impacted price. The study concludes that physical factors like infrastructure area are important determinants of housing prices in Mashhad.
Comparative Study of Low Power Low Area Bypass Multipliers for Signal Process...IJERA Editor
This document presents a comparative study of low power, low area bypass multipliers that are well-suited for digital signal processing applications. It analyzes Braun multipliers, row bypassing, column bypassing, and a proposed mixed bypassing technique. Simulation results on an FPGA show the mixed bypassing multiplier has the lowest power and area requirements compared to the other techniques. Specifically, it uses the fewest slices and LUTs. Therefore, the mixed bypassing multiplier is concluded to be an effective design for low power, low cost digital signal processing applications.
Optimization of turning process parameter in dry turning of sae52100 steelIAEME Publication
This document discusses optimizing surface roughness and material removal rate in dry turning of SAE52100 steel. Experiments were conducted using different cutting speeds, feeds, and depths of cut. Surface roughness and material removal rate were measured for each experimental condition. The results were analyzed using Taguchi methods to determine the optimal levels for each process parameter to minimize surface roughness and maximize material removal rate. The analysis found that feed rate had the greatest influence on surface roughness, while cutting speed had the greatest influence on material removal rate.
IRJET- A Review on Optimization of Cutting Parameters in Machining using ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews optimization of cutting parameters in machining using the Taguchi method. It summarizes previous research that has investigated the effects of cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate on surface finish in end milling processes using the Taguchi method. The document also provides background on end milling, Taguchi methods, design of experiments, and reviews several previous studies that optimized cutting parameters for different materials using Taguchi methods and found that cutting speed typically has the greatest influence on surface finish, while depth of cut tends to have the smallest effect.
A review on effect of various parameters on cutting tool in orthogonal metal ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In recent years there is great progress in the field of tool design. Tool is an important factor for machinability process. In the
metal cutting process various cutting parameters affecting on the cutting tool. The various parameters include as cutting speed,
feed rate, depth of cut, rake angle. The effect of these parameters on the cutting forces, tool temperature, and surface roughness
studied. This helps in evaluating the tool life and tool wear. This effect of parameters on tool is important for efficient machining
and machining conditions. The paper also covers the effect of cutting parameters on the chip formation and residual stresses
produced during cutting process.
Keywords: Cutting parameters, orthogonal, cutting process, cutting tool
Optimizing of High Speed Turning Parameters of Inconel 625 (Super Alloy) by u...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing cutting parameters for high speed turning of Inconel 625 super alloy using the Taguchi technique. Inconel 625 is difficult to machine due to its properties. The study aims to determine optimal cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut to minimize surface roughness and maximize material removal rate. Experiments are conducted on a CNC turning machine using tungsten carbide tools and Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array. The cutting forces and responses of surface roughness and material removal rate are measured. Regression and Taguchi design of experiments methods are used for analysis to determine the optimal cutting parameters for high speed machining of Inconel 625 super alloy.
A literature review on optimization of cutting parameters for surface roughne...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes literature on optimizing cutting parameters to improve surface roughness in turning processes. Several studies used Taguchi methods to optimize parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and nose radius. Most found feed rate was the most influential parameter on surface roughness. Other key findings include that lower feed rates and depths of cut produce better surface finishes, and coatings on carbide inserts can improve tool performance and surface roughness when machining steels. Future work could optimize additional parameters and study different tool coatings.
Determining the influence of cutting fluids on tool wear and surface roughnes...Lepuufu
Knowledge of the performance of cutting fluids in machining different work materials is
of critical importance in order to improve the efficiency of any machining process. The
efficiency can be evaluated based on certain process parameters such as flank wear, surface
roughness on the work piece, cutting forces developed, temperature developed at the tool
chip interface, etc. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of cutting fluids
on tool wear and surface roughness during turning of AISI 304 with carbide tool. Further
an attempt has been made to identify the influence of coconut oil in reducing the tool
wear and surface roughness during turning process. The performance of coconut oil is also
being compared with another two cutting fluids namely an emulsion and a neat cutting oil
(immiscible with water). The results indicated that in general, coconut oil performed better
than the other two cutting fluids in reducing the tool wear and improving the surface finish.
Coconut oil has been used as one of the cutting fluids in this work because of its thermal
and oxidative stability which is being comparable to other vegetable-based cutting fluids
used in the metal cutting industry.
Study of Manufacturing of Multi-Saddle ClampIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design and manufacturing of a multi-saddle clamp die. Previously, single cavity dies were used to manufacture individual saddle clamps through bending or blanking operations. However, this was an inefficient process. The proposed multi-saddle clamp die allows for multiple clamps to be manufactured simultaneously through bending and blanking operations in the same die, improving productivity. Key requirements for the die design include producing quality products efficiently while minimizing manufacturing costs and scrap material. The methodology involves identifying the problem, collecting information, and developing a solution to design a die that can manufacture multiple saddle clamps in a single cycle through different operations like surface grinding, drilling, tapping, and wire drawing.
Surface residual stresses in machined austenitic stainless steelLepuufu
Surface residual stresses due to turning operations in AISI 304 type stainless steel were studied as a function of machining speed, feed rate,
depth of cut, and tool geometry and coating. Residual stress tensors were determined using X-ray diffraction technique. The effects of turning
conditions and tool on the residual stresses were discussed in terms of mechanically and thermally induced non-homogeneous plastic
deformation of the surface layers of the workpiece.
COMPARISON OF MAIN EFFECT OF VEGETABLE OIL AND AL2O3 NANOFLUIDS USED WITH MQL...IAEME Publication
The growing demands for high productivity of machining need use of high cutting velocity and feed rate. Such machining inherently produces high cutting temperature, which not only reduces tool life but also impairs the product quality. Application of cutting fluids changes the performance of machining operations because of their lubrication, cooling, and chip flushing functions. But the conventional cutting fluids are not that effective in such high production machining, particularly in continuous cutting of materials likes steels. So Nanofluids have novel properties that make them potentially useful in heat transfer medium in cutting zone and Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) presents itself as a viable alternative for turning with respect to tool wear, heat dissipation, and machined surface quality.
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (din 38mns6)Lepuufu
This study evaluated the influence of tellurium content and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) flow rate on drilling performance when drilling microalloyed steel. Two grades of steel were tested, one with high tellurium content and one with low tellurium content. Drilling tests were conducted using two cutting speeds, two feed rates, two drill geometries, and two MQL flow rates. Statistical analysis showed that tellurium content most significantly impacted performance, doubling drill life for the high tellurium steel. MQL flow rate had the lowest influence, with a higher flow only reducing life 9%. Addition of tellurium improved machinability by reducing forces during chip formation.
An experiental investigation of effect of cutting parameters and tool materia...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An experiental investigation of effect of cutting parameters and tool materia...eSAT Journals
Abstract The major needs of machining are high material removal rate, good work surface finish and low tool wear. Industries are hiring to increase economical benefits by reducing the cost of production. These objectives can be achieved by using proper cutting tool material and cutting parameters. This report presents comparisons of two different coated carbide inserts under different cutting parameters used during machining of cylinder liners made up of grey cast iron. The comparison has been realized through the tool life tests and productivity. The measurement has been carried out from rough boring operation at three cutting speed (Vc) and feed rate (f). Depth of cut (doc) is kept constant at 1.5mm. Cutting tool used in this work is titanium nitride (TiN) coated carbide and comparing with Multilayer coated tool is titanium nitride (TiN) + titanium carbo nitride (TiCN) + Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) coated carbide inserts. The type of the insert is SNMG 120408. Cutting conditions used is speed (Vc) 100m/min, 125m/min, 150m/min. Feed rate (f) 0.25mm/rev,0.3mm/rev,0.35mm/rev. Finally results of the present work determine the appropriate parameter for increasing the tool life, and productivity. Key words: Tool life, Coated tool material, Process parameters, Productivity.
This document discusses research on using extrusion honing (EH) to improve the surface finish of Inconel 625 fabricated by electric discharge machining (EDM). EH involves flowing an abrasive-laden polymer media over a material's surface to deburr, polish, and remove defects. The study investigated the effect of EH process parameters on the surface roughness of square Inconel 625 samples. Results showed that EH significantly improved surface finish by removing microcracks and recast layers from EDM. Surface roughness decreased dramatically in the first few EH passes then continued to gradually improve up to the 11th pass. Scanning electron microscope images confirmed that EH successfully removed defects from EDM.
Surat lamaran pekerjaan adalah surat yang ditulis oleh seseorang yang ingin bekerja di suatu perusahaan atau instansi. Surat ini harus memenuhi aturan tertentu seperti menyertakan tanggal, alamat tujuan, lampiran, dan harus menjelaskan latar belakang pendidikan serta pengalaman kerja pelamar beserta harapannya. Surat ini bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan diri dan kualifikasi pelamar kepada perusahaan.
Survey Paper on Image Denoising Using Spatial Statistic son PixelIJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on image denoising using spatial statistics on pixel values. It begins with an abstract describing an approach that uses adaptive anisotropic weighted similarity functions between local neighborhoods derived from Mexican Hat wavelets to improve perceptual quality over existing methods. It then reviews literature on various denoising techniques including non-local means, non-uniform triangular partitioning, undecimated wavelet transforms, anisotropic diffusion, and support vector regression. Key types of image noise like Gaussian, salt and pepper, Poisson, and speckle noise are described. Limitations of blurring and noise in digital images are discussed. In conclusion, the document provides an overview of image denoising research using spatial and transform domain techniques.
Study of Effecting Factors on Housing Price by Hedonic Model A Case Study of ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study that used hedonic pricing models to analyze factors influencing housing prices in the ninth district of Mashhad, Iran. The study analyzed 516 housing units using 10 variables related to physical and location characteristics. The final model found that infrastructure area and number of bedrooms had significant positive impacts on price, while age, distance from downtown, and distance from parks negatively impacted price. The study concludes that physical factors like infrastructure area are important determinants of housing prices in Mashhad.
Comparative Study of Low Power Low Area Bypass Multipliers for Signal Process...IJERA Editor
This document presents a comparative study of low power, low area bypass multipliers that are well-suited for digital signal processing applications. It analyzes Braun multipliers, row bypassing, column bypassing, and a proposed mixed bypassing technique. Simulation results on an FPGA show the mixed bypassing multiplier has the lowest power and area requirements compared to the other techniques. Specifically, it uses the fewest slices and LUTs. Therefore, the mixed bypassing multiplier is concluded to be an effective design for low power, low cost digital signal processing applications.
This certificate recognizes that Nnam Tschonghongei completed the Basic Security In The Field II course on September 26, 2016. The certificate number is BKo5sGdSJ1. This certificate will remain valid for 3 years from the completion date.
The document summarizes the December 5, 2014 Problem Gambling Prevention Monthly Connect Call. It includes an agenda for the call which covered introductions, AMH updates, lottery material discussions, one-time funding opportunities, and items for the next meeting. Key discussions included plans for a spring conference, the new PGS website, distribution of awareness calendars, gathering information for the 5-year work plan, ideas for lottery materials, and one-time funding available for prevention projects up to $10,000 each. The next monthly connect call was scheduled for January 9, 2015.
Design of a Low Power Combinational Circuit by using Adiabatic LogicIJERA Editor
A novel low power and Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic (PFAL) combinational low power circuit is presented in this paper. The power consumption and general characteristics of the PFAL combinationallow power circuit arethen compared against two combinational low power circuit Efficient Charge Recovery Logic (ECRL), Conventional CMOS. The proposed PFAL combinational low power circuit design was proven to be superior to the other two designs in power dissipation and area. The combination of low power and low transistor count makes the new PFAL cell a viable option for low power design.
Program GREAT-SiM bertujuan untuk mengubah pola pikir pesertanya agar dapat merealisasikan diri melalui perjalanan batin. Program ini menggunakan metode pembelajaran cepat untuk menanamkan prinsip-prinsip kesuksesan ke seluruh tubuh peserta secara menyenangkan dan interaktif.
Project Definition Rating Index with Feasibility Study in Infrastructure Proj...IJERA Editor
This document discusses using the Project Definition Rating Index (PDRI) combined with a feasibility study to better predict the outcome of infrastructure projects. The PDRI is a rating tool that assesses a project based on categories and elements, with a lower score indicating better scope definition and higher chance of success. While feasibility studies are commonly used for infrastructure projects, some still fail despite positive studies. The document proposes that combining PDRI assessment with feasibility study data can help identify hidden risks and provide a more comprehensive understanding to improve project planning. It then outlines the PDRI assessment process, describing its sections and elements that are rated based on definition levels. Conducting a PDRI study based on feasibility study findings can predict costs,
Modeling and Control of MIMO Headbox System Using Fuzzy LogicIJERA Editor
The Headbox plays an important role in pulp supply system with sheet forming in paper making process. The air cushion headbox is a nonlinear & strong coupling system. In the air cushion headbox system there were two important parameters which include total head and the stock level for improving pulp product quality. These two parameters make this system MIMO output system so for this a decoupling controls strategy was required for interaction between these two control loops. In this paper fuzzy tuned PID control scheme is proposed for controlling the nonlinear control problem in air cushion headbox after the system being decoupled. An attempt has been made for comparison between classical (PID) and fuzzy tuned PID controller. It concludes that the fuzzy tuned PID controller is found most suitable for MIMO system in terms of obtaining steady state properties. The effects of disturbances are studied through computer simulation using Matlab/Simulink toolbox.
A Simulated Behavioral Study of DSR Routing Protocol Using NS-2IJERA Editor
Mobile ad hoc network (MANETS) consists of wireless nodes communicating without any centralized administration .thus each node acts as a host and a router. There are many routing protocols designed for MANETS. The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is a simple and efficient Routing protocol designed specifically for use in multi-hop wireless mobile nodes. This paper describes the design the implementation of DSR protocol in NS-2 simulator environment. We also analyze the performance of the DSR for various performance matrixes such as average end to- end delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio. The analysis was made for different number of nodes using the NS-2 simulator.
A Comparison Analysis of Unipolar and Bipolar Switching modulated Cascade H-B...IJERA Editor
This paper discusses controlling of cascaded H-bridge multi inverter with sinusoidal modulation based PWM methods. Multi-level inverters are used to reduce the THD in the output wave form without reduction in power output of inverter. Increase in voltage level in the output voltage of an inverter increases numbers of components to be used in inverter configuration. This in turn increases the switching loss. But results in good harmonic distortion and provide better quality fundamental wave. Carrier based PWM schemes are used for control of switching operation of multi-level inverters. Many kinds of PWM schemes are available to control inverter switches. In this paper uniploar carrier based PWM, bipolar carrier based PWM schemes are considered for generation of carrier signals. The carrier signals thus generated are compared with sinusoidal and third harmonic based sinusoidal modulating signals for production of switching Pulses. Switching schemes are designed for a 3 Phase 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 Level inverters. The proposed switching schemes are applied to Cascaded H-Bridge Multi Level inverters. The circuit is simulated with MATLAB Simulink environment for verification of total harmonic distortion.
This portable tea set allows users to enjoy a cup of tea anywhere while being inspired by viewing the moon, as is a tradition in Chinese culture. The set includes a 160ml double-walled glass teapot, two 66ml double-walled glass tea cups, and an EVA carrying bag to hold the set. The portable design lets users experience tea time outside as they view the moon no matter their location.
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that optimized surface roughness and material removal rate when dry turning the steel alloy EN-31. Experiments were conducted using carbide inserts with cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut as controllable variables. Taguchi's design of experiments and Grey relational analysis were used to optimize surface roughness. The literature review found that feed rate is often the most influential factor on surface roughness in hard turning steel alloys like EN-31. The goal of the study was to determine optimal machining parameters in dry turning of EN-31 to improve productivity for small and medium industries in India.
ANALYSIS OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN DRY MACHINING OF EN-31 STEEL by GREY RELATI...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth o f cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presents work of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
Optimization of Cutting Parameters for Surface Roughness and MRR in CNC Turni...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experiment that optimized cutting parameters for surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) in CNC turning of 16MnCr5 steel. The experiment used a Taguchi design of experiments with cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut as parameters. An L9 orthogonal array was used to test combinations of the parameters at three levels each. The experiments measured surface roughness and MRR, which were analyzed using signal-to-noise ratios to determine the optimal settings for each response. Analysis of variance was also used to determine the effect of each parameter. The results showed that depth of cut had the highest effect on surface roughness, while feed rate had the lowest effect.
INVESTIGATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF TURNING PROCESS PARAMETER IN WET AND MQL SY...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes an investigation into optimizing turning process parameters for EN31 steel in wet and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) systems. Key findings from experiments varying cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and insert nose radius include:
- Surface roughness values were generally lower in MQL than wet turning. Cutting temperature and tool wear were also reduced with MQL.
- An analysis of variance showed feed rate had the greatest influence on surface roughness, while higher cutting speed and lower depth of cut reduced roughness.
- Material removal rate was higher with MQL compared to wet turning, demonstrating MQL can improve productivity while maintaining surface finish quality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Optimization of input parameters of cnc turning operation for the given compIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methods to optimize cutting parameters (spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut) for CNC turning of an aluminum alloy component. The goals were to minimize surface roughness and dimensional variation. An L9 orthogonal array experiment was conducted, varying the three parameters at three levels each. Surface roughness and dimensional tolerance measurements were used as quality metrics. Analysis found that spindle speed most impacts dimensional variation while feed rate most influences surface roughness. The optimal combination of cutting parameters was identified to improve both surface roughness and dimensional tolerance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of Influence of Tool Nose Radius on Surface Roughness and Material Remo...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study that investigates the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and tool nose radius on surface roughness and material removal rate during turning of Inconel 718. An L9 orthogonal array was used to design experiments with the four machining parameters each set at three levels. Turning experiments were conducted on a CNC lathe using different carbide inserts with nose radii of 0.4mm, 0.8mm, and 1.2mm. Surface roughness was measured and material removal rate was calculated for each experiment. Signal-to-noise ratios were determined using Taguchi's smaller-the-better and larger-the-better approaches for surface roughness and material removal rate respectively
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated and optimized turning process parameters for machining hardened EN31 steel under wet and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) systems. The paper studies the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and insert nose radius on surface roughness, material removal rate, and machining time. Experiments were conducted to analyze chip formations and measure chip thickness, color, and velocity to determine their effects on insert wear and product quality. The research aims to identify the lubrication system that achieves higher productivity while maintaining high surface finish. Response surface methodology and central composite design were used to design the experiments, analyze results, and optimize turning parameters to reduce machining time and waste.
Experimental Approach of CNC Drilling Operation for Mild Steel Using Taguchi...IJMER
Drilling is the most common (multi-point) cutting technique targeted for the production of
small-diameter holes. Hole making is among the most important operations in manufacturing, and
drilling is a major and common hole-making process in components. Productivity can be interpreted in
terms of material removal rate in any machining operation. It is, therefore, essential to optimize quality
and productivity simultaneously. Mild steel are soft, ductile, easily machined and is extensive used us a
main engineering material in various industry such as air craft and aerospace industry. The Taguchi
method is applied to formulate the experimental layout to ascertain the Element of impact each
optimum process parameters for CNC drilling machining with drilling operation of mild steel. A total of
27 experimental runs were conducted using an orthogonal array, and the ideal combination of
controllable factor levels was determined for the material removal rate, time of machining and
circularity has been measured. Design optimization for quality was carried out and single to noise ratio
and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed using experiment result to confirm effectiveness of
this approach.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF END MILLING PROCESS PAR...IAEME Publication
Monel 400 is a precipitation hard enable, Nickel copper alloy with corrosion resistance. Typical applications for Monel 400 include fasteners, springs, chain, pump, impeller and Valve components due their excellent Mechanical properties. The continuous development of carbide milling cutter and its coating technology are great concern with manufacturing Environment. CBN coating play an important role in milling cutter to produce better surface finish and tool life with minimum cost. In this paper deals investigation of End Milling operation of Monel 400 plates with different process parameters like spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut and to find optimal machining conditions of minimum surface roughness(Ra), Material removal designed and conducted based on design of Experiments using L9 orthogonal array and Optimized by Taguchi Method.
optimization of process parameters for cnc turning using taguchi methods for ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Coated and uncoated tool inserts offers certain degrees of control on the desired rate of tool wear and surface roughness to an extent. This work pursues the quest for realizing the optimal values for the significant process parameters that bears an influence on the response parameters. Experiments were conducted on the samples of EN 24 alloy steel material with the help of PVD coated TiAlN insert and uncoated carbide insert. The experimental runs carried out with proper variation in the levels. Levels are selected with the help of manufacturing catalogue and by pilot experimentation and results are recorded for further analysis. For this study, 9 runs designed using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi Design of Experiment. Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface tester at test lab and material removal rate is calculated by mathematical equation. The data was compiled into Minitab 17 software for analysis. The relationship between the machining parameters and the response variables were analyzed using the Taguchi Method. Optimization of process parameters is carried out by Grey Relational Analysis method (GRA). GRA method is a powerful and most versatile tool which can manipulate the input data as per requirement and comes with results that can be used to have best multi-objective in respective concerns
Experimental Analysis of Material Removal Rate in Drilling of 41Cr4 by a Tagu...IJERA Editor
In manufacturing industries the largest amount of money spent on drills. Therefore, from the viewpoint of cost and productivity, modeling and optimization of drilling processes parameter are extremely important for the manufacturing industry this paper presents a detailed model for drilling process parameter. The detailed structure includes in the model, are three parameters such as such as Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut on material removal rate in drilling of 41 Cr 4 material using HSS spiral drill .We an effect of this three parameters on material removal rate .The detailed mathematical model is simulated by Minitab14 and simulation results fit experiment data very well In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to higher MRR. Experiments were conducted by varying Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve high MMR. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR model to map the relationship between process parameters and MMR the experiment was conducted on drilling machine. From the investigation It concludes that speed is most influencing parameter followed by feed and depth of cut on MRR
Experimental Analysis & Optimization of Cylindirical Grinding Process Paramet...IJERA Editor
As per the modern Industrial requirements, higher surface finish mechanical components and mating parts with close limits and tolerances, is one of the most important requirement. Abrasive machining processes are generally the last operations performed on manufactured products for higher surface finishing and for fine or small scale material removal. Higher surface finish and high rate of removal can be obtained if a large number of grains act together. This is accomplished by using bonded abrasives as in grinding wheel or by modern machining processes. In the present study, Taguchi method or Design of experiments has been used to optimize the effect of cylindrical grinding parameters such as wheel speed (rpm), work speed, feed (mm/min.), depth of cut and cutting fluid on the surface roughness of EN15AM steel. Ground surface roughness measurements were carried out by Talysurf surface roughness tester. EN15AM steel has several industrial applications in manufacturing of engine shafts, connecting rods, spindles, studs, bolt, screws etc. The results indicated that grinding wheel speed, work piece speed, table feed rate and depth of cut were the significant factors for the surface roughness and material removal rate. Surface roughness is minimum at 2000 r.p.m. of grinding wheel speed , work piece speed 80 rpm, feed rate 275 mm/min. and 0.06 mm depth of cut.
Taguchi based Optimization of Cutting Parameters Affecting Surface Roughness ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize cutting parameters (speed, feed rate, depth of cut) for minimizing surface roughness during CNC dry turning of 16MnCr5 steel. Experiments were conducted based on an L27 orthogonal array with three factors at three levels. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the percentage contribution of each factor on surface roughness. Results showed that depth of cut had the highest influence on surface roughness, followed by speed and then feed rate.
IRJET-Optimization of Machining Parameters Affecting Metal Removal Rate of Al...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing machining parameters to increase the metal removal rate in dry end milling of aluminum alloy 6082. The machining parameters investigated are spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Experiments were performed using a Taguchi design of experiments with the parameters tested at three levels. The experimental data was analyzed using Minitab software to identify the most significant factor affecting metal removal rate. The goal is to determine the optimal settings of the machining parameters to maximize productivity during end milling of aluminum alloy 6082.
Optimization of hard part turning of bohler K 110 steel with multiple perform...IAEME Publication
Böhler K110 material is used in High-duty cutting tools, blanking and punching tools& small moulds for the plastics industry where excellent wear resistance is required. It is difficult to machine the material in the hardened state (58 HRc).
The document experimentally investigates the material removal rate (MRR) and tool wear in turning hardened AISI 52100 steel using the Taguchi technique. Experiments were conducted using different cutting speeds, feed rates, and depths of cut based on an L9 orthogonal array. The results were analyzed using signal-to-noise ratios and ANOVA to determine the optimal process parameters for maximizing MRR and minimizing tool wear. The analysis found that cutting speed had the greatest influence on MRR, followed by depth of cut and feed rate. The optimal parameters for MRR were a cutting speed of 1120 rpm, feed rate of 0.12 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 0.4 mm.
Full factorial method for optimization of process parameters for surface roug...Editor IJMTER
The document summarizes research on optimizing process parameters for surface roughness and material removal rate during CNC turning of 316L stainless steel. It discusses using a full factorial design of experiments approach to optimize cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The document reviews previous research optimizing these parameters for different materials and discusses the problem statement of finding the best parameter combination. The scope of the current study and literature reviewed is also summarized.
Experimental Investigation of Machining Parameters for Aluminum 6061 T6 Alloyijtsrd
In the present work, Turning Parameters were optimized using Taguchi Method. Also, the effect of turning parameters such as rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and material removal rate on surface roughness of Aluminum 6061 T6 alloy was investigated. L9 Taguchi’s method was used for designing the experiments and optimization of turning parameters. Nine experiments were conducted with four factors having three levels for each factor. Results revealed that spindle speed has a significant effect on surface roughness and it is the most dominating factor affecting the surface roughness with contribution of 52.38 . The optimal parameter combination of Aluminum 6061 T6 alloy bar for minimum surface roughness is found to be A2 B1 C2 D i.e., rotational spindle speed A at 900 rpm, feed rate B at 90 mm min and depth of cut C at 0.8 mm, and material removal rate D . Hardeep Singh | Ganga Singh | Dr. Dinesh Kumar "Experimental Investigation of Machining Parameters for Aluminum 6061-T6 Alloy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52611.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/52611/experimental-investigation-of-machining-parameters-for-aluminum-6061t6-alloy/hardeep-singh
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Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
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-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
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In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
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Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
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"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
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In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
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Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
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What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
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UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
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A Review of Optimization of Surface Roughness of Inconel 718 in End Milling using Taguchi Method
1. Vishal Kumar Mall et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 3), December 2014, pp.103-109
www.ijera.com 103 | P a g e
A Review of Optimization of Surface Roughness of Inconel 718 in
End Milling using Taguchi Method
*Vishal Kumar Mall **Pankaj Kumar ***Baljeet Singh*(M.Tech Scholar, Dept. of
Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India)
**(Assistant Prof., Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India)
***(Assistant Prof., Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
Nickel based super alloy, Inconel 718 is a very hard material (46 HRC). Because of its hardness, work
hardening and low thermal conductivity, its machining is very difficult. End milling is an effective method
for machining, drilling, slotting, and making key ways of Inconel 718. Tensile residual stress takes place
during machining of Inconel 718. It is a critical problem, which is minimized to obtain better quality.
Residual stress becomes more in the presence of rough machined surface. In this paper we optimize the
surface roughness of Inconel 718 in end milling under dry condition. The surface roughness is optimized
using four parameter nose radius, depth of cut, feed rate and cutting speed by using a cemented carbide tool.
L27 orthogonal array of Taguchi method uses to analyse the result. 27 experimental runs based on L27
orthogonal array of Taguchi method.
Keywords- End Milling, Inconel alloy, nose radius, orthogonal array, surface roughness
I. INTRODUCTION
Inconel 718 is a nickel base super alloy contains
46% nickel. Nickel is the main dominant element of
Inconel 718. It imparts Niobium that gives enlarged
strength without decrease in ductility. It can withstand
at the temperature range -220º to 780ºC, therefore it is
used in cryogenic tankage. It has high oxidation
resistance, corrosion resistance even at very high
temperature and maintain a high mechanical strength.
Inconel 718 is widely used in aircraft gas turbine,
reciprocating engines, space vehicles (e.g., rocket
engine parts), nuclear power plants, chemical
application, high temperature fasteners, springs, rings
and pulp and paper industry [1]. Each machining
action evacuates habitual affirmation on the machined
surface. This affirmation in the form of fine spaced
micro irregularities left by the end mill. Each type of
cutting tool evacuates its own discrete pattern which
therefore can be identified. This pattern is called as
surface roughness. Surface roughnessis measured in
µm [2]. Milling is the operation of machining curved,
flat, irregular and complex surface by feeding the
workpiece against a rotating cutter. Milling process
contains a motor that driven spindle, which install and
rotates the milling cutter. A reciprocating adaptable
worktable, which install and feeds the workpiece.
Milling is basically classified in three categories [3]:
Peripheral Milling- It is also known slab
milling. The axis of rotation of the cutter is
parallel to the machined surface, and the action
is performed achieved by cutting point (edges)
on the outer circumference of the cutter. The
primary motion is the rotation of the cutter.
The feed is transmitted to the workpiece.
Face Milling- In face milling, the cutter is
installed on a spindle. The axis of rotation of
cutter is perpendicular to the workpiece
surface. The diameter of cutter either equal to
width of workpiece or greater than width of
workpiece which has to be machined.
End Milling- In this process various operations
(profiles) can be produced by milling of flat,
irregular and curved sufaces. The cutter which
is used in end milling has either straight or
tapered shanks for smaller and larger cutter
sizes respectively. The axis of rotation of cutter
is perpendicular to the surface of the workpiece
which has to be machined. The surface
initiated is at a 90º to the axis of the cutter. The
cutter, called end mill, has a diameter less than
the width of workpiece.
REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Vishal Kumar Mall et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 3), December 2014, pp.103-109
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Table-1 Properties of Inconel 718 [1, 4]
Workpiece
material
Tensile
strength
(MPa)
Yield
strength
(MPa)
Melting
Temp.
(ºC)
Elongation
(%)
Hardness
(HRC)
Density
(g/cm³)
Inconel 718 1400 1040-1160 1350 14-16 4248 8.17
Table-2 Chemicalcomposition of Inconel 718 alloy (wt %) [1, 2, 4]
Elements Fe Ni Cr Nb Mo Ti Al
Percentage 2.8 68.10 21.10 5.07 3.60 1.15 0.65
Inconel 718 alloy is strenuous to machine for the
following causes [1].
Excessive work hardening rates at
machining strain rates conducts to maximum
cutting forces,
Low thermal properties conducting to high
cutting temperatures,
Extreme propensity to weld to face of the
tool and create build up edge.
Fig-1Process principle of end milling [4]
The common machining operation performed by end
milling are as [5]:
Closed and open pockets,
Facing operations for narrow areas,
Counterboring and spotfacing,
Peripheral end milling,
Milling of keyways and slots,
face grooves, Channel groves and recesses
Chamfering
Fig-2Common machining operations by end milling
[5]
II. PROCESS PARAMETERS
Although End Milling gives good quality surface
finish, proper execution of the process and control of
a number of parameters is required for a successful
outcome. Recent experimental and computational
works have provided insight into how process
parameters influence on surface roughness. Process
parameters, such as tool design, tool geometry,
workpiece material, feed rate, cutting speed, depth of
cut, cutting fluid and nose radius are found to exert
significant effects on the surface roughness. In this
we takes four parameters cutting speed, feed rate,
depth of cut and nose radius to optimize output
parameter surface roughness [1, 4]. M. Alauddinet
al., [1] studied the optimization of surface finish in
end milling Inconel 718 by using a tungsten carbide
insert in dry condition. The nose radius of insert is
0.80 mm. for the analysis of result he has taken two
process variables: cutting speed and feed rate. Used
response surface method for experimental design. He
found that if feed rate is increased, then the surface
roughness is also increased and vice versa. And if
cutting speed is increased, then the surface roughness
is decreased and vice versa. Lohithaksha M Maiyeret
al., [6] studied the optimization of machining
parameters for end milling of Inconel 718 super alloy
using Taguchi based grey relational analysis. Cutting
speed, feed rate and depth of cut ate optimized with
3. Vishal Kumar Mall et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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consideration of surface roughness and material
removal rate (MRR). Used uncoated tungsten carbide
tool of 10mm diameter and 4 flutes. L9 orthogonal
array of Taguchi method are applied. Analysis of
variance (ANOVA) and grey relational analysis is
also applied to get the most significant factor. He
found that cutting velocity is most affecting factor
and followed by feed rate affecting the multiple
performance characteristics. It has been also found
that the optimal cutting parameters for the machining
process lies in 75m/min for cutting velocity,
0.06mm/tooth for feed rate and 0.4mm for depth of
cut. When material removal rate is increased, then
surface roughness is decreased. W. Li etal., [7]
studied the effect of tool wear during end milling on
the surface integrity and fatigue life of Inconel 718.
Tool wear is measured and determined by an optical
tool inspection and measurement system. Effect of
tool wear on surface integrity and fatigue life of
Inconel 718 is determined by using four process
parameters cutting speed, feed rate, axial depth of cut
and radial depth of cut and used PVD (pressurised
vapour deposition) coated carbide insert for end
milling. He found that no fatigue occurred within
four million cycles for all the machined samples up to
tool wear VB 0.2 mm. tool wear within a certain
range doesn’t necessarily affect the fatigue life.
Babur Ozceliket al., [8] studied optimum surface
roughness in end milling Inconel 718 by coupling
neural network model and genetic algorithm. Cutting
experiments are designed based on statistical three-
level full factorial experimental design technique.
The optimization problem is solved by an effective
genetic algorithm for variety of constraint limit. He
has taken four process variables cutting speed, feed
rate, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut to
optimize the surface roughness and used
sandvikcoromant tool for machining operation. He
found that the Inconel 718 is very hard material and
its machining is very difficult and also found that
surface roughness values are highly influenced by
MMRs and it is not possible to reduce the surface
roughness values without considering any sacrifice
on the MRR. FarshidJafarianet al., [9] studied
improving surface integrity in finish machining of
Inconel 718 alloy using intelligent system. He said
that controlling and optimizing residual stress and
surface roughness in machining of Inconel 718 are
needed. The optimal machining parameters including
cutting speed, depth of cut and feed rate to optimize
the residual stresses, and surface roughness. Used
cubic boron nitride end mill for machining and
artificial neural network and Genetically Optimized
NeuralNetwork System (GONNS) method for the
analysis of result. He found that low values of surface
roughness were obtained in the highest cutting speed
and moderate range of the feed rate and depth of cut.
And also minimized the values of residual stresses at
highest value of cutting speed. M. A. Hadiet al., [10]
studied the comparison between up-milling and
down-milling operation on tool wear in milling
Inconel 718. He found that tool flank wear
propagation in the up-milling operation was more
rapid compared to down-milling operation. Tool wear
is increased with increased depth of cut, feed rate and
cutting speed. The chip morphology is different in
both operation, where up-milling operation produced
a segmented chip with typical saw-tooth shape and
down-milling operation.
III. TOOL
End mill, which includes material selection and
geometry, is one of the most important factors that
influence surface roughness and the mechanical
properties. Tool materials, apart from having to
satisfactorily endure the milling operation, affect
surface roughness and tool wear. In the context of
machining, a cutting tool (or cutter) is any tool that is
used to remove material from the workpiece by
means of shear deformation [3]. Cutting tools must
be made of a material harder than the material which
is to be cut, and the tool must be able to withstand the
heat generated in the metal-cutting process. Also, the
tool must have a specific geometry, with clearance
angles designed so that the cutting edge can contact
the workpiece without the rest of the tool dragging on
the workpiece surface [8]. The desirable cutting tool
material used for machining of Inconel 718 has
characteristics [11]:
wear resistance should be good,
high hot hardness,
strength and toughness should be high,
thermal shock properties should be good,
adequate chemical stability at elevated
temperature.
Cemented carbide tools are still mostly used for
machining of nickel based super alloys (Inconel 718).
For good surface quality and high material removal
rate cemented carbide tools are used. For higher
cutting speed coated cemented carbide tools
developed for machining Inconel 718 [10].
We use two uncoated cemented carbide tool of 10
mm diameter for smooth cutting of Inconel 718
during machining. One end mill has 0.4 mm corner
radius and another has 0.8 mm corner radius. The
carbide tool has widely used in milling for its better
toughness, wear resistance and thermal conductivity.
High surface quality is obtained by carbide tool for
machining of Inconel 718. Inconel is a very hard
alloy, it is hard to machine. So we use carbide tool
for better surface finish [5]. Here are common end
mills, which are used in end milling operations.
(a)
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(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig 3. Common End Mills [5]: (a) single end helical
tooth End Mill (b) double end helical tooth End Mill
(c) ball-end End Mill (d) Straight-tooth End Mill
IV. SURFACE ROUGHNESS
EVOLUTION
The eminence of machined surface is specified
by the precision of its manufacture concerning to the
dimensions identified by the researcher. Each
machining action evacuates predictable affirmation
on the machined surface. This affirmation in the form
of finely spaced micro deformity port by the cutting
tool. Each type of cutting tool evacuates its own
discrete pattern which consequently can be
determined. This pattern is known as surface finish or
surface roughness. There are various ways to
reported surface roughness. Surface roughness is of
two types: arithmetic surface roughness (Ra) and root
mean square surface roughness (Rrms). Arithmetic
roughness also known as average roughness. It is
denoted by Ra. Arithmetic surface roughness is
described as the average value of the divergence of
the outline from centreline along the workpiece
length, as shown in Fig. 4. It can be indicated by the
subsequent mathematical relationships [8].
Fig- 4 Mathematical deviation of Ra[8]
(1) 𝑅𝑎 =
1
𝐿
𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
Machined surfaces are measured by a portable
surface roughness tester (surfcorder or mohr stylus).
In end milling of Inconel 718 the heat generated in
milling operation is conveyed away by chips. An
evident percentage of heat still dissolves into the
machined surface. In end milling operation (high
cutting speed, small depth of cut and small feed rate),
it is possible that adequate heat will regulate into the
workpiece and cause phase changes to build a white
film on the machined surface [7]. Machined surfaces
are dignified by using a transferable surface
roughness tester in three measurement directions as
shown in Fig.5. alongfeed, across feed and transverse
feed directions.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig-5. Roughness measurements directions [8]: (a)
along feed (b) across feed (c) transverse direction
Surface roughness is a broadly used key of product
eminence and in most action a technical essential for
mechanical products. Attaining the craved surface
eminence (quality) is of great significance for the
practical operation of a part [12]. The fishbone
diagram shows the various parameters which affect
the surface roughness are shown in fig 6.
Fig-6Fish-bone diagram [12]
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V. METHODOLOGY
A properly planned and accomplished
experiment is of the most predominant for obtaining
clear and precise conclusions from the experimental
observations. Design of experiment is considered to
be a very useful procedure for achieving these job.
The science of statistical experimental design
originated with the work of Sir Ronald Fisher in
England in 1920s. Fisher founded the basic principle
of experimental design and the associated data-
analysis technique called Analysis of
Variance(ANOVA) during his attempt to improve the
yield of agricultural crops. The theory and
applications of experimental design and the related
technique of response surface methodology have
been advanced by many statistical researchers.
Various types of matrices are used for planning
experiments to study several decision variables.
Among them, Taguchi’s Methodmakes heavy use of
orthogonal arrays. While designing the experiments
for the present study the Taguchi’s Experimental
Design method has been employed [13].
5.1Taguchi experimental method
Taguchi’s comprehensive system of quality
engineering is one of the great engineering
achievements of the 20th
century. His methods
concentrate on the practical application of
engineering strategies rather than advanced statistical
techniques. Taguchi described the quality of a
product, in terms of the loss presented by the product
to the community from the time the product is
transfer to the consumer. Few of these losses are due
to variation of the product’s serviceable characteristic
from its desired object (target) value. These are called
losses due to functional variation. The factors which
are uncontrollable cause functional characteristics of
a product to deviate from their target values are
known as noise factors. Taguchi’s philosophy is
developed on the following three very easy and
elemental concepts [13]:
Quality should be model into the product
and not examine into it.
Quality is the best attained by
minimizing the variation from the target.
The process should be so designed that it
is uncesceptible to uncontrollable
environmental variables.
The cost of quality should be sustained
as a function of variation from the
standard and the losses should be
measured.
5.1.1 Experimental Design Approach
Taguchi recommends orthogonal arrays (OA) for
putting out of experiments. These orthogonal arrays
are generalized Graeco-Latin squares. To plan an
experiment is to select the most suitable OA and to
assign the parameters and interactions of interest to
the appropriate columns . To operate of linear graphs
and triangular tables suggested by Taguchi makes the
assignment of parameters simple. The arrangement
forces all researchers to design almost identical
experiments [13].
Taguchi method is used to analyse the results of the
experiments to achieve one or more of the following
objectives [13]:
To evaluate the optimum condition for a
product or process.
To evaluate the contribution of single
parameters and interactions.
To evaluate the response under the
optimum condition.
The optimum condition is identified by studying the
main effects of each of the parameters. The foremost
effects specify the general trend of influence of every
one parameter. The understanding of contribution of
individual parameters is a key in deciding the nature
of control to be established on a production process
[20]. Taguchi strongly recommends for multiple runs
is to use signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio for the same steps
in the examination. The S/N ratio is a simultaneous
quality metric linked to the loss function. Through
increases the S/N ratio, the loss associated can be
decreases. The S/N ratio regulates the most robust set
of working conditions from variation within the
results [14].
5.1.2 Determination of S/N ratio
The experimental approach used to obtain the effect
of each factors on surface roughness. The
experimental approach is mainly applied in cases
where there can be no analytical formulation of the
cause and effect relationships between the various
parameters. The quality of process is computed, by a
single criteria, or by a combination of multiple
criteria, the measure will possess one of the following
categories [13, 14]:
the bigger the better
the smaller the better
the nominal the best
Taguchi used signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) to check the
quality of product. The mean and standard deviation
are proportional to each other. When mean is
decreases, the standard deviation is also decreases
and vice versa. Therefore S/N ratio is used, because it
is measurable value besides of standard deviation.
We can also say, the standard deviation does not be
minimized first and the mean brought to the target.
By keeping the mean on target while standard
deviation becomes minimum. The production factor
can be divided in to three factors [14]:
Control factors, which influence process
variability as calculated by the S/N ratio.
Signal factors, which do not affect the S/N
ratio.
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Factors, which do not affect the S/N ratio or
process
When the characteristic is continuous, the S/N ratio is
divided in to three types [14]:
Nominal is the best characteristics:
(2)
𝑆
𝑁
= −10 log
1
𝑛
𝑦
𝑠 𝑦
2
Smaller the best characteristics:
(3)
𝑆
𝑁
= −10 log
1
𝑛
( 𝑦2
)
Larger the better characteristics:
(4)
𝑆
𝑁
= −10 log
1
𝑛
(
1
𝑦2)
Where-
𝑦 = average of observed data
Sy = variance of y
n = no. of observations
y = observed data
For each type of attributes, with the above S/N ratio
modification, the higher the S/N ratio the better is the
result. For smaller the better the target value is zero.
For larger the better type, the inverse of each large
value becomes a small value and again the target
value is zero [14].
5.1.3 Orthogonal array of Taguchi method
In selecting an appropriate OA, the following
prerequisites are required:
Assortment of process parameters and/or
their interactions to be evaluated.
Assortment of number of levels for the
selected parameters.
The total degrees of freedom (DOF) of an experiment
are a direct function of total number of trials. If the
number of levels of a parameter increases, the DOF
of the parameter also increase because the DOF of a
parameter is n-1 (the number of levels - one). Thus,
increasing the number of levels for a parameter
increases the total degrees of freedom in the
experiment which in turn increases the total number
of trials. Thus, two levels for each parameter are
recommended to minimize the size of the experiment.
If curved or higher order polynomial relationship
between the parameters under study and the response
is anticipated, at least three levels for every one
parameter should be considered. The standard two-
level and three-level arrays are [13, 14,]:
Two-level arrays: L4, L8, L12, L16, L32
Three-level arrays: L9, L18, L27
VI. SUMMERY AND FUTURE WORK
In this review article, surface roughness
optimization, end milling operation and application
of Inconel 718 have been addressed. Surface
roughness is very important factor for determining
product quality. Machining parameters, cutting
speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius are
crucial to roughness free surface. End milling gives a
good surface finish of Inconel 718. The scope of this
review article covered study and analysis about
surface roughness. The review is focused on milling
of Inconel 718 in end milling under dry condition.
Machining parameters considered are cutting speed,
feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius. The main aim
of this review article is to minimize the surface
roughness during machining conditions.
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